Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics

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1 Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics This guide provides additional information about each test including health standards/advisory levels, aesthetic levels of note, or levels that likely indicate influence from land-use activities. Also included are basic summary statistics for each element representing all 744 households that participated in the well water inventory. County Summary Statistics The minimum concentration measured in Chippewa County. A < symbol represents those values that are less than what could be detected reliably with our equipment. Half of the samples from Chippewa County are greater than the median while the other half are less. The maximum concentration measured in Chippewa County. What do the colors on the charts represent? Indicates potential health considerations Indicates potential aesthetic concerns Indicates likely land use impacts No health or aesthetic concerns at these levels Nitrate-Nitrogen Nitrate is a chemical commonly found in agricultural and lawn fertilizer. It is also formed when waste materials such as manure, bio-solids or septic effluent decompose. The natural level of nitrate in Wisconsin s groundwater is less than 1 mg/l. Levels above 1 mg/l begin to indicate impacts from nearby land uses and water may be more likely to contain other contaminants. Water with concentrations greater than 10 mg/l of nitrate-nitrogen should not be used by infants, women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. The WI Dept. of Health Services recommends that all persons avoid long-term consumption of water with nitrate-nitrogen greater than 10 mg/l as a precaution to prevent against potential health effects. Reverse osmosis, distillation or anion exchange are effective treatment methods to reduce nitrate levels. 4.1 mg/l < mg/l Manganese Manganese is a naturally occurring mineral found in soils and rocks that groundwater is stored and moves through. There is an aesthetic standard of mg/l. Concentrations of manganese above mg/l may result in taste issues and/or result in black staining of sinks, showers and toilets. There is a health advisory level for manganese; many years of drinking water with greater than mg/l may harm the nervous system. Problems associated with manganese may require special treatment mg/l < mg/l Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics

2 Copper Not naturally occurring at significant concentrations in groundwater. Can be found at elevated levels when naturally corrosive water comes in contact with copper plumbing. Bluish-green staining of sinks or toilet tanks is an indication of copper corrosion. There is a health-related drinking water standard for copper of mg/l. Levels above mg/l in drinking water can result in digestive issues (ex. upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea) for some individuals mg/l < mg/l Arsenic Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be released from soils or other geologic material that groundwater flows through. There is a health-related drinking water standard of mg/l (sometimes reported as 10 parts per billion). When concentrations are greater than mg/l, steps should be taken to reduce arsenic in drinking water because of concerns that long-term consumption of water with this level of arsenic may increase the risk of certain types of cancers. Reverse osmosis systems or distillation type water treatment has been shown to be effective for reducing arsenic levels. <0.003 mg/l < mg/l Sodium Natural levels of sodium are normally less than 5 mg/l in Wisconsin s groundwater. Elevated sodium are often the result of the water softening process. If sodium is greater than 10 mg/l and the calcium and magnesium levels are less than 1 mg/l this signifies the water has likely been softened. Sodium may also be elevated in areas where groundwater is affected by the use of road salt or septic system effluent. Elevated sodium is a concern for those individuals susceptible to high blood pressure. The American Health Association and US EPA recommend less than 20 mg/l in drinking water for individuals on prescribed no salt diets. 4.9 mg/l mg/l Zinc Normally less than 1 mg/l in Wisconsin groundwater. Concentrations greater than 1 mg/l usually occur when corrosive water is distributed through galvanized pipes. There is a health advisory level of 2 mg/l and an aesthetic limit of 5 mg/l. Concentrations of zinc are likely to be greatest in water that sits in the plumbing system for extended periods of time. If zinc is elevated, letting the water run for 1-2 minutes prior to use should significantly reduce concentrations mg/l < mg/l Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics Page 2

3 Sulfate Naturally occurring in groundwater in some parts of Wisconsin. Concentrations over 250 mg/l may give water an off taste and may induce a laxative type affect (diarrhea like symptoms) in persons not accustomed to consuming water with high levels of sulfate. 7.8 mg/l < mg/l Lead When found, often a result of water systems with brass fixtures, lead pipes or lead solder. Corrosive or water with low total hardness is more likely to result in elevated lead concentrations. If you have brass fixtures, lead pipes or lead solder in your plumbing system, you should run your water for 1-2 minutes prior to use for drinking or cooking in order to flush water with high lead levels from your water system. There are also point-of-use treatment devices (ex. pitcher type or faucet mounted filters) that can be effective for lead. We verified through this project that the elevated levels of lead found in 20 of the samples was the result of the plumbing system and not naturally occurring lead in Chippewa County s groundwater. <0.002 mg/l < mg/l Chloride In most areas of Wisconsin, chloride concentrations are naturally low (less than 10 mg/l). Higher concentrations usually indicate some contamination from road salt, fertilizer, septic systems, animal waste or other wastes. Chloride is not toxic, but some people can detect a salty taste at high levels. Chloride has no health standard. Levels more than 250 mg/l may cause a salty taste or corrosion of some metals mg/l mg/l Calcium Naturally occurring in water as a results of groundwater dissolving calcium from soils or rocks such as dolomite or limestone. Calcium is an essential nutrient and is considered beneficial to health, though the amount found in water is generally a small portion of calcium compared to what we get from a healthy diet. Calcium is related to hardness and as a result large amounts of calcium in water contribute to the formation of scale. County statistics (below) exclude softened samples mg/l mg/l Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics Page 3

