.. Cost.. Efficiency... Of... Thermal Insulation. August 2002

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1 .. Cost.. Efficiency... Of... Thermal Insulation August 2002

2 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIBLES 3. FIVE CASES OF STUDY: CASE (1) ROOF APPARTMENT PILOT CASE (2) APPARTMENT - RAMALLAH CASE (3) VILLA - RAMALLAH CASE (4) APPARTMENT - GAZA CASE (5) VILLA - GAZA 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 5. THE BENEFITS YOU WILL GET WHEN YOU INSULATE YOUR HOUSE 2

3 1. INTRODUCTION The control of indoor climate has made it possible for mankind to live, work and do all activities under any outside climatic conditions. The science and practice of winter heating or summer cooling are called airconditioning. The temperature range within which people feel comfortable depends on several factors such as the clothes worn, type of activity, amount of moisture in the air and of course depend on the season of the year. In general, people in winter can feel comfort in temperature ranges of 18ºc to 23ºc. On the other hand, a comfortable temperature ranges of 20ºc to 26ºc is felt comfortable by people in the summer. But after we use air-conditioning (heating or cooling systems) in our homes, offices industries etc. And getting a comfortable inside climate with a suitable indoor temperature, after all of that, there will be three main questions: * How can we keep this indoor temperature steady as long as possible? * How can we prevent the heating or cooling energy created in our homes from transferring outside? * Can we decrease the initial and running costs for our heating and cooling systems? The solutions of these questions will be answered by you after taking a look on our study about the practical effects of using insulations in our building s structures. 3

4 2. Principles and Definitions: The heat transfers from the area or body of higher temperature to the lower one, to simplify this concept we can imagine that the movement of heat looks like these one of the water. As shown in the following sketch: Low level of water Dam High level of water The same is happening in case of heat transfer, as you can see in the following sketch the heat transfer from high temperature area (T i ) to the lower one (T o ): To < Ti Wall Outside Inside To Ti Now we will define some words or factors that we will use and repeat it many times later: 4

5 * Thermal Conductivity (k): It s the heating current in (Watt) that passes vertically on a material with thickness (1m) as a result of temperature difference equals (1 o C) between its surfaces. The units of (k) is (W/m. o C). * Thermal Conductance (C): It s the heating current in (Watt) that passes vertically on unit area (m 2 ) of a material with thickness (1m) as a result of temperature difference equals (1 o C) between its surfaces. The units of (k) is (W/m 2. o C). We calculate (C) by dividing (k) on the material thickness (d), so (C=k/d). * Thermal Resistance (R): It s the opposite of thermal conductance (R=1/C). Its unit is (m 2. o C/W). * Over all heat transfer coefficient or Thermal Transmittance (U): It s the heating current in (Watt) that passes vertically on unit area (m 2 ) of a material consisted of one layer or more as a result of temperature difference equals (1 o C) between inside and outside air. The units of (U) is (W/m 2. o C). * Air to Air Thermal Resistance (Ra): It s the summation of thermal resistances from air to air. And it s the opposite of overall heat transfer coefficient (U), (Ra=1/U). Its unit (m 2. o C/W). 5

6 * Inside and Outside Air Film Thermal Resistances (R si & R so ) : The air which being in contact with the surface of a material wall, floor or ceiling forms a stagnant thin layer of that air adjacent to the surface of this material. The resistance of this air layer equals 1/h, where h is the air film heat transfer coefficient. The units of R si & R so is (m 2. o C/W). *** If we have a wall or ceiling or floor consisting of different layers, then we can calculate the air to air thermal resistance (Ra) using the following method: (Ti) Inside Wall Layers Outside (To) Ri Ro d 1 d 2 d 3 k 1 k2 k3 Ra = ( R i + R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + R o ) = ( R i + d 1 /k 1 + d 2 /k 2 + d 3 /k 3 + R o ) Uo.v = 1/ Ra 6

7 Calculating U Factors: To calculate U factor for a wall contains windows and doors you have to apply the following equation: U O.V = Uw Aw + Uwin Awin + Ud Ad ( Aw + Awin +Ad ) Where: Uw Aw : U factor and area of the wall Uwin Awin : U factor and area of the windows Ud Ad : U factor and area of doors Referring to Jordanian Code for thermal insulation the overall heat transfer coefficients U Factors should not exceed the following values: For walls: (U) should be less or equal (1.8 W/m2.oC) For ceilings : (U) should be less or equal (1 W/m2.oC) For floors : (U) should be less or equal (1 W/m2.oC) 7

