TESTING OF PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE, USED FOR PRODUCING ASPHALT MIXTURES, AND ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS
|
|
- Tabitha Hart
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 TESTING OF PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE, USED FOR PRODUCING ASPHALT MIXTURES, AND ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS Matas Bulevičius 1, Kazys Petkevičius 2, Daiva Žilionienė 3, Karina Drozdova 4 1 SE Problematika, Galves str. 2, LT-2028 Vilnius, Lithuania. matas.bulevicius@vgtu.lt 2, 3 Dept of Roads, Vilnius Gediminas technical university, Saulėtekio ave. 11, LT Vilnius, Lithuania. s: 2 kk@vgtu.lt; 3 daizil@vgtu.lt 4 SJSC Latvian State Roads, Road laboratory, Gogola str. 3, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia. karina@lvcelu.lv Abstract. In Lithuania investigation of various physical-mechanical properties of aggregate by using test methods of EU standards was started already in A lot of tests were carried out for different type of aggregates of different manufacturers to determine resistance of aggregate to freezing and thawing (F value) according to EN , resistance to fragmentation (SZ and LA values) according to EN and the polished stone value PSV according to EN Taking into consideration aggregates, available in Lithuania and used in road building, the suitability tests and requirements for their properties were described. Based on the tests of rocks of the same origin and on the analysis of results obtained the relationship between F, LA, SZ and PSV physical and mechanical values was identified. When investigating aggregates used in road building the suitability of each test method was assessed for Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was determined that the assessment of aggregate suitability by use of freezing and thawing test is not suitable to Lithuanian climatic conditions. Investigated aggregates are suitable not only for asphalt concrete pavement and road pavement structure base layers, but can be used to transport construction, and building on the foundations of watertight clay soils in place if there are of good filtration. Keywords: aggregates, physical properties, asphalt pavement, strength, asphalt mixtures, resistance to freezing and thawing, fragmentation, polished stone value. Introduction dependent on its mechanical and physical properties. Aggregate properties determine the mode of production Defects of road pavement caused by the impact of of asphalt mixture, the thickness of structural pavement heavy vehicles influence functionality of road pavement, layers and other peculiarities of road pavement structure. driving comfort and traffic safety. In order to improve the Thus, when selecting aggregate the working conditions properties of road pavement and the quality of traffic the (loads, environment, operating requirements) of road scientists of Lithuania and various countries carry out pavement structure shall be analyzed and the aggregate investigations of structural pavement layers, analyze the selected shall the best correspond to performance parameters. In each case selection of aggregate shall be eco- effect of their properties on pavement performance, mechanical and physical properties of asphalt mixtures used nomically justified. The selected aggregate shall be cheap for structural pavement layers, etc. Aggregates (crushed and easily available. When a stronger aggregate is used stone, dolomite, gravel) differ in their size, shape and the service life of road pavement structure is longer, the working conditions of the material which depend on the structure is more reliable, the individual structural pavement layers are more thin, the costs of aggregate and size and nature of loads, working temperature, environmental aggressiveness, etc. The aggregate can be affected other materials are lower, etc. Often the aggregate is selected not because of its better properties but because it is by static, dynamic, permanent, variable or cyclic loads. The temperature of working environment can be low or cheaper. high, and the environment itself neutral or agressive. Therefore, a special attention should be given to the Mechanical and physical properties of aggregate, used for selection of components of asphalt mixture, i.e. to carry producing asphalt mixture, influence the quality indices out comprehensive investigations of all components of of pavement structure, i.e. functionality, reliability and asphalt mixture and the quality (suitability) control of the durability. Aggregate suitability to asphalt mixtures is 1094
2 mixtures. At present, in Lithuania the aggregates of asphalt mixtures are selected according to the requirements of TRA MIN 07:2007 Description of technical requirements for the aggregates of motor roads. A wearing course of asphalt pavement has a direct contact with vehicle wheel tyre, and the laid asphalt mixture is directly affected by traffic loads. Therefore, in order to ensure a proper service of asphalt pavement under certain climatic conditions and mechanical impacts when producing asphalt mixtures it is necessary to use aggregates with especially good mechanical and physical properties. Resistance of rock to the climatic and mechanical impacts and rock durability are assessed by the tests according to LST EN :2007 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of resistance to freezing and thