The design and operational analysis of ground source heat pump in large-scale construction

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1 The design and operational analysis of ground source heat pump in large-scale construction Liu Zhongbao, Wang Zhimin, Fang Lina,Qin Jiheng Refrigeration center College of Environmental and Energy Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing , China Tel: ABSTRACT In this paper, the principle of ground source heat pump, the general development of the system and its current application in large-scale construction are presented. Through the analysis of the outstanding operation result and the load calculation of the construction of some University in Beijing, the reasons are deduced--the favorable original design and excellent performance of CIAT heat pump. After that, the simulative design and operation of the heat exchanger in Construction in Beijing University of Technology was involved, through which the principle of the application of ground source heat pump in large-scale construction is presented the balance of cooling load and heating load. In addition, according to the design of one Villa Garden in Beijing, the inverse ratio relationship between ground thermal conductivity and the size of heat exchanger in ground source system is established and presented. Finally, based on the analysis of the investment and operation expense, the conclusion that ground source heat pump obviously excels traditional air-conditioning system is established. According to the characteristics of ground source heat pump above, it will be the optimal project in the air-conditioning system of construction in the future. KEY WORDS:Ground source heat pump, Load calculation, Heat-exchanger, Thermal conductivity of ground, Economical discussion 1. INTRODUCTION The application of ground source heat pump is based on the law that the ground temperature closes to a constant value all year without being disturbed. It absorbs heat from ground in winter to heat the building and releases heat to ground in summer to cool the building. It uses reproducible energy and has no pollution to the environment, so the ground source heat pump is commonly used in big cities in China where urgently call for the decrease of the using coal to reduce the pollution. The technology of ground source heat pump has already become mature abroad. Since the first ground source heat pump had been born in Indianapolis in the United States, the technology gets recognition and development greatly, especially in vertical buried heat pump. At present, ground source heat pump has been applied for large-scale construction in America and Canada. Refrigeration capability has been more than 1000 tr (ton of refrigeration) and 1400 tr at the most. So ground source heat pump has been

2 extensively used whether in civil or business market. The research about ground source heat pump in our country started in the late 90s of last century, and it is much later than that of other countries. At present, many problems on the design of ground source heat pump need to be solved. Large-scale constructions in Beijing such as East Sun City and Biochemistry College of one University in Beijing have equipped this system. This paper emphasizes on analysis about the load around the whole year and the influence to the design which comes from the thermal conductivity of ground and technology performance of ground source system. 2. THE ANALYSIS OF GROUND SOURCE SYSTEM IN SOME UNIVERSITY IN BEIJING 2.1 Load calculation and partition for the building The area of the building in this paper is square meters. According to the hour by hour load result calculated by the DEST software all the year (as shown in Figure 1), we can calculate that cooling load of the building is 957KW and heating load is 175KW. Usually the season of supplying heat starts in November 15 and ends in March 15 in Beijing, so we divide the calculated heating load in winter into three parts: basic load, peak load and larger load. Based on these three parts, basic load is 133KW, the peak load is 297KW and the lager load is 159KW. Fig 1: The hour by hour load all the year in one University in Beijing 1-heating load 2-cooling load 2.2 The brief introduction and its operation effect of the ground source heat pump Vertical buried ground source heat pump is used in some Beijing University. The system has 120 wells in all. The length of the pipe being buried underground is 108 m. The system uses two units of CIAT LWP1800 and uses pure water to transfer heat with ground. According to the appraisal data and the load partition result of Beijing Council for Science and Technology in March this year, the total efficiency η and the season operating factor η2 of the system are calculated. η=q/ N= / =3.57 Q---heating capacity of the heat pump

3 N---input power η 2 = (Q i *h i )/ (N i *h i )= Q i ---heating capacity during the time i Ni---input power during the time i hi---hours during the time i The error of both total efficiency and season operating factor is 3.4%. The total operating efficiency is very high in ground source heat pump systems that have been researched about at home or abroad. This shows a good operating effect. 2.2 The analysis of high efficiency of system The main reasons for good operating effect are as follows: vertical buried tube, good diathermancy, accurate calculation for the system load, appropriate management, reasonable design of heat exchanger underground, good performance. We will analyze reasons as follows. There are three kinds of ground source heat pump: horizontal buried tube, vertical buried tube and looped pipeline. In this experiment vertical buried tube is used which occupies the least ground and has no danger of burning or exploding and also is safe and reliable. It has no demand for large-scale center unit and no pollution to environment, as well as long running time. The second reason is the system has good effect of heat transfer. Because the temperature of ground is more stabile than that of the air and it is higher than outside temperature in winter and lower in summer. Transferring heat with ground can ensure better effect of heat exchange. The third reason is that the system load is calculated exactly and dealt with correctly. Being calculated exactly is the necessary condition for the design of any system. Being dealt with correctly or not is decided by the characteristic of ground source heat pump. The design for ground source heat pump should meet the principle that the cooling and heating load keeps balance all the year, which can ensure balance of the load all the year. It has the least influence to ground which makes the system stable in a long-term operation. In Beijing, the cooling load in summer is much larger than the heating load in winter, so the peak load should be cut and other heat source should be used to balance additional load. The cutting peak can not only save money but also furthest reduce the influence to ground. The fourth reason, which is relatively important one, is the reasonable design for heat exchanger underground. It is mainly the choice of distance between buried pipes and thermal conductivity of ground. Original distance between pipes is 6m. The result of temperature change of water side in 20 years is simulated by GLHEPRO software (Shown in Figure 2). After 20 years, water side temperature will be kept within 30, which will not bring too much influence to both ground and heat pump. However, if the distance is 4m(Figure 3) or 3m(Figure 4), we can see in the picture that water temperature will be 42 and 37 and that will bring much disadvantage to ground or the equipment. On the contrary, if the distance is 7m, change of water temperature is similar with the original design (Figure 5). However, larger distance will bring larger occupation of ground and its economical efficiency will come down at the same time. So the distance of 6m in the design is the most reasonable.