8 Heating Load Calculation: The heating load of a building is comprised of the following components: * Heat loss through all exposed areas which consist of the walls, floors, ceilings, windows and doors. That can be expressed by the following equation: Q = U A T Where: Q: heat transfer energy in (W). U: Overall heat transfer coefficient in (W/m 2. o C). A: Surface area of the material in (m 2 ) T: equals (T i T o ) * Heat required to warm air infiltrated through cracks of windows and doors, and by opening of doors and windows. Or to warm mechanical ventilation air to the temperature of the inside space, this heat can be calculated by the equation: Q = 0.33 N V T Where: Q: heat transfer energy in (W). N: number of air changes per hour within the zone. V: total internal volume of the zone. T: temperature difference between inside and outside * Domestic hot water load. * Miscellaneous heat load such as for safety factor or for emergencies. 8

9 Cases Of Study: These study will be carried out on different types of buildings, different areas and different outdoor climatic conditions in Palestine. The study will concentrate on both of Ramallah and Gaza regions. There will be five cases of study : * CASE (1) ROOF APPARTMENT PILOT * CASE (2) APPARTMENT - RAMALLAH * CASE (3) VILLA - RAMALLAH * CASE (4) APPARTMENT - GAZA * CASE (5) VILLA - GAZA I tried to mention all details in case (1), which include ma topics of heating and cooling systems. Also Includes additional tables and details for initial and running costs comparisons. main In these study I used the climatic data for Ramallah and Gaza that been mentioned in Bio climatic architecture code according to Nofal s tables for climate. 9

10 Case (1)..Roof Apartment Pilot : The first type of these building is a Roof and it will be considered as a Pilot. Information about the pilot : Brief information about this roof: * Owner: Eng. Hanan Yamin * Site: Ramallah - Altireh * Total air-conditioned Area: (162m 2 ). * The No. of floors bellow: ( 8 ). * Orientation: will be shown on the plane and photos *** The plan of the pilot and photos for the insulation installation are shown in the following paper. *** In these pilot, the heating system chosen by the owner was the under floor heating system, but because people in our country are familiar with radiators heating system I repeat all calculations for both cases of these two types of heating systems. ***By using the previous principles to calculate the over all heat transfer coefficients we will get the results shown in the following figures of the walls, ceiling and floor cross sections in both cases with or without insulation Saving Energy: Saving energy can be expressed by using the following simple equation : Saving Energy Ratio = U 1 U 2 X 100 % U 1 Where: U1: Overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Without insulation U2: Overall heat transfer coefficient in case of With insulation 10

11 By applying this equation on the construction layers of the roof in both cases of with insulation or without insulation constructions we may get the following results:- *** Wall: Saving Energy Ratio = ( ) X 100% 2.78 = 64.7 % *** Ceiling: Saving Energy Ratio = ( ) X 100% 2.3 = 57.4 % *** Floor: 1- In case of using (Radiator Heating System): Saving Energy Ratio = ( ) X 100% 1.79 = 54.1 % 2- In case of using (Under Floor Heating System): Saving Energy Ratio = ( ) X 100% 1.79 = 83.2 % As a results of heating load calculations mentioned in previous, we can brief it as follows: In case of using Radiators system: * The heating load in case of (No insulation) used is: Q = (Kcal/h) Q/Area = (Kcal/h.m 2 ) * The heating load in case of (insulation) used is: Q = (Kcal/h) Q/Area = (Kcal/h.m 2 ) ** The ratio of heating loads = ( / ) = 50.8 % But the insulation installation in the site maybe not perfect 100% according to some faults in fixing or some industrial defects or other reasons, because of this we will increase the heating load value by 10% to be : 11

12 Q = (Kcal/h) Using the previous data in calculating the quantities of heating elements radiators, the boiler needed and other items needed to install heating system. ** These comparison between the two cases is shown in: Initial cost comparison.. table(a) ** Also the fuel consumption when using RADIATORS system in both cases With and Without Insulation are shown in following tables : Running cost comparison for diesel fuel..table(1) Running cost comparison for gas fuel..table(1-1) In case of using Under floor heating system: * The heating load in case of (No insulation) used is: Q = (Kcal/h) Q/Area = (Kcal/h.m 2 ) * The heating load in case of (insulation) used is: Q = (Kcal/h) Q/Area = 73.4 (Kcal/h.m 2 ) ** The ratio of heating loads = (11890 / 22608) = 52.6 % But the insulation installation in the site maybe not perfect 100% according to some faults in fixing or some industrial defects or other reasons, because of this we will increase the heating load value by 10% to be : Q = (Kcal/h) ** The under floor heating load calculations. table(i) Using the previous data in calculating the quantities of heating pexpipes Under Floor System, the boiler needed and other items needed to install heating system. This comparison between the two cases is shown in: Initial cost comparison table(ii) Cooling Load Calculation: In addition of saving energy and money in winter, also by using insulation in your house you will decrease the heat transfer from outside to inside your home in summer. Cooling load calculations and cooling system costs are shown in table(iii) 12

