Air Pollution from Vehicles and Their Effect on Human Health in Urban Areas Asllan Hajderi, Ledia Bozo
|
|
- Baldwin Pearson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Air Pollution from Vehicles and Their Effect on Human Health in Urban Areas Asllan Hajderi, Ledia Bozo Abstract This study analyzed air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases and their impact on human health for the years In this study is analyzed air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases and their impact on human health for the years in the capital of Albania. In the beginning is analyzed the increase of vehicles number in the years , by grouping according to the pollution level and production years, where dominate produced vehicles before For these years we have determined the average number of vehicles circulating in an urban junction and have estimated the amount of pollutant gases in an hour. Results show that the pollution level increase up to 2011 and after 2011 it is reduced. Below is shown the effect of these pollutants on human health by derived from hospitals the number of patients with cancer and number of deaths for the years , where it result that reduction of pollution from vehicles affect in the reduction of patients with cancer. Index Terms air pollution, human health, vehicle exhaust gases. I. INTRODUCTION Air is the main element of the existence of life on earth and its quality is the main key to human health. Many diseases can be traced to adverse environmental factors such as air, water, land, etc.. With the reduction of air quality data show a trend thus showing a different cancerous diseases. Therefore studies of air quality assessment remain current. According to the results of measuring air quality in our country shows that state of environment general and particularly air pollution in Tirana has continued to aggravate negatively, affecting in the health and quality of life of citizens. There are no clear statistics, but based on information from health institutions, show that the number of cases with cardiovascular disease, chronic bronchial, hormonal hyperactivity, dermatitis, anemia, allergies and tumors is increasing. Also, is significantly increased the stress and head pain from circulation. Albania has pollution values times higher than EU countries, therefore WHO has classified Albania in the area of health risks due to air pollution. According to studies, it is estimated that this level of pollution will be reduced life of human -2 years and will also lead to 1400 new cases of cancer diseases each year [1]. In our country the vehicles number is increased to 70 vehicles/1000 inhabitants [2]. Vehicles circulating in Tirana, amount to 100 thousand per day, including vehicles entering each day from districts. Automobile transport is responsible for environmental pollution in urban centers. Sensitive areas from air pollution are the main routes and their intersections. Greater pollution in Tirana is the area at the junction "21 Dhjetori", so this is taken in the study. Vehicle pollution rate is different and depends on the production year of vehicle and the condition of their technical maintenance. So today challenge is to replace existing versions automobile more efficient and less polluting, which is the focus for vehicle manufacturers at the present time [3]. The main pollutants caused by cars in the environment are: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons ( HC) and particulates matter (PM). -Carbon monoxide (CO) is generated in an engine, when it is operated with a fuel-rich ratio and some fuel does not get burned and some carbon ends up as CO. It is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas It is volatile and easily combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) [4]. The fact that CO combines with oxygen is the reason that CO is a poisonous gas (in the lungs, it combines with oxygen to form CO 2 and deprives the brain of oxygen [5]. Inhalation of CO in the lungs cause suffocation. A person suffering from CO poisoning by first proving a euphoric state and pain headache, followed a little later on nausea, vomiting, and increased hemoglobin concentration in the blood Carboxyl [6]. To prevent this intoxication, WHO has set a PEL (permissible exposure limit), a rate of no 41
2 more than 50 ppm in 8 hours. In urban areas, the contribution of carbon monoxide pollution from passenger cars can exceed 90%. -Nitrogen oxides are composed from NO and NO 2, which are created during the combustion reaction in the engine. These are all grouped together as NOx which is a very undesirable emission and dangerous to human health. Released NOx reacts in the atmosphere to form ozone and is one of the major causes of photochemical smog. [ 4], [5]. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is gas with reddish-brown color and has a pungent smell and acid. NO 2 is toxic when inhaled, but this can be avoided, as detected due to odor. Lower concentrations (4 ppm), this gas makes a nasal anesthesia. Exposure for a long time to NO 2 concentrations in μg/m3 causes adverse effects on health [6]. -Hydrocarbons HC represent unburned fuel components (about 40%) and the other consists from non equilibrium molecules which are formed when large fuel molecules break up (thermal cracking) during the combustion reaction [4]. It react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, which is a major component of smog. Ozone irritates the eyes, nose, and throat and damages the lungs. A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are toxic. Also, some with the potential to cause cancer [3] [6]. -Particulates matter (PM) are soot particles from solid carbon spheres. Carbon spheres are generated in the combustion chamber in the fuel-rich zones, where there is not enough oxygen to convert all carbon to CO2. These spheres have diameters from 10 nm to 80 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m), with most within the range of nm The most of PM is consisting from PM 10 [ 4]. Increased levels of small particles in the air has more about health risks such as heart disease, pulmonary function impairment, and lung cancer [6]. For the assessment of air pollution were obtained measurements made from Environmental Protection Agency at the junction "21 Dhjetori". From a study done by the World Bank in early 2013 shows, that three most prevalent diseases of human mortality are those of the heart, diabetes and cancers.. Therefore, in this study we have got only patients and deaths from heart and cancer in total, for the years The present study is an attempt to assess air pollution from polluting elements, that vehicles bring and effects on human health. II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Tirana is the capital and largest city of Albania, which reaches over a million inhabitants. It is divided into 12 districts. Internal road network consists only from road junctions with traffic lights and roundabouts, where traffic is heavy due to the large number of vehicles circulating in them. Data collection on the number of vehicles is made by DGRTS archive, while for patients with heart and cancer and deaths from QSUT and Statistical Institute. Estimate the pollution amount from vehicles gas in the Tirana city is performed for junction " 21 Dhjetori" with 4 branches, in which after 2011 all incoming branches are 3 lanes (Fig. 1). Fig 1 The junction "21 Dhjetori" Methodology for determining the pollution per hour for each year, is done pursuing the following: 42
3 A. Determination of the vehicles number and the intersection crossing time The number of vehicles in circulation is determined using the physical survey. Observer at the junction does count vehicles entering for the cycle time of traffic lights tc = 1.5 min, for 4 junction branches in different hours of the day ( ). Tests repeated 3 times within the hour and deals the average value Measurements performed for one week (5 working days) and deals the average number of vehicles Nc. The intersection crossing time from vehicles is determined by the survey. Observer measures the time that vehicles stand before junction and cross it, in two branches of entry for the traffic light cycle. Tests repeated 3 times within the hour and calculated the average value of time, at different times of the day for 5 days work. Finally calculated average time for a cycle Tav. Thus from the measurements carried out in February 2011[7], during a week at different hours of the day ( ), the average number of vehicles that circulate at this junction in a traffic light cycle 1.5 minute Nc, and average time for different hours of day, shown in Fig. 2. (Nc at 8 includes the average number for 30 min before and 30 min after) Fig. 2 Number of vehicles in the intersection for a cycle Nc and time Tc Average number of vehicles circulating in the junction in an hour N h, can be calculated: N h = N mc 60/t c Where: N mc - represents the average number of vehicles circulating in a cycle For 2011 we have N mc = 120 vehicles/cycle and N h = 4800 vehicles/hour, while T av = 120 sec = 2 min. The average speed of vehicles in the intersection is 4-8 km/h. We accept an average speed v = 6 km/h = 0.1 km/min B. Determination of the pollution amount of vehicles in junction Recognizing that all vehicles in circulation are cars (over 90%) and with diesel engine (80%), the calculation of the pollution amount caused by vehicles will be assuming that vehicles have pollution degree within the limits of the EU norms, given in g /km [8],[9]. For uniform motion with v = 0.1 km/min, pollution values for CO, (NOx+HC) and PM calculated in g/ min are given in table 1. Table 1. Pollution values of car for speed v = 0.1km/min Standard Year of introduction CO g/min NOx+HC g/min Particulates PM g/min Euro 1 July 1992 January ,316 0,113 0,018 Euro 2 July 1996 January ,10 0,090 0,009 Euro 3 January ,064 0,056 0,005 Euro 4 January ,050 0,030 0,0025 Euro 5 September ,050 0,023 0,001 43
4 C. Vehicles structure in circulation The number of vehicles in circulation in our country, has increased more after 2000, reaching at the end of 2012 to in Tirana and to in total for the whole country [7],[10]. The junction "21 Dhjetori" is located in the capital and in it circulate vehicles of all the country, so the structure of the vehicles at the junction, will be equal to the total vehicles structure, which will be given grouped by production years and for 2011 is shown in Fig. 3 [10]. Fig. 3. Vehicles number in circulation in Albania, by production years D. Calculation of pollution amount in junction On the structure of vehicles in circulation, the pollution amount in junction for each pollutant CO, (NOx+ HC) and PM can be calculated: G= (G 1 P 1 +G 2 P 2 +G 3 P 3 + G 4 P 4 + G 5 P 5 ) T av 60 N h [ g/h] Where: - G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, G 5 - are masses of pollution in g/ min for each pollutant by 5 groups of production years, respectively before 95, , , and after 2009, given in table 1. - P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4, P 5 - are the percentages of vehicles in circulation by five groups of production years, respectively before 95, , , and after 2009, calculated to the relevant situation given in table 3. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to the above methodology is calculated the average number of vehicles circulating in the junction "21 Dhjetori" Nh and the relevant average time for his crossing Tav, for , [7], [11], which are shown in table 2 Table 2 Vehicles number per hour and the average time Year N h T av Average number of vehicles up to 2011 has a linear increase, then increase reduced and approximately the crossing time of the junction. Decrease in 2011 is mainly due to an increase of junction lanes number from 2 to 3. Vehicles number is grouped by production year for the years and the respective percentages were calculated, which given in the table 3. Table 3 Percentage of vehicles by production year Percentages P 1 70% 60% 55%, 54 %, 49%, P 2 17% 20.9% 20%, 20 %, 19%, P 3 10% 15% 18%, 18 %, 19%, P 4 2% 4% 6%, 6% 9%, P 5-0.1% 1%, 2% 4%, 44
5 On table 3 seems that the number of old vehicles reduced from one year to another, however old vehicles produced before 95 dominate over 2 times in Environment tax imposed by the government in 2011 has not impacted. This is because the duty tax does not stimulate new car purchases, but the old ones. Based on the above methodology and data of tables 1, 2, 3 are calculated the pollution amounts per hour for CO, (NOx+ HC), and particulate matter PM, at the junction "21 Dhjetori" for , shown in fig. 4. Fig. 4. Pollution per hour in Junction for years Analysis of the results shows that there is a increase of pollution by 44% per year until Then in 2011 there is a decrease 20%, which is due to the add of the lanes number in the intersection, which has led the reduction of residence time of vehicles. While the reduction of pollution in 2012, is due to the reduction of old vehicles in circulation. Calculated pollution is confirmed by the results of measurements near 21 Dhjetori " junction [2], which are shown in table 4. Table 4 Levels of pollutants in the air Year Albanian, EU rate PM 10 μg/m , 40 NO 2 μg/m , 40 CO mg/m , 4 Results show that the PM level exceeds 2 times limits. Reduction of PM in 2010 arrived due to reduction of construction in the city. The patients with cancer and heart diseases, taken from admissions in QSUT, for the years are given in table 5 [6],[12]. Table 5 Diseases in years Diseases: admissions in QSUT Total Cancer Total new cases Total heart disease On the table shows that heart disease annually increase by 0.8-1% and those with cancer by 2.2% (>400 patients). As the death number from two major diseases and pollution level of the junction, shown in table 6. Table 6 Mortality and pollution level Years Cancer (in total) Heart diseases Mortality CO kg/h NOx+HC kg/h PM kg/h
6 On the table 6 seems that short-term effects show a linear increase in the number of deaths. Long-term effects will be shortening of the life, the increased prevalence of respiratory signs, and hormonal and tumor, as shown in the study [6]. The results show that mortality from cardiac diseases has a correlation with the pollution degree. The impact of pollution from PM, (NOx+HC) and CO have delayed action on human health and his life will be cut each year from pollution, when it exceeds the allowed rates. This shows also other studies, which believe that the life of the capital people and some other districts in the country will be cut two years only from the pollution. Improving air quality brings the reduction of illness and mortality in the city. This can be achieved by removing older vehicles from circulation and better manage traffic. The removal of customs duties on new vehicles and establishment of environmental tax proportional to the pollution degree, for those that exceed the limits of pollution, helps in reducing pollution. IV. CONCLUSIONS The sources of environmental pollution in urban areas are vehicles manufactured before 1995, because they cause a pollution 3 times higher than those produced after 2000 and dominate in circulation in Albania more than 2.5 times, compared with those produced by The most dangerous pollution for increasing heart disease and cancers in Tirana is pollution from PM particles; produced by diesel vehicles, which at the intersection "21 Dhjetori" exceeds 2 times the permitted rates. Environment pollution from vehicles directly affects in the linear increase of mortality, while late effects are the shortening of life and aggravation of respiratory diseases, tumors (cancer) and hormonal. The reduction of diseases and mortality in Tirana city can be achieved by improving the structure of vehicles in circulation in favor of newer vehicles and with biodiesel. This is accomplished by removing the customs duty for new vehicles and setting tax proportional to the degree of environmental pollution, for those that exceed the limits of pollution. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Robert Progri for his valuable technical support and appreciation to give me. Special thanks of authors go to SGS Automotive Albania sh.p.k, for its disposability and contribution in the performing of opacity measurements of gas emissions of cars. REFERENCES [1] Report for Environment Condition in Albania for year 2008, 2009, p Ministry of Environment, Tirana [2] Report for Environment Condition in Albania for year 2010, 2011, p Ministry of Environment, Tirana 2012 ; [3] Car Exhaust, Air Pollution, Combustion Engines, (February 2013) [4] Pulkrabek W.W. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine, p ; [5] Halderman D. J., Automotive technology principles, diagnosis and service; p ; [6], Prifti P., Gjyli L., Sina E. The impact of air pollution in illnesses, mortality and hospital admission throughout year in Albania. Journal of studies on economics & society Vol.2 No. 2; p Durres, December [7] Hajderi A., Gjevori Sh., Case Study for the Reduction of Pollution from Vehicles in Urban Areas in Albania International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJENS, Vol: 12 No: 06; December [8] S Hillier V.A.W. & Peter Coombes "Hillier's Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology" 5 th edition Book 1. p.233; [9] J Directive 2009/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009 on roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers. &start=0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pë.&fp=ee045cc55d691584&bië=1024&bih=517 [10] General Directorate of Road Transport Services (GDRTS,2013).The archive's central 46
