ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROGEOLOGY

Transcription

1 ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROGEOLOGY m LEWIS Mostafa M. Soliman Professor, Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt Philip E. LaMoreaux Senior Hydrogeologist Bashir A. Memon Executive Vice President Fakhry A. Assaad Consultant Geologist James W. LaMoreaux President PUBLISHERS Boca Raton Boston London New York Washington, D.C.

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Suggestions and References 8 References 15 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS FOR ASSESSMENT, CLEAN-UP, AND SITING OF WASTE DISPOSAL SITES Introduction Geological Aspects Rock Types Candidate Sites Stratigraphy Structural Geology Physical Properties Hydrogeologic Considerations Data Acquisition of Rock and Formation Fluid Testings Data Obtained Prior to Drilling Potential Disposal Sites Well Logs Summary Site Selection 32 References 33 CHAPTER 3 HYDROGEOLOGY Introduction Historical Background Hydrologic Cycles Main Components of Hydrology Watershed Hydrology Climatic Factors 42

3 3.4.2 Physiographic Factors Mechanism of Erosional Deposition Hydrogeology Distribution of Subsurface Water Groundwater Flow Theories Steady State Groundwater Flow in Aquifers Unsteady State Groundwater Flow in Confined Aquifers Effects of Partial Penetration of Well Hydraulics of Well and Its Design Slug Tests Groundwater Recharge 72 References 78 CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RELATED TO HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Natural and Manmade Disasters Land Subsidence Causes of Subsidence Collapse into Voids Mines and Underground Cavities Sinkholes Sediment Compaction Underground Fluid Withdrawal Natural Compaction Hydrocompaction Organic Soil Damage Cost and Legal Aspects of Land Subsidence 97 References 100 CHAPTER 5 KINDS OF WASTE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF WASTE DISPOSAL SITES Kinds and Sources of Wastes Solid Wastes Liquid Wastes Types of Waste Urban Wastes Municipal Wastes Petroleum Waste Mining Waste Industrial Waste Gaseous Wastes Industrial Wastes Radon Risk 118

4 5.3.3 Forest Growth Reduction by Air Pollution Acid Rain Mines Hydrocarbons Hazardous Wastes Definition Toxic Materials Soil Hazardous Wastes Radioactive Wastes Physiography of Waste Sites Permeable Formations (3,000-12,000 feet) Containing Connate Brine Impermeable Formations Environmental Concerns on Hydrogeological Systems Man-Made Earthquakes Transport of Polluted Waters by Subterranean Karst Flow Systems 132 References 132 CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS Introduction Climatic Changes and Their Effect on the Water Resources Surface Water Pollution Groundwater Pollution Migration of Pollutants in Aquifers Saltwater Intrusion Landfill Leachate Groundwater Monitoring 158 References 163 CHAPTER 7 WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION Primary Concept Alternative of Waste Disposal Disposal and Control Types of Disposal Disposal of Hazardous Waste Salt Caverns for Disposal Groundwater Protection Damage Prevention to Water Resource System Remediation of Groundwater Aquifers Risk and Legal Aspects of Waste Disposal Sites Definition of Risk and Risk Assessment 183

5 7.5.2 Application of Risk Assessment in the Context of Waste Disposal An Outline of the Risk Assessment Process Components of the Risk Assessment Process Risk or Hazard Identification Risk Estimation Exposure Assessment: Identification of Sources of Chemicals Exposure Assessment: Chemical Releases/Environmental Fate and Transport Exposure Assessment: Routes of Exposure Dose-Response Estimation Hydrogeological Systems and Monitoring 213 References 216 CHAPTER 8 CASE STUDIES The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System in Egypt Introduction Geological and Hydrogeological Characteristics The Basement Complex Hydrogeology Regional Flow Pattern Groundwater Models Environmental Problems 238 References Siting a Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill in a Limestone Terrane Introduction Topographic and Geographic Setting Geologic Setting Overburden Lockport Formation Rochester Shale Structural Geology Hydrogeology Aquifer Test Procedure Conclusions 263 References Catastrophic Subsidence: An Environmental Hazard, Shelby County, Alabama Introduction 269

6 8.3.2 General Hydrogeologic Setting Geology of the Dry Valley Area Water Level Decline and Catastrophic Subsidence Hydrology of Dry Valley Present Conditions Use of Remote Sensing Methods Satellite Imagery Aerial Photography Seismic Survey Test Drilling Inventory and Monitoring of Subsidence Prediction of Induced Sinkholes Southern Natural Gas Pipeline: A Case History 284 References Environmental Hydrogeology of Figeh Spring, Damascus, Syria Introduction Geomorphology Geology: Stratigraphic Sequence Cretaceous System Hydrogeology of the Figeh Area: Geologic Structural Setting and Karst Development Recharge-Storage Discharge of Groundwater Groundwater Movement in the Recharge Area Recharge-Discharge Relationships Climate Evaporation and Transpiration Discharge Groundwater to the Barada River Pumping Test Studies Main Cavity Figeh Pumping Test Side Spring Pumping Test Pilot Pumping Test Environmental Constraints to Future Use of Figeh System 337 References 343 APPENDIX A Glossary 345 APPENDIX B Conversion Tables 363 APPENDIX C Math Modeling and Useful Programs 367 APPENDIX D Software Manual of Drawdown Around Multiple Wells 371 INDEX 375