13 Money Saving: After making approximated calculations for the main items of insulation that will be used in the pilot we will got the following results: * 2 cm insulation was used to insulate walls, floor and ceiling costs...(3250nis) *Hollow concrete blocks 7cm with its workmanship cost.(2730nis) * Using double glass windows instead of single will increase the cost by about : cost....(2520nis) **The sum of previous costs (8500NIS) In case of using (Radiators) heating system with diesel fuel in winter And using (mini central ducted split units) in summer we will have the following results: The owner of the pilot will save these amounts of money: ** Winter season (Heating): 1) Saving money in installation cost initial cost (5850NIS) 2) Saving money in fuel consumption: running cost per one winter season.(1360nis) Summation (7210NIS) ** Summer season (Cooling): 1) Saving money in installation cost initial cost (3500NIS) 2) Saving money in electrical power consumption: running cost per one summer season...(750nis) Summation (4250NIS) Total amount the owner will save in both stages of initial and running costs for winter and summer seasons, after one year of living (11460NIS) So that, in one year the owner will save more than what he paid for insulation installation. 13

14 Case (2)..Apartment-Ramallah * Our second case of study is based on apartment in Ramallah city. These apartments is one of a familiar type of apartments that many people Can own it in Ramallah. * The total area that will be air-conditioned of this apartment is : (145 m 2 ) * The conditions of design for heating load calculations: - This apartment located in the last floor of the building. - The heating system that will be used is radiators system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (21 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (5 c) - The temperature inside the apartment which is located below the apartment of our study is considered to be (15 c) * The conditions of design for cooling load calculations: - This apartment is being in the last floor of the building. - The cooling system that will be used is mini central ducted split units system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (23 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (35 c) * In the following papers there will be : 1) The plane of the apartment. 2) Cross sections of wall, ceiling and floor of this apartment and the referring to the over all heat transfer coefficients U Factors. 3) Heating and cooling load calculations. 4) Comparisons between the two case of : - The apartment without insulation. - The apartment with insulation. 14

15 Comparison between the two cases of: - The apartment without insulation. - The apartment with insulation. Referring to the results of the overall heat transfer coefficients and the heating load calculations we can summarize it by the following: * Without insulation case: -The total heating load is = kcal/h - If we use an aluminum radiators (giving 167 kcal/h per one element) to heat this apartment, then we will need a quantity of (92 elements of aluminum radiators) * With insulation case: -The total heating load is = kcal/h - If we use an aluminum radiators (giving 167 kcal/h per one element) to heat this apartment, then we will need a quantity of (53 elements of aluminum radiators) ** And because we have to deal with the boilers that exists in our local market we will use for both cases the same wall mounted gas boiler with heat output equals (21,000 kcal/h) approximately, this is because of both cases have a heating load less than 21,000kcal/h. ** The ratio of saving money at least by the initial cost between the two cases of using or not using insulation, based on the number of heating elements will be (92-53)/92=42.4% Which means that by using insulation we will decrease the initial Cost at least by 42.4% ** In this case of study the running cost fuel consumption can t be estimated theoretically but should be done practically. ** The following table will show the final results briefly. 15

16 Case (3)..Villa.Ramallah * Our third case of study is based on villa in Ramallah city. These villa is one of a familiar type of villas that usually people Can own it in Ramallah. * The total area that will be air-conditioned of this villa are: Ground Floor Area : (124.5 m 2 ) First Floor Area : (132 m 2 ) * The conditions of design for heating load calculations: - The heating system that will be used is radiators system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (21 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (5 c) - The temperature located under ground floor will considered to be(10 c) * The conditions of design for cooling load calculations: - The cooling system that will be used is mini central ducted split units system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (23 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (35 c) * In the following papers there will be : 1)The plane of the villa. 2) Cross sections of wall, ceiling and floor of this villa and the Referring values to the over all heat transfer coefficients U Factors. 3) Heating and cooling load calculations. 4) Comparisons between the two case of : - The villa without insulation. - The villa with insulation. 16

17 Case (4)..Apartment.Gaza * Our fourth case of study is based on apartment in Gaza city. These apartment is one of a familiar type of apartments that many people Can own it in Gaza. * The total area that will be air-conditioned of this apartment is: (133.5 m 2 ) * The conditions of design for heating load calculations: - This apartment located in the last floor of the building. - The heating system that will be used is radiators system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (21 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (9 c) - The temperature inside the apartment which is located bellow the apartment of our study is considered to be (15 c) * The conditions of design for cooling load calculations: - This apartment is being in the last floor of the building. - The cooling system that will be used is mini central ducted split units system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (23 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (30 c) * In the following papers there will be : 1) The plane of the apartment. 2) Cross sections of wall, ceiling and floor of this apartment and the referring to the over all heat transfer coefficients U Factors. 3) Heating and cooling load calculations. 4) Comparisons between the two case of : - The apartment without insulation. - The apartment with insulation. 17