7 [11] Hajderi A. On the reduction of environmental pollution caused by automobile emissions. Journal of studies on economics & society Vol.2 No. 2; p Durres, December 2010 [12] J INSTAT (Statistical Institute Data of Albania) Causes of deaths by group-diseases in Albania ; Tirana AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Asllan Hajderi has finished his postgraduate qualification at the Polytechnic University of Tirana. He is the author of several university books and has performed many studies and projections in the field of mechanics and automotive, which are implemented. Mr. Hajderi holds the title Associate Professor since He has been head of Department of Mechanic and Transport and actually he is lector at Faculty of Professional Studies in Aleksander Moisiu University in Durres. Ledia Bozo has completed graduate studies in the field of information technology and is continuing her postgraduate qualification at the Tirana University. 47
Air pollution is caused by high concentrations of gases and particles emitted form combustion sources (vehicles, power plants, industries)
AIR POLLUTION Clean Air Act & Criteria Pollutants 7.1-7.5 Motor Vehicle Emissions: 7.8 Indoor Air and Box Models: 7.12 Air Pollution Meteorology: 7.10 Gaussian Plume Modeling: 7.11 1 Air pollution is caused
More informationGE 2211 Environmental Science and Engineering Unit III Air Pollution. M. Subramanian
GE 2211 Environmental Science and Engineering Unit III Air Pollution M. Subramanian Assistant Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Kalavakkam 603
More informationCE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis
AIR POLLUTION CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis January 25, 2008 Seven Major Pollutants of Concern 1. P 2. S Oxides (SO X ) 3. O 4. N Oxides (NO X ) 5. Carbon M (CO and other
More informationAir Pollution. tutorial by Paul Rich. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Air Pollution tutorial by Paul Rich Outline 1. The Atmosphere layers, some major processes 2. Urban Air Pollution photochemical & industrial smog 3. Regional Air Pollution from Acid Deposition acid deposition,
More informationModule 1: An Overview of Engine Emissions and Air Pollution Lecture 2: Engine Emissions and Air Pollution. Engine Emissions and Air Pollution
Engine Emissions and Air Pollution The Lecture Contains: Principal Engine Emissions Sources of Engine/Vehicle Emissions Emissions and Pollutants Photochemical Smog Photochemical Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
More informationPollution, Soil, and Columbia Missouri
1 of 5 6/4/2010 1:27 PM Pollution, Soil, and Columbia Missouri By Artifacts May 22nd, 2010 Category: Issue 5, Pollution, Soils By Marie Kersey Columbia Missouri is getting bigger in every aspect. From
More informationCriteria Pollutants. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
1) Sulfur dioxide 2) Nitrogen oxides 3) Carbon monoxide 4) Ozone 5) Particulates 6) Lead Criteria Pollutants Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) SO 2 is a colorless gas that is formed from the combustion of sulfur-containing
More informationMajor Air Pollutants
Major Air Pollutants 1 Particulate Matter Particulate refers to all substances that are not gases. It can be suspended droplets / solid particles / mixture of two. Size: 100 µm to 0.1 µm and less. Particulates
More informationIndoor Air Pollution. Indoor air pollution can be an even greater health threat than outdoor air pollution. Common pollutants often
Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air pollution can be an even greater health threat than outdoor air pollution. Common pollutants often. Smoke 4 Most Hazardous Indoor Pollutants Formaldehyde: Asbestos: Outgassed
More informationFrumkin, 2e Part Three: Environmental Health on the Regional Scale. Chapter 12: Air Pollution
Frumkin, 2e Part Three: Environmental Health on the Regional Scale Chapter 12: Air Pollution History of Air Pollution Since human beings discovered fire, they began to pollute the air. At first, air pollution
More informationKnocking Over Pollutants
Lesson 5- Air Pollution Knocking Over Pollutants Background Information The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established national ambient air quality standards for six air pollutants- ozone,
More informationCHAPTER 18: AIR POLLUTION SOUTH ASIA THE ATMOSPHERE APES 2013
CHAPTER 18: AIR POLLUTION APES 2013 1 SOUTH ASIA ASIAN BROWN CLOUD - TWO MILES THICK AND IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES COMPOSED OF 1/3 = DUST, SMOKE, AND ASH 2/3 = ACIDIC COMPOUNDS,
More informationAmericans make the equivalent of round
AIR POLLUTION CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis January 18, 2008 Air Pollution Factoids Americans make the equivalent of round trips to the moon each year in their automobiles.
More informationFABRICATION AND TESTING OF AUTOMOBILE POLLUTANTS ABSORBERS
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 217, pp. 3 35, Article ID: IJMET_8_5_32 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=8&itype=5
More informationAssessment of Automobile Induced Pollution in an Urban Area. (A Case Study of Port-Harcourt City, Rivers State, Nigeria)
2012 International Conference on Environmental, Biomedical and Biotechnology IPCBEE vol.41 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Assessment of Automobile Induced Pollution in an Urban Area (A Case Study
More informationAIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES: HEALTH EFFECTS AND EMISSION CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES: HEALTH EFFECTS AND EMISSION CONTROL Umang Bedi 1, Sanchita Chauhan 2 1, 2 Dr SSBUICET PU Chandigarh (India) ABSTRACT In all the major cities of the world, air pollution from
More informationAir Pollution. Dr. Deniz AKGÜL Marmara University Department of Environmental Engineering
Air Pollution Dr. Deniz AKGÜL Marmara University Department of Environmental Engineering Atmospheric Composition: Dry air within several kilometers of ground level consists of 2 major components Nitrogen,
More informationWELCOME TO PERIOD 12: CONSEQUENCES OF USING CHEMICAL ENERGY Homework #11 is due today.