4 Potassium Naturally occurring at concentrations less than 5 mg/l. Potassium is beneficial to health, however the amount found in water is not a significant source of potassium compared to a health diet. 1.3 mg/l mg/l Alkalinity Alkalinity is a measure of water s ability to neutralize acids. It results primarily from dissolving limestone or dolomite minerals in the aquifer. Alkalinity and hardness are usually about equal in concentration because they form from the same minerals. If alkalinity is much greater than total hardness it likely indicates that your water passed through a water softener. Water with low levels of alkalinity less than 150 mg/l is more likely to be corrosive. There are no health concerns related to alkalinity in drinking water. Concentrations are expressed as mg/l as CaCO mg/l < mg/l Phosphorus Phosphorus is an important nutrient for plants. There are no human health concerns associated with phosphorus levels generally found in groundwater. Phosphorus testing is common for lakes, rivers and streams but not something that would normally be tested for in well water. It was included in this study as a way to better understand groundwater phosphorus concentrations in Chippewa County mg/L < mg/l Magnesium Naturally occurring in water as a results of groundwater dissolving magnesium from soils or rocks such as dolomite or limestone. Magnesium is an essential nutrient and is considered beneficial to health, although the amount found in water is generally a small portion of magnesium compared to what we get from a healthy diet. Magnesium is related to hardness and can contribute to the formation of scale when found at high concentrations. 7.2 mg/l mg/l Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics Page 4

5 ph The ph tests is a measure of acidity. The lower the ph, the more corrosive the water. There is no health standard for ph, however corrosion of metal plumbing or fixtures is more likely to occur when ph levels are less than 7. Water greater than 7 is more likely to result in scaling. Low ph water may be more likely to result in elevated levels of copper and/or lead if those elements are included in your plumbing system. Households that are experiencing corrosion issues as indicated by bluish-green staining on sinks (an indication of copper corrosion) or pin-hole leaks in plumbing may benefit from an acid-neutralizer treatment system Conductivity Conductivity is a measure of the amount of total dissolved ions in water but does not give an indication of which minerals are present. In most uncontaminated waters however, conductivity is about twice the total hardness value in an unsoftened water source. Changes in conductivity over time may indicate changes in overall water quality. There are no health concerns at levels of conductivity found in Wisconsin s groundwater. 205 umhos/cm umhos/cm Hardness Hardness measures the amount of calcium and magnesium in water. Hard water can cause scale deposits on fixtures, in pipes or water heaters. Water that is naturally low in hardness is often referred to as soft and can be corrosive. There are no health concerns associated with drinking hard water. Water between 150 mg/l and 200 mg/l are generally ideal from an aesthetic point of view. Water less than 150 mg/l is considered soft while values greater than 200 mg/l are considered hard. Water softeners are commonly used to treat against the negative effects of hard water. Concentrations are expressed as mg/l as CaCO mg/l mg/l Iron Iron is a naturally occurring mineral found in soils and rocks that store groundwater. Concentrations of iron above 0.3 mg/l may result in taste issues and/or result in reddish-brown staining of sinks, showers and toilets. Low levels of iron can be removed by a water softener but amounts greater than 1.0 mg/l may require treatment units specifically designed for iron removal mg/l < mg/l Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics Page 5

6 Additional Information: What should I be testing for? It is recommended that various tests such as nitrate should be performed regularly on private wells. The Land Conservation Dept. works with a commercial testing laboratory in Colfax to underwrite the costs of a nitrate test. Participants are charged a $8.00 fee. Water bottles can be picked up at the Land Conservation Department, Courthouse, Room #11, 711 N. Bridge Street, Chippewa Falls, WI Phone:(715) For more information visit: What s wrong with my water? Diagnose your water concerns based on the symptoms (taste, color or odor issues) you notice about your drinking water. Available online at: Improving your well water quality While most private wells in Wisconsin provide water that is good quality, many private well owners experience problems. This publication gives options for improving private residential well water quality, including treatment methods for both health-related contaminants and aesthetic concerns (taste, color or odor). Available online at: Nitrate in drinking water This brochure explains how nitrate can enter drinking water supplies, the health effects of nitrate exposure, when to test a private well, and things you can do to reduce the nitrate level in your drinking water. The brochure also provides sources of information and assistance that may be useful to private well owners. Available online at: Private Well Water Resources Answers to frequently asked questions about well water testing and interpretation of water test results. Additional information on individual contaminants of concern. Available online at: Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics Kevin Masarik, UW-Extension & UW-Stevens Point. If you have questions about any of this information or are interested in these topics but unable to access materials online please contact Kevin Masarik at or kmasarik@uwsp.edu. Interpretive Guide & Summary Statistics Page 6

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