18 Case (5)..Villa.Gaza * Our fifth case of study is based on villa in Gaza city. These villa is one of a familiar type of villas that usually people Can own it in Gaza. * The total area that will be air-conditioned of this villa are: Ground Floor Area : (194 m 2 ) First Floor Area : (194 m 2 ) * The conditions of design for heating load calculations: - The heating system that will be used is radiators system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (21 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (9 c) - The temperature located under ground floor will considered to be(10 c) * The conditions of design for cooling load calculations: - The cooling system that will be used is mini central ducted split units system. - The temperature inside the home will considered to be (23 c) - The outdoor temperature is considered (30 c) * In the following papers there will be : 1) The plane of the villa. 2) Cross sections of wall, ceiling and floor of this villa and the Referring values to the over all heat transfer coefficients U Factors. 3) Heating and cooling load calculations. 4) Comparisons between the two case of : - The villa without insulation. - The villa with insulation. 18

19 Discussions and Conclusions * Referring to our heating load calculations for the five cases of study, if we make a comparison between the results of heating load calculation for both cases of using insulation and without use insulation we found the following results: note: (H.L.C.) means Heating Load Calculation. For case (1): Without insulation.(h.l.c.) = 26417Kcal/h With insulation...(h.l.c.) = 13435Kcal/h We can get the following ratio : (13435/26417) = 50.8 % For case (2): Without insulation.(h.l.c.) = 15428Kcal/h With insulation...(h.l.c.) = 8757Kcal/h We can get the following ratio : (8757/15428) = 56.7 % For case (3): Without insulation.(h.l.c.) = 28453Kcal/h With insulation...(h.l.c.) = 12903Kcal/h We can get the following ratio : (12903/28453) = 45.3 % For case (4): Without insulation..(h.l.c.) = 11096Kcal/h With insulation.(h.l.c.) = 6417Kcal/h We can get the following ratio : (6417/11096) = 57.8 % For case (5): Without insulation.(h.l.c.) = 28529Kcal/h With insulation...(h.l.c.) = 14468Kcal/h We can get the following ratio : (14468/28529) = 50.7 % From the above ratios we conclude that in case if we insulate Our homes or buildings the heating load or in other words the Amount of heat transfer outside the your home will be decreased by an average ratio = 50 % which means the half. 19

20 * As we notice in our last results, tables and data we can find obviously that in all the five cases of study if we use insulation we will save good amount of money. its worth to pay for this insulation because within one or two years at maximum rate of running the system of heating or cooling you will pay back your money that you pay it for installing this insulation so.. you can consider the insulating process of your house as an.. (investment). This investment strategy was clear when we estimated the costs of both the insulation installation and the air conditioning system installation by applying this on case no.(1)of the pilot to get the following: The cost for insulation installation = 8500 NIS The total saving in money after using heating and cooling system for one year is = NIS So, after one year you will return back the insulation costs (8500NIS) and save (2960NIS) in your pocket as an investment. And the same calculation can be applied for your private home by yourself. 20

21 * For engineering purposes we may summarize and get the following ratios: In case (1): the total expected money saved value as a summation of the saving values in initial costs for both heating and cooling systems was (9350 NIS) while the total area of the instruction items walls, ceiling etc. that being exposed to the outside climatic conditions this area = (327m 2 ) by dividing the first value on the second one, we got the following ratio = (9350NIS / 327m 2 ) = 28.6 NIS/m 2 which means that every squared meter (1 m 2 ) that the engineer will insulate of the building s exposed to out parts such as walls, ceiling or floor he will save 28.6 NIS. If we apply this method for the next four cases of study we will get the following Ratios: Case (2): the ratio = 37.3 NIS/m 2 Case (3): the ratio = 32.6 NIS/m 2 Case (4): the ratio = 43.3 NIS/m 2 Case (5): the ratio = 28.2 NIS/m 2 21

22 From the last tables of results referring to the values of the ratio (total amount of saved money in initial cost / air conditioned area), if we take an average value of these ratios ( 65.6 NIS/ m 2 ) for both of heating and cooling. And if we know that the approximated number of squared meters of the buildings in PALESTINE that be built every year is ( ) Then our country will save ( ) yearly. * And because I m one of the persons whose living in Palestine-Ramallah, and I have an apartment in Ramallah city now, so during my preparation of this study I decided to insulate all the external walls, the ceiling and the windows by the same method of insulation that we mentioned for the five cases of study. Also I insulated the floor by fixing under floor heating system. I did all these steps because I m satisfied that using insulation in our homes is a necessity and not a kind of luxury. 22

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