WELCOME TO PERIOD 12: CONSEQUENCES OF USING CHEMICAL ENERGY Homework #11 is due today. Midterm 1 grade curve: A 29-33: 17% (of 166 students) B 25-28: 34% C 20-24: 32% D 15-19: 14% E 0-14: 3% Average score
More informationAir Pollution and the Human Body Group Activity
Air Pollution and the Human Body Group Activity Once presenter has reviewed all power-point slides from Air Pollution Basics, the participants should be introduced to this group activity. 1. We will be
More informationAir Quality Modelling for Cycle Enfield. 21 st January 2016
Air Quality Modelling for Cycle Enfield 21 st January 2016 Introduction Cycle Enfield is proposing to introduce segregated cycle lanes along the A1010, A105 and A110 Further measures: Free cycle training
More informationInternal Combustion Engines
Emissions & Air Pollution Lecture 1 1 Outline In this lecture we will introduce the three major regulated gaseous pollutants produced by I.C. engines: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Unburned Hyrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen
More informationC H A P T E R E I G H T E E N
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 1. The Atmosphere layers, some major processes 2. Urban Air Pollution photochemical & industrial smog 3. Regional Air Pollution from Acid Deposition acid deposition, consequences, solutions
More information1. The layer that contains most of the mass of the atmosphere is the. A. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Mesosphere D. Exosphere
1. The layer that contains most of the mass of the atmosphere is the A. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Mesosphere D. Exosphere 2. Which of the following is a secondary pollutant? A. H 2 SO 4 B. O 3 C.
More informationOregon. 800 NE Oregon St. #640 Portland, OR (971)
Air Quality Frequently Asked Questions Oregon Environmental Public Health Tracking (EPHT) Oregon ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH TRACKING 800 NE Oregon St. #640 Portland, OR 97232 www.oregon.gov/dhs/ph/epht
More informationMODULE I. Learning Objectives
MODULE I Learning Objectives To make the students aware of history of air pollution; definition of air pollution and various types of sources and classification of air pollutants. Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture
More informationFinal Revisions to the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 )
Final Revisions to the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) General Overview Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards January 2010
More informationAir Quality & Health. Our Atmosphere. ENVIR 202: Lesson No. 14. Lesson 14: Air Quality February 6, ENVIR 202: Population & Health 1
ENVIR 202: Lesson No. 14 Air Quality & Health February 6, 2006 Chuck Treser University of Washington Program on the Environment ENVIR 202: Lesson 14 1 Our Atmosphere Spaceship Earth Protects Us Loss of
More informationAIR POLLUTION. By Bibhabasu Mohanty Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering SAL Institute of Technology & Engineering Research
AIR POLLUTION By Bibhabasu Mohanty Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering SAL Institute of Technology & Engineering Research CONTENT Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification
More informationLayers of the Atmosphere. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere
Air Pollution Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Troposphere Composition Sea level 17km Composition 78% Nitrogen 20% Oxygen Other 2%... Water vapor Argon gas Carbon
More informationClean Air Act of 1970
Clean Air Act of 1970 Set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), to protect public health and welfare Set New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), that strictly regulated emissions of a new source
More informationThermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008 Chapter 2 ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS SUMMARY DR. MUNZER EBAID Dr. Munzer
More informationAtmospheric Chemistry Air Pollution
Atmospheric Chemistry Pontus Roldin Div. Nuclear Physics Dep. Physics Lund University Conflict between positive climate cooling effects and negative human health effects Are there good aerosol particles
More informationHistory of significant air pollution events
Ch17 Air Pollution A thick layer of smoke and haze covers Santiago, Chile. History of significant air pollution events Many of the worst air pollution episodes occurred in the last two centuries in London
More informationWhat is air pollution?
Air Pollution 1 What is air pollution? Air pollution is a mixture of natural and man-made substances in the air we breathe. It is typically separated into two categories: outdoor air pollution and indoor
More informationNITROGEN OXIDES (NO-NO 2 )
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO-NO 2 ) What is NOx? Where, when and how is it formed? What are its dangers? Are NO 2 emissions regulated? How can we get rid of it? What is the warning threshold for NO pollution? Here
More informationPOLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES Urgency of development of environment-friendly, cleaner system for road transport: A. Introduction: Pollution from motor vehicle is the single largest source of air pollution
More informationSTOCHASTIC ANALYSIS FOR VEHICULAR EMISSIONS ON URBAN ROADS- A CASE STUDY OF CHENNAI
Harikrishna, M., Arun C. Stochastic Analysis For Vehicular Emissions On Urban Roads- A Case Study Of Chennai in Martin J. Bunch, V. Madha Suresh and T. Vasantha Kumaran, eds., Proceedings of the Third
More information2010 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
1 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Monitoring Report for Lake and Geauga Counties Lake County General Health District 33 Mill Street Painesville, Ohio 4477 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION... 1 STATE AND FEDERAL AIR
More informationPollution of the Atmosphere
Pollution of the Atmosphere LESSON 2 Guiding Question: What are the sources of air pollution? Explain how both natural processes and human activities can cause air pollution. Describe how air pollutants
More informationProtecting our urban environment. Exhaust Control Industries Air and noise pollution control specialists
Protecting our urban environment Exhaust Control Industries Air and noise pollution control specialists Exhaust Control Industries Protecting our urban environment for over 30 years Exhaust Control Industries
More informationDiesel health effects West Coast Collaborative Hawai'i Partners Meeting June 25, 2008
Diesel health effects West Coast Collaborative Hawai'i Partners Meeting June 25, 2008 Sumeet Saksena, Ph.D. The East-West Center Honolulu What is diesel exhaust (DE)? Most important: fine particulate matter,
More informationChapter 20 Air Pollution
Chapter 20 Air Pollution Overview of Chapter 20 Atmosphere as a Resource Types and Sources of Air Pollution Effects of Air Pollution Controlling Air Pollution in the US Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
More informationAir quality in the vicinity of a governmental school in Kuwait
Air Pollution XVI 237 Air quality in the vicinity of a governmental school in Kuwait E. Al-Bassam 1, V. Popov 2 & A. Khan 1 1 Environment and Urban Development Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific
More informationHigh-energy Hydrogen II Teacher Page
High-energy Hydrogen II Teacher Page Video: Hydrogen - The Pollution Solution Student Objectives will be able to explain how fossil fuels have caused our pollution problem will be able to explain how hydrogen
More informationCE 213A Introduction to Environmental Science
CE 213A Introduction to Environmental Science Module D Air Pollution Dr. Anubha Goel FB 308, anubha@iitk.ac.in, x 7027 Nazaroff, Ch. 7 Air Pollution 2 Key Concepts Structure and composition of the atmosphere
More informationOUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION POLLUTANTS THAT AFFECT HEALTH
OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION POLLUTANTS THAT AFFECT HEALTH What is our air made of? Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Water Vapor 0.01% at poles, 4% at tropics Argon less than 1% CO 2 0.038% Trace of particulates, CH 4
More informationAir Pollution occurs when harmful levels of particular gases, fumes and contaminants are released into the atmosphere from human activities.
