UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioenergy
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1 Biofuels State of the art and future developments Franziska Müller-Langer, Stefan Majer, Sinéad O Keeffe a FNR-Konferenz Neue Biokraftstoffe 2015 Berlin 02./ a UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioenergy
2 Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Characteristics of technologies 3. Comparison 4. Summary and outlook 2
3 Introduction Biofuels Overview Land use / Biomass production Oil biomass (e.g. rape, soya, palm, jatropha) Sugar biomass (e.g. cane, beet) Starch biomass (e.g. corn, wheat, rye) Woody biomass (e.g. residues, willow, poplar) Herbaceous biomass (e.g. straw, grass) Waste biomass (e.g. manure, biowaste, sludge) Algae biomass (e.g. micro algae) Biomass supply (Logistics) Harvesting / Collection Treatment Transport Cargo handling Storage Biofuel production Physico-chemical conversion Biochemical conversion Thermo-chemical conversion Pressing / extraction Trans-/ esterification Alcoholic fermentation Anaerobic digestion Pyrolysis / Torrefaction / Hydrothermal Gasification Biodiesel (FAME) Hydrotreat. veg. oil / fat (HVO/HEFA) Bioethanol / Butanol Biomethane / Biogas Biomethane / Bio-SNG BTL (e.g. FT, DME, Alc.) Biohydrogen Biofuel distribution Storage Distribution Transfer Fuel station station Biofuel use Combustion engine Hybrid technologies Source: DBFZ 2013 w/o entitlement of completeness 3
4 Introduction Biofuels Future prospects Biofuels for transport energy demand worldwide / EJ a Max. techn. biofuel potential: 6.5 EJ Technical raw material potential (estimated): 100 to 300 EJ Total transport energy demand: 2009: 93 EJ a : 116 EJ a-1 Biomethane (maize, lignocelluloses, residues) BTL / FT (lignocelluloses) HVO / HEFA (oils, fats, residues) Biodiesel (rape, soya, palm) Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (sugar cane) Bioethanol (corn / cereals, sugar beet) Sources: DBFZ based on IEA (2011) Biofuels Technology Roadmaps; Thrän, D. et al. (2011): Global and Regional Spatial Distribution of Biomass Potentials; 4
5 Characteristics of technologies Technical characteristics of selected biofuels Biofuel option Biodiesel Hydrotreated veg.oils or esters and fatty acids (HVO / HEFA) Bioethanol (sugar, starch) Bioethanol (lig.) Typical by-products a press extraction meal, glycerine, salt (press extraction), propane, gasoline fractions sugar: bagasse / vinasse starch: gluten, stillage for DDGS, fertiliser, biogas lignin, pentoses, stillage products like fertiliser, biogas Installed capacity State of development b production worldwide (all 2013/2014) c Commercial >70 mn t a mn t a -1 TRL 9 US/LA: soya, EU: rape, UCO Commercial TRL 9 Commercial TRL 9 Demo plants TRL 7 Biomethane / Biogas digestate, electricity Commercial TRL 9 Biomethane / Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) Synthetic biomass-toliquids (BTL) electricity and heat waxes, naphtha, electricity and heat Demo plants TRL 7 Pilot plants TRL 6 SA: palm about 3.1 mn t a -1 unknown EU/SA: palm, UCO > 100 mn t a mn t a -1 US: corn, BR: sugar cane, EU: wheat, sugar beet about 0.52 mn t a -1 unknown US/EU: straw, BR: bagasse about 0.71 mn t a -1 (EU) unknown EU/DE: different about 0.04 mn t a -1 (EU) unknown EU: wood about 0.25 mn t/a unknown EU / NA: wood, straw R&D demand Process optimisation: low quality oils and fats, catalysts and treatment technologies, methanol substitution Raw material (e.g. algae, pyrolysis or hydrothermal oil), corefining in mineral oil refinery, process optimisation: catalysts, H 2 demand Process optimisation regarding process integration, e.g. upgrading by-products and stillage (e.g. recycling, biogas / biomethane, nutrient recovery) Upscaling and demo of overall process concepts, further development for lignin, pentoses, enzyme use and efficiency improvement Lignocelluloses as cosubstrat, process optimisation (CH 4 yield, enzymes, gas treatment) Upscale, demo of overall concepts, adapt. syngas treatment to gasifier properties, efficiency increase, adaptation for decentralised plants Upscaling and demo of overall process concepts, adaption syngas treatment to gasifier properties, efficiency increase and downscaling synthesis and final fuel treatment a depending on process design; b according to technology readiness level (TRL) of the European Commission (1 - basic principles observed, 2 - technology concept formulated, 3 - experimental proof of concept, 4 - technology validation in lab, 5 - technology validation in relevant environment, 6 - demonstration in relevant environment, 7 - demonstration in operational environment, 8 - system completed and qualified, 9 - successful mission operations), c AT Austria, BR Brazil, EU European Union, LA Latin America, SA - Southeast Asia; d Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles 5
6 Comparison Technical aspects Capacities of biofuel production plants BTL / FT Biomethane / SNG Biomethane / biogas Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (sugar, starch) HVO / HEFA Biodiesel capacity up to Typical biofuel production capacity per plant - range / MW biofuel Typical mineral oil refinery capacities: to > MW crude oil Source: Müller-Langer et al. In: Stolten, Scherer (ed.) Transition to Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley VCH, ISBN ,