4 Fig 2: temperature change of water side operating for 20 years and having 6m distance Fig 3: temperature change of water side operating for 20 years and having 4m distance Fig 4: temperature change of water side operating for 20 years and having 3m distance Fig 5: temperature change of water side operating for 20 years and having 7m distance Furthermore, thermal conductivity of ground is the key part in system design. That is because the thermal conductivity of certain geologic structures is within a certain extension. It can t be measured so we choose a smaller value. Economical efficiency will come down directly due to this. Good design can not only reduce unnecessary cost but also increase the economical efficiency of the system. Except the reasons above, good technique in construction and heat pump unit are also important. BITZER compressor is used in CIAT heat pump unit. This compressor uses economizer to increase subcooling water so as to improve the efficiency of the system. Picture 2 is the general flow chart of system. From its operating data we can see that using economizer can increase the input power by 6.3KW, cooling capacity by 30.6KW and COP by 6.6%, comparing with not using it. All reasons above are the main factors for successful design in Beijing United University. 3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATED RUNNING OF GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP OF THE THIRD SCHOOL BUILDING IN BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Firstly, load of buildings should be confirmed. According to the calculated result by Dest software, heating peak load in the third teaching building is 2471KW and cooling peak load is 3224KW. After being cut, the new heating peak load becomes 1100KW and cooling load becomes 870KW. Thermal

5 conductivity of ground is determined and then the distance between tubes and other parameters are confirmed. Figure 6 shows the hour by hour load of the third school building. The heating peak load after cut is 1100KW and that of the cooling load is 870KW. We use the equipment to test the thermal conductivity of ground around our lab. Because the third school-building is very close to our lab, we can consider the test data of our lab as the ground thermal conductivity of the third school building. Value of k can be obtained according to the line equality of heat source. Though experiment, we can also obtain real testing curve and find out the state point 1(610, )where the curve is starting to form a straight line and the point 2(2350, )where it is approaching a straight line. Then the thermal conductivity of ground is 1.715W/m K which is in the range of W/m K and accords with the thermal conductivity of ground in Beijing. Other parameters are: 200 plumb pipe wells, the outer diameter is 0.25m, the depth is 110m, the distance between pipes is 6m, the size of U shaped pipe is DN32 and the ground temperature is 290K. The capacity of exchanging heat and the changing curve of the water side temperature can be determined by the software. We can see from the picture, the system is running well, the capacity of exchanging heat is almost the same all the year and water side temperature keeps stable. Fig6: Logarithmic curve of the testing data of ground heat conductivity The method of calculation about thermal conductivity of ground is as follows: dt = A + ( Q /(4 pi k )) ln( t ) A---Constant k--- heat conduction coefficient,w/m K Q--- Thermal conductivity,w t---time,h T---Temperature,K pi---constant, k = Q /( 4 pi D S ) D---Depth of hole S = ( T 2 T 1 ) /(ln( t 2 ) ln(1)) t In the picture, state 1 is the point where the curve is starting to form a straight line; state 2 is the point where it is near to the terminal stage of the constant heat measuring.

6 The system can be brought into simulated running by software after meeting all the above conditions. We can see from Figure 7 and 8, the capacity of both absorbing and dissipating heat keeps balance. It also meets the design principle of ground source heat pump; the water side temperature keeps stable. All above can prove that the design is very effective. Fig 7: the absorbing and dispersing heat of system operating for 20 years Fig 8: temperature change of water side operating for 20 years 4. TECHNOLOGY PERFORMANCE OF GROUND SOURCE SYSTEM Compared with the common center air-condition which exchanges heat by air, ground source system, exchanging heat by ground, is better in heat exchange effect. In addition, the system needs no center units and the operating cost is only 40%~60% of that of the center air-condition. However, its shortcoming is obvious. The system needs area around the building and makes a lot of noise. So the sound arrester is needed. It also needs large-scale construction outdoor. Generally speaking, the COP of ground source heat pump is and that of center air-condition is Their initial investment is similar. In a word, if being designed reasonably, ground source heat pump system can run effectively. Now we can compare the economical efficiency of ground source heat pump in one Villa Garden with that of one university of Beijing. For the medium scaled the Villa Garden, if using gas-fired condition, the first investment is RMB and if using ground source heat pump, the initial investment is RMB, which is similar with the gas-fired condition and the most of cost is spent in drilling well, tubes, materials and heat pump. It is similar in the large-scale conduction. The initial investment in the university is 950 thousand RMB, most of which is spent on the same construction above: for drilling well is 170 thousand, for tubes and materials is 320 thousand and for heat pump is 400 thousand. Although the initial investment is large relatively, it can be compensated by the operating cost. We can see from Figure 9, coal-fired is the cheapest one, electricity is the most expensive and ground source heat pump is in the middle. Coal is cheap, but it will be forbidden because of its pollution. Ground source heat pump is an economical, safe and high effective choice. In summary, ground source heat pump is an energy-saving, environmental protecting and high effective system. It can be used in large-scale public buildings. Ground source heat pump is one of the best solutions to reduce environmental pollution in big cities of China which puts forward higher request to air condition.

7 Fig 9: the cost in heating using different fuels 1-ground source heat pump 2-electricity3-diesel oil 4-natural gas 5-coal

*Corresponding authors. Tel.: x415, address: (N. Zhu)

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