COPY Mr. Rocco Air Pollution occurs when harmful levels of particular gases, fumes and contaminants are released into the atmosphere from human activities. COPY Natural: forest fires, pollen, dust storm
More informationSection II. Air Pollution
Section II. Air Pollution Brief Overview Chapter on air pollution dwells on changes of atmospheric air in Georgia due to emissions of hazardous gasses produced as a result of activities in different sectors
More informationSulfur oxides (SO x ) - particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO 2. SO 2 is produced by volcanoes and in various
AIR CANCER Sulfur oxides (SO x ) - particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO 2. SO 2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often
More informationAir Pollution Chapter 21. Atmosphere as a Resource
Air Pollution Chapter 21 Atmosphere as a Resource Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen 78.08% Oxygen 20.95% Argon 0.93% Carbon dioxide 0.04% Ecosystem services Blocks UV radiation Moderates the climate Redistributes
More informationENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT Environmental Impacts
ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT Environmental Impacts Presented by Mr S. Mooloo, Ag Deputy Director Department of Environment MRC July 2006 Contents From Dirty to Clean fuel Environmental impacts International
More informationPRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION Some of the fuel (hydrocarbon) may not completely burn during combustion and therefore is released into the atmosphere along with the products. The products that are formed during
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF RANDOMIZED DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICLES STOPS ON FUEL CONSUMPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: UNIVERSITY CAMPUS CASE STUDY
THE EFFECTS OF RANDOMIZED DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICLES STOPS ON FUEL CONSUMPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: UNIVERSITY CAMPUS CASE STUDY Dr. Ghazi Ibrahem Raho, Associate Prof. Management Information Systems
More informationStockton University Air Quality Kevin Briede, Colin Salotti, & Hope Long Stockton University ENVL 4300 March 15th, 2018
Stockton University Air Quality 1 Stockton University Air Quality Kevin Briede, Colin Salotti, & Hope Long Stockton University ENVL 4300 March 15th, 2018 Stockton University Air Quality 2 ABSTRACT The
More informationOutdoor Air Pollution. Primary vs. Secondary Air Pollutants
Air Pollution Outdoor Air Pollution Primary vs. Secondary Air Pollutants Primary Pollutant a pollutant that is put directly into the air by human activity. Examples: CO, NOx, PM, SOx, VOCs Sources: Electricity
More informationDo Now pg 89. List 3 ways you think air pollution affects human health
Do Now pg 89 List 3 ways you think air pollution affects human health Lesson 15.2 Pollution of the Atmosphere Types of Air Pollutants Primary air pollutants: Released directly into the atmosphere; example:
More informationChile. Extension for other vehicle categories of the labeling of vehicular energy efficiency.
CHILE Chile Introduction Chile has considerable potential for implementing energy efficiency measures that would improve the safety of the country s energy supply and achieve significant economic, social,
More informationENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Dec 31, 2012)
ENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Dec 31, 2012) Elif Soyer Air Pollution The Atmosphere as a Resource A gaseous envelope surrounding Earth N 2 78.08% O 2 20.95% Ar 0.93% CO 2 0.04% Other gases
More informationEnvironmental Science 101 Air Resources. Fall Lecture Outline: Terms You Should Know: Learning Objectives: Reading Assignment:
Environmental Science 101 Air Resources Fall 2012 1 Lecture Outline: 10. AIR POLLUTION A. The Atmosphere An Introduction B. Background Information About Air Pollution C. Six Principal Pollutants D. Air
More information9th Period Environmental Science Chapter 15: The Atmosphere
Section 15.1: Earth s Atmosphere 9th Period Environmental Science Chapter 15: The Atmosphere Properties of the Atmosphere: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and 1% other gases. air pressure is higher at the
More informationTHE COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS. I love the smell of napalm in the morning smells like victory!
THE COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS I love the smell of napalm in the morning smells like victory! Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas that can be produced during the combustion of a carbon-based fuel such as propane.
