Managing Scarce Water Resources in Asia: Nature of the Problem and can Remote Sensing help?

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1 Managing Scarce Water Resources in Asia: Nature of the Problem and can Remote Sensing help? Wim Bastiaanssen (WaterWatch) & Rao Harshadeep (World Bank)

2 Where do people settle? Population distribution in Asia (range 0 to ) persons/km

3 What soils do people like? Soil W. suitability Bastiaanssen and R. Harshadeep in Asia (range 1=perfect to 9=poor)

4 Is there sufficient rain? Climatological moisture availability P 50 /ET ref (Red=0.5, white=1.0 ICID Int. Workshop on Remote and Sensing blue=2.0) of ET for Large Regions, Montpellier, France, Sept., 17, 2003

5 People like food! Annual mean soil cover fraction (range brown=no cover to dark green=full cover)

6 Climate change Projected changes of surface water flows induced by changes in the climatic system behaviour for 2080 (source: International Panel on Climate Change, 2001)

7 Interim conclusions 1. People settle on alluvial plains that have a climate that is unsuitable for meeting the water demands => PROBLEM 2. There is an expected climate change => PROBLEM aggravates or alleviates Reduced stream flow Per capita water availability below standards Water quality deterioration Groundwater over-exploitation Irrigation efficiencies??? Disappearance of wetlands

8 Net groundwater use, Pakistan P + I cw + NGW = ET a + S P =Precipitation I cw = Canal water NGW = Net groundwater use ET a = Evapotranspiration S = Storage change NGW = Tubewell irrigation + Capillary rise - Recharge

9 Net groundwater use, Pakistan I ngw (mm yr -1 )

10 Against traditional methods Canal command Water balance and remote sensing method Utilization method Specific yield method (mm/yr) (mm/yr) (mm/yr) Marala-Ravi Link Canal Upper Chenab Canal Bambanwala- Ravi-Bedian- Depalpur Canal Lower Chenab Canal Haveli Canal

11 Evaporative depletion vs land use ET act (mm/yr) Rainfall (mm/yr)

12 Water excess in Sri Lanka Rainfall surplus of Sri Lanka (mm) between June 1999 to June 2000 Uncommitted outflow of all basins June May 2000

13 Wheat yield India vs. Pakistan

14 Water productivity administrative boundaries

15 Land and water productivity

16 Land and water use, Tarim Basin China

17 Irrigation performance Awati, China Irrigation and ET (mm/d) Beneficial ET Irrigation gate 1 Irrigation Efficiency May June July August September Irrigation efficiency (-)

18 Land and water use Tarim Basin Irrigated crops Water bodies Trees and orchards Wetlands Sparsely vegetated grassland Natural grassland Reclaimed waste land Bushland Waterlogged soil Saline soil Bare soil Sand dunes Seasonal water consumption (mm)

19 GAP Irrigation Project, Turkey ET a (mm/season) Dry matter production (kg/ha)

20 Irrigation scheduling Turkey ET (mm/week) ETa ETp week number

21 Conclusions Alluvial plains in semi-arid and arid zones are potential water conflict hazards ET maps from remote sensing can be used in conjunction with other data for (1) Ground water extraction planning (2) Integrated land and water use planning (3) Water productivity analysis (4) De-mystify irrigation efficiency (5) Monitoring real water savings (ET reduction; ET act < Precip) (6) Irrigation scheduling

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