7.014 Lecture 20: Biogeochemical Cycles April 1, 2007
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1 Global Nutrient Cycling - Biogeochemical Cycles 7.14 Lecture 2: Biogeochemical Cycles April 1, 27 Uptake Bioelements in Solution Weathering Precipitation Terrestrial Biomass Decomposition Volatile Elements Death Dead Organic Matter Runoff Losses Pools (or reservoirs or compartments ) Volatile Elements Marine Biomass Fluxes H 2 O and volatile elements only Evaporation OCEAN Dead Organic Matter Sinking Useful Conversion Factors 1 12 g = 1 teragram = 1 Tg 1 9 g = 1 gigaton = 1 gt 1 6 g = 1 metric ton = 1 tonne Mean Residence Time (MRT) = pool size / flux in or out (or their average) of pool Fractional Turnover = 1 / MRT = fraction that is removed and replaced per unit time Absorbed by ozone Solar Radiation UV radiation Absorbed by earth Visible light Reflected by atmosphere Radiated by atmosphere as heat Greenhouse effect Energy In = Energy Out Heat radiated by earth Source of energy to most ecosystems on Earth is Solar Radiation Solar Energy Budget Total From Sun 1% (1.3 x 1 21 kcal per year) Reflected 3% Absorbed (heat) 47% Used in Evaporation 23% Used in Winds & Currents.2% Used in Photosynthesis.2% Used to Drive the Cycles The Geologic Cycle (slow!) Powered by Solar & Geothermal Energy Magma Igneous (Lava) Igneous GEOTHERMAL Melting Critical for Driving the Cycle Surface Rocks Uplifting Uncovering Metamorphic Rocks Weathering Erosion Soils Sedimentary Rocks SOLAR eg. Ca,K,Fe,P 1
2 The Global Water Cycle Pools (km 3 ) Fluxes (km 3 /yr) All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full. - Ecclesiastes 1:7 Ice 33,, 111, Soil Waters 122, Atmosphere 13, 71, = River flow 4, Net transport to land 4, 385, 425, Groundwater 15,3, Oceans 1,35,, Reference: Schlesinger, 1997 Land plants 3 6 Internal Soils 2, The Global Phosphorus Cycle crops Negligible atmospheric reservoir Fertilizers & Detergents 12 P- Mines Mineable rock 1, 1. Dust Transport Riverflow 21 Pools (1 12 g P) Fluxes (1 12 g P/yr) 1 Internal Oceans 9, 2 Reduced Oxidized Global Nitrogen- Transformations Ammonification Organic - N NH + 4 Nitrate Reduction Assimilatory (chemosynthesis) Nitrification NO 2 - Nitrogen Fixation N 2 (gas) NO (gas) N 2 O (gas) Denitrification (anaerobic respiration) Reference: Schlesinger, 1997 Geologic Time Scales (1 8 years) Sediments 4x1 9 Oxic Requires Energy NO 3 - Releases Energy Anoxic Requires Energy 2
3 The Global Nitrogen Cycle Pools (112 g N) 2 Industrial N-fixation 8 Land plants 3,5 Atmosphere 4x19 Biological Fixation 14 Denitrification 11 Denitrification <2 Fertilized crops Cultivated legumes 4 Soil organic N 12, Riverflow Internal 14 Gt is equivalent to 1 million trucks of dry N fertilizer Nitrogen Fluxes N-fixation in lightening 1 8 Internal Oceans 57, 16 Amount of nitrogen (gigatons/year) Fluxes (112 g N/yr) Lightning 14 Fossil fuels 12 Nitrogenfixing crops 1 8 Biological fixation 6 Nitrogen fertilizer 4 2 Groundwater Reference: Schlesinger, 1997 Natural sources Human sources Permanent Burial 1 Figure 51.1a upper Figure 51.1a lower Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire Clearcut Control Choose two similar watersheds. Document nutrient levels in soil organic matter, plants, and streams. Devegetate one watershed and leave the other intact. Monitor the amount of dissolved substances in streams. 3
4 Figure 51.1b Nutrient runoff results 1 Devegetated Burning fossil fuel The Global Carbon Cycle Simplified! (uncertainties abound) 6 Net dissolved substance (kg/ha) NO 3 - K +, Ca + 2 Control Year Pools (1 15 g C) Land plants 56 Fluxes (1 15 g C/yr) Soils 15 GPP R R Net destruction of vegetation +3.5 increase in atm +2 in vegetation? +2 in ocean? Atmospheric Pool anthropogenic sources Rivers 1 Measured annual increase Ocean 4, Burial.1 36 Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations are increasing Ice Core Data Showing Changes in Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations CO 2 concentration (ppm) Question: Summer and winter are out of phase in the N. and S. Hemisphere. Why doesn t this cancel out the seasonal effect? Atmospheric CO 2 (ppmv) Year Thousands of years 4
5 Biogeochemical Cycles are Coupled to Each Other nutrients: N, P, etc CO 2 Biosphere II Experiment Understandable only in hindsight Δ O 2 Δ CO 2 Why didn t CO 2 increase? Photosynthesis O O2 Photosynthesis CO CO2 O2 Respiration Respiration CO 2 gasp! Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 CaCO 3 + H 2 Rich soil Cement infrastructure 5
6 6 38 Biosphere I I Experiment CO 2 CH 4 (21x CO 2 ) 18 Take Home Messages Cycles of essential elements for life on Earth (eg.c,n,p( eg.c,n,p ) sustain life, and are mediated by life Population size (billions) 4 2 CO 2 and N 2 O ppmv 34 3 N 2 O (31 x CO 2 ) Population size Time, Calendar years (A.D.) CH 4 ppbv The cycles are tightly coupled. You can t t change one without changing the others Human activities have accelerated the global fluxes of elements to unprecedented rates in the history of the Earth, resulting in changing concentrations in land, atmosphere, and water. The long term effects of these changes on the Earth System are not easily understood or predicted. Many environmental problems have their origin in accelerated biogeochemical fluxes of life-essential elements, which, when out of balance, become pollutants Falkowski and Tchernov 24 Some call it pollution, we call it life vdndjna 6
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