More informationCFD Validation of Carbon monoxide diffusion within a ship vehicle garage
CFD Validation of Carbon monoxide diffusion within a ship vehicle garage Presented by: Dr. Nasr Abdelrahman Nasr MAY 2013 Presentation Layout: Introduction. Field measurement and analysis. Mathematical
More information2016 Nitrogen Dioxide Summary
2016 Nitrogen Dioxide Summary New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection SOURCES Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown highly reactive gas that is formed in the air through the oxidation of
More informationParticulate Matter Air Pollution and Health Risks ( edited for AHS APES)
Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Health Risks ( edited for AHS APES) What is Particulate Matter? Image from http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/ module3/distribu/distribu.htm Particulate matter (PM) describes
More informationThe Threat of Air Pollution
Chapter 13: Air Pollution The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 12 th Lutgens Tarbuck Lectures by: Heather Gallacher, Cleveland State University The Threat of Air Pollution The Threat of Air
More information7.1 BICYCLE RIDERSHIP Estimated Current and Increased Bike Ridership
CHAPTER 7 7.1 BICYCLE RIDERSHIP 7.1.1 Estimated Current and Increased Bike Ridership 7.2 IMPROVED AIR QUALITY 7.2.1 Annual Pollution from 7.2.2 National and State Ambient Air Quality Standards 7.2.3 Ozone
More informationThe Road to a Cleaner Future
The Road to a Cleaner Future Maintaining a strong Zero Emission Vehicle Program will save billions in health costs, reduce air pollution and help achieve the state s global warming goals. March 2008 A
More informationAssessment of Automobile Induced Pollution in an Urban Area (A Case Study of Port-Harcourt City,Rivers State,Nigeria)
Assessment of Automobile Induced Pollution in an Urban Area (A Case Study of Port-Harcourt City,Rivers State,Nigeria) Sylvia Okonkwo 1*, Kenneth Okpala 2, Mary Felicia Opara 3 1. Department of Chemistry
More informationNATS 101 Section 13: Lecture 30. Air Pollution Part I
NATS 101 Section 13: Lecture 30 Air Pollution Part I How Beijing looked before the 2008 Olympics. Economic growth but at what environmental cost?? China s current industrial development is actually very
More informationHealth Effects Associated with Stack Chemical Emissions from NYS Natural Gas Compressor Stations:
Health Effects Associated with Stack Chemical Emissions from NYS Natural Gas Compressor Stations: 2008-2014 A Technical Report Prepared for the Southwest Pennsylvania Environmental Health Project D.O.
More informationActivity 9 Finding Sources of Air Pollution
Activity 9 Finding Sources of Air Pollution This activity calls for students to locate on a map the potential areas of air pollution in their community. It is related to the Prediction and Where s That
More informationErgonomic assessment and implement controls in Automobile Closed room Testing by using Risk assessment Methodology.
Ergonomic assessment and implement controls in Automobile Closed room Testing by using Risk assessment Methodology. Jithin V 1, 1BMW India Pvt Ltd, Mahindra World City, Chengalpet-603002 ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationChemistry in the Environment: The Clean Air Game
LESSON PLAN ~Chemistry, Grade 12, College Preparation~ Chemistry in the Environment: The Clean Air Game -created by Lynn Perreault, Ph.D. (for Idle-Free Windsor) Date: School: Time: Teacher: Special Instructions:
More informationCOMPOSITON OF AIR. 78% Nitrogen (N 2 ) 21% Oxygen (O 2 ) 0.9% Argon 0.035% (CO 2 )
AIR POLLUTION COMPOSITON OF AIR 78% Nitrogen (N 2 ) 21% Oxygen (O 2 ) 0.9% Argon 0.035% (CO 2 ) Anything that negatively affects the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.
More informationA review on Assessment of Air Pollution due to Vehicular Emission in Traffic Area
International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 4106, P-ISSN 2347 5161 2018 INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Review Article A review
More informationAir Pollution in Quito. Abby Lodge. ENVL 3701 INTL Sustainable Development. Stockton University
RUNNING HEAD: Air Pollution in Quito 1 Air Pollution in Quito Abby Lodge ENVL 3701 INTL Sustainable Development Stockton University Air Pollution in Quito 2 Table of Contents Paper Section... Page Number
More informationEFFECT OF ROAD DETERIORATION ON VEHICLE EMISSION
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp. 904 912, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_099 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=5
More informationAir Quality Program
M E D I A PA C K A G E Air Quality Program www.broward.org/pollutionprevention/airquality Agency Overview: Table of Contents Agency Overview 2 Did You Know? 3 Criteria Air Pollutants 4 Air Quality Index
More informationName Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the description.
Skills Worksheet Concept Review MATCHING In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the description. 1. ground-level ozone 2. scrubber 3. radon gas 4. nitrogen oxides
More informationAir Pollution. Dr. Sireen Alkhaldi, DrPh Community Medicine, First semester 2018/ 2019 Faculty of Medicine/ The University of Jordan
Air Pollution Dr. Sireen Alkhaldi, DrPh Community Medicine, First semester 2018/ 2019 Faculty of Medicine/ The University of Jordan Learning Objectives 1. To understands the significance of air pollution.