7 Comparison Technical aspects Overall efficiencies of biofuel production plants Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses) Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste) Biomethane / biogas (silage) BTL /FT (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (sugar cane) Bioethanol (sugar beet) Bioethanol (corn) Bioethanol (wheat, rye, triticale) HVO / HEFA (different oil crops) Biodiesel (palm) Biodiesel (rape) Biodiesel (soya) Energetic efficiency of biofuel production - range international publications in % Total input energy: raw materials, auxiliaries with energetic relevance and externally process energy; total output energy: main product, energy associated with all other byproducts including surplus process energy). Source: Müller-Langer et al. In: Stolten, Scherer (ed.) Transition to Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley VCH, ISBN ,
8 Comparison Environmental aspects GHG emissions Fossil comparator Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses) Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste) Biomethane / biogas (silage) BTL /FT (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (sugar cane) Bioethanol (sugar beet) Bioethanol (corn) Bioethanol (wheat, rye) HVO / HEFA (different oil crops) GHG mitigation (RED) 60% 50% 35% Biodiesel (different oil crops) GHG emission - range of international publications in kg CO2eq GJ -1 white dots indicate the default values for the biofuel pathways included in Annex V of the RED rape seed biodiesel for biodiesel (different oil crops), rapeseed HVO for HVO/HEFA (different oil crops; Source: Müller-Langer F, Majer S, O Keeffe S, Energy, Sustainability and Society 2014, 4:20 doi: /s x 8
9 Comparison Economic aspects Typical total capital investments of biofuel plants Biofuel option Plant capacity a / MW biofuel TCI b / 10 6 EUR Specific TCI / EUR kw -1 biofuel Biodiesel c 4 to to to 350 HVO/HEFA c 150 to 1030 > to 500 Bioethanol (starch, sugar) 7 to to to 2290 Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) 15 to to to 2800 Biomethane / biogas 5 to to to 3000 Biomethane / SNG 20 to to to 2100 Synthetic biomass-to-liquids (BTL) 130 to to to 3775 TCI - total capital investment; a here typical capacities of commercial or plant capacity; b for new plants, without land costs and surrounding infrastructure for green field installations; c without oil mill Source: Müller-Langer et al. In: Stolten, Scherer (ed.) Transition to Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley VCH, ISBN ,
10 Comparison Economic aspects Biofuel production costs Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste) Price level crude oil USD bbl -1 Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses) Biomethane / biogas (silage) BTL /FT (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (sugar cane) Bioethanol (sugar beet) Bioethanol (corn) Bioethanol (wheat, rye) HVO / HEFA (different oil crops) Biodiesel (palm) Biodiesel (rape) Biodiesel (soya) Biofuel production costs - range international publications in EUR GJ -1 White dots indicate cost values for exemplarily concepts by DBFZ, Costs normalised to the year 2013 Source: Müller-Langer F, Majer S, O Keeffe S, Energy, Sustainability and Society 2014, 4:20 doi: /s x 10
11 Comparison Economic aspects GHG mitigation costs Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses)* Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste) Biomethane / biogas (silage)* BTL /FT (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) Bioethanol (sugar cane) Bioethanol (sugar beet) Bioethanol (corn) Bioethanol (wheat, rye) HVO / HEFA (different oil crops) Biodiesel (palm) Biodiesel (rape) Biodiesel (soya) GHG mitigation costs - range in EUR t CO2eq. -1 *no GHG standard values according to RED, white dots indicate the reduction costs calculated with the RED default values and the cost values published by DBFZ Sources: Müller-Langer F, Majer S, O Keeffe S, Energy, Sustainability and Society 2014, 4:20 doi: /s x 11
12 Summary and outlook Current biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel or HVO/HEFA) important until 2020 Future biofuels (biomethane, bioethanol or synfuels on lignocelluloses) enter the market in the EU or US first >> key element policies Each option with benefits and drawbacks: available raw materials, surrounding available infrastructure and market demand Sustainability criteria with additional incentive for biofuel producers optimising their GHG balance Emissions from biofuel production predominantly driven by biomass production and conversion; iluc out of control for producers Key criteria for economic viability: ideal locations / infrastructure, secure market for products and long-term raw material supply Biofuel production costs mainly driven by raw material costs and their dependence on energy prices and climatic conditions, CAPEX and OPEX With regard to future R&D needs, several challenges to be managed; e.g. biorefinery approaches, frame conditions for investments 12
13 Research for the energy of the future. Be invited. Contact Dr.-Ing. Franziska Müller-Langer Department Biorefineries Tel. +49 (0) Please see also Benchmarking biofuels a comparison of technical, economic and environmental indicators, online at DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße 116 D Leipzig Tel.: +49 (0) info@dbfz.de
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