Wastewater treatment and reuse in Bangalore: complexities and challenges

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1 Wastewater treatment and reuse in Bangalore: complexities and challenges Priyanka Jamwal Fellow, Center for Environment and Development, ATREE (based on joint work with Bejoy K Thomas, Sharachchandra Lele and Veena Srinivasan)

2 Wastewater reuse within the city is challenging and complex Challenges Infrastructure and Technology Enabling wastewater reuse at different scales of treatment Complexities Wastewater reuse can simultaneously address pollution and water scarcity, but... Basin level perspective Multiple actors and interests Efficiency and effectiveness of large scale STP: case study of VVTP

3 Context rapid urbanization in Bangalore Population growth 41.3 lakh lakh 2011 Area expansion 291 sq. km sq. km sq. km Source: Census 2011, Kavitha et al, 2014 (draft)

4 Bangalore s water architecture Bangalore used to source its water from reservoirs in the Arkavathy basin Imported water increased from 453 MLD (1991) to 1360 MLD (2013) Huge dependence on groundwater ( MLD) Map: Ecoinformatics lab, ATREE

5 Bangalore s wastewater Sewage treatment Infrastructure Sewage treatment capacity by Year MLD (3 STPs) Sewage treatment capacity by Year MLD (14 STPs) Proposed expansion Year MLD (11 STPs) architecture Sewage treatment capacity by MLD (25 STPs)

6 Scale of Sewage Treatment Large scale Scale of Treatment Sewage Treatment Number BWSSB Treatment Capacity Large Scale STPs (>100MLD) Medium Scale STPs ( MLD) Small scale (1-10 MLD) 4 28 Apartment scale STPs (0.5-1MLD) Source-McKinsey & Company 2014 Private Medium scale Neighborhood scale Apartment scale Commercial scale

7 Status of Sewage treatment, reuse and disposal in Bangalore Total sewage generated MLD Sewage Treatment Treated sewage Treated + Reuse 4% Untreated sewage Installed Sewage treatment plants capacity = MLD = 831 MLD Treated sewage MLD Treated+ Reuse- 49 MLD 52% 44% Untreated sewage MLD Source-McKinsey & Company 2014

8 Wastewater reuse already happening in Bangalore Within the Bangalore city Industrial users -7MLD Commercial and Residential users - 42MLD Peri-urban areas (Byranmagla and Bellandur ) Farmers - Sustain livelihoods Vegetables, Fodder, Fruits etc Source- McKinsey & Company 2014;Lokeshwari and Chandrappa 2006; Jamwat et al 2014

9 Challenges in WWRU Understanding implications at a basin scale Understanding the socio-institutional aspects of a technical problem

10 Complexities / challenges Sewage treatment efficiency and effectiveness Scale and social organization of wastewater reuse Downstream implications of wastewater reuse

11 Complexities / challenges Sewage treatment efficiency and effectiveness Scale and social organization of wastewater reuse Downstream implications of wastewater reuse

12 Location of V-Valley Treatment Plant

13 Efficiency vs. Effectiveness Efficiency Evaluated at Sewage treatment plant (STP) scale STP efficiency BOD removal efficiency = (In BOD-Out BOD)/In BOD Effluent Discharge standard for BOD = 30mg/l Effectiveness Evaluated at larger scale (e.g. Lake or stream) Impact on the stream water quality Stream must meet the water quality standard (BOD = 3 mg/l)

14 Vrishabhavathy valley treatment plant (VVTP) Recycled water (3MLD) Treated Water (127 MLD) VV Treatment Plant (for Domestic sewage) SEWAGE from Underground drainage network (26 MLD) Lift (104 MLD ) VV RIVER carrying sewage & industrial effluents (~600MLD)

15 Efficiency : Outflow does not meet standards (only 45% BOD removal) Effectiveness: Net effect on river quality is negligible WHY? Lack of UGD Low Inflow BOD/COD ratio (0.2) Lack of Technical person at STPs WHY? Low pollutant removal efficiency of Sewage Treatment plant Low Dilution factor (effluent discharge/total stream flow U/s =0.2) Re-suspension of bottom sediments

16 VVTP effluent quality data from KSPCB Influent BOD less than the effluent discharge standards

17 Complexities / challenges Sewage treatment efficiency and effectiveness Scale and social organization of wastewater reuse Downstream implications of wastewater reuse

18 Large Scale STPs with in-stream treatment(>100 MLD)!!! K&C Valley STP Doddabele STP Users Domestic and Industrial users Challenges Technical and socioeconomic feasibility is highly questionable Develop Policy framework to minimize risk to human health

19 Medium scale centralized STPs ( MLD) Users Industry Challenges Transportation of treated effluent to Industrial estates Incentivizing industries to use treated effluent instead of cheap groundwater

20 Neighborhood scale STPs (1 to 5 MLD) Users - parks, industrial, institutions, lake side residents (Environmental amenities) Challenges Environmental amenities goal differs from reuse goal Create a market for treated effluent

21 Apartment Scale STPs + Reuse in flushing (0.5 MLD-1 MLD scale) Users Residents Challenges Too much water for apartments to reuse, but not allowed to sell treated water Poor regulation

22 Complexities / challenges Sewage treatment efficiency and effectiveness Scale and social implication of wastewater reuse Downstream implications of wastewater reuse

23 Urban wastewater and downstream villages: WWRU already happening Vrishabhavathy has become a perennial river carrying nutrient rich water Wastewater is used for irrigation

24 Downstream benefits of ongoing wastewater REUSE Availability of wastewater retained local people in agriculture Irrigated and rain-fed area along the Vrishabhavathy River ( ) No. of households in the sample 83 Shift from growing rice and millets to high value crops such as baby corn and Mulberry Dairying also an important income source No. of cultivator households Cultivated area (in acres) Irrigated area (in acres, % of total cultivated area in brackets) Rain-fed area (in acres, % of total cultivated area in brackets) (86) 15 (14)

25 Implications of upstream wastewater RECYCLING Loss of nutrients in and quantum of irrigation water Reduction in agricultural profits Increased concentrations of industrial effluents in V-stream greater health risk to farmers Reduced return flows to Cauvery Implications for interstate dispute? Source-Lokeshwari and Chandrappa 2006

26 Conclusions WWRU has potential but also challenges Grand plans for large-scale treatment and reuse seem highly questionable First priority should be not more STPs but better UGD to feed current STPs The socio-technical feasibility of medium and smallscale STPs requires thorough analysis The social dimensions of reuse need attention: sensible but effective regulation, information, and policies that enhance demand for treated water WWRU needs to understood at basin scale through the hydrological links between upstream recycling and downstream use.

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