More informationMEDIA PACKAGE. Pollution Prevention, Remediation and Air Quality Division
MEDIA PACKAGE Pollution Prevention, Remediation and Air Quality Division www.broward.org/pollutionprevention Agency Overview: Broward County is located within the United States Environmental Protection
More informationFOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION:
Science 30 Unit B Chemistry and the Environment Outcome 1: Students will analyze the sources of acids and bases and their effects on the environment. Specific Outcome 1.8: Outline the chemical reactions
More informationAir Pollution Sources Overview. Amy Roberts, Division Manager January 24, 2019
Air Pollution Sources Overview Amy Roberts, Division Manager January 24, 2019 Types of Air Pollutants Criteria Pollutants Particulate Matter Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone Carbon Monoxide Lead Sulfur Dioxide Air
More informationAmbient Air Quality Basics. NSEL Air Quality Forum 2006 Johnny McPherson, Air Quality Technologist
Ambient Air Quality Basics NSEL Air Quality Forum 2006 Johnny McPherson, Air Quality Technologist Chemistry basics; Atmospheric structure and processes; Pollution source, transformation, and fate; Monitoring.
More informationChapter 10. Air Quality
Chapter 10 Air Quality Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to: Describe historically important air pollution episodes List health effects associated with air pollution
More informationPollution Prevention, Remediation and Air Quality Division
M E D I A PA C K A G E Pollution Prevention, Remediation and Air Quality Division www.broward.org/air Agency Overview: Table of Contents Agency Overview 2 Did You Know? 3 Criteria Air Pollutants 4 Air
More informationPAKISTAN SPACE & UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH COMMISSION (SUPARCO)
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AT DREAMWORLD, PIDC AND BALOCH COLONY, KARACHI PAKISTAN SPACE & UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH COMMISSION (SUPARCO) Sector 28, Gulzar-e-Hijri SUPARCO Road, P.O.Box 8402, Karachi-75270 Phone:
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ************************* I. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION ************************* MANUFACTURER'S NAME: Balzers Tool Coating Inc. TELEPHONE NO: (716) 564-8557 ADDRESS: 495 Commerce
More informationWeb Seminar. Indoor Air Quality. Indoor Air Quality and Air Cleaning 19 November Peter DYMENT Camfil Ltd
Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Quality and Air Cleaning 19 November 2013 Peter DYMENT Camfil Ltd Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Quality perception is different for each individual Clean air of the correct
More informationSAFETY DATA SHEET. Great Lakes Orthodontics 200 Cooper Ave Tonawanda, NY CHEMTREC:
SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1. INDENTIFICATION Great Lakes Orthodontics 200 Cooper Ave Tonawanda, NY 14150 716-871-1161 800-828-7626 CHEMTREC: 800-424-9300 Product Name: Gold Plated Braided Wire, Stainless
More informationAir Pollution. Introduction. Natural Air Pollution
Air Pollution Introduction Anything in the atmosphere that decreases quality of life for organisms Can be chemical, particulate, biological Generally restricted to the troposphere Both natural and anthropogenic
More informationThe Implications of Importation of Used Vehicles on the Environment
Global Journal of researches in engineering Automotive engineering Volume 12 Issue 1 Version 1.0 February 2012 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals
More informationWest Yorkshire Low Emission Strategy AHSN workshop Joining up air quality, transport and health
West Yorkshire Low Emission Strategy AHSN workshop Joining up air quality, transport and health Sally Jones 02-06-15 What Is Air Pollution? Background to WYLES The Drivers for a Low Emission Strategy The
More informationPetroleum Reduction Technologies. Instructor s Manual. National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium
Petroleum Reduction Technologies Instructor s Manual National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium Shifting the focus to the U.S., transportation activities account for the second largest portion of the
More informationBy Wilma Subra Subra Company P. O. Box 9813 New Iberia, LA
By Wilma Subra Subra Company P. O. Box 9813 New Iberia, LA 70562 337 367 2216 subracom@aol.com Two 6,130 horsepower natural gas-fired turbin driven centrifugal compressor units Fuel oil heater Emergency
More informationEarth s Atmosphere. Air Quality. 7. If no humans lived on Earth, there would be no air pollution.
CHAPTER 4 LESSON 4 Earth s Atmosphere Air Quality Key Concepts How do humans impact air quality? Why do humans monitor air quality standards? What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide
More informationFine Particles in the Air
Fine Particles in the Air Presentation for STAPPA Outreach Committee Rich Damberg, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards April 6, 2004 Particulate Matter: What is It? A complex mixture of extremely
More informationAtmosphere Web quest
Atmosphere Web quest 1. What are the four main layers of the atmosphere? Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere Exsosphere 2. Which layer is closest to space? Exosphere (upper layer
More informationLecture 4 Air Pollution: Particulates METR113/ENVS113 SPRING 2011 MARCH 15, 2011
Lecture 4 Air Pollution: Particulates METR113/ENVS113 SPRING 2011 MARCH 15, 2011 Reading (Books on Course Reserve) Jacobson, Chapter 5, Chapter 8.1.9 Turco, Chapter 6.5, Chapter 9.4 Web links in following
More informationIndoor Air Quality. Basic Management for Healthy Office Environments. Peter A Shelling CSP CIEC
Indoor Air Quality Basic Management for Healthy Office Environments Peter A Shelling CSP CIEC Why is Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) a problem now? People spend more time indoors than ever before (90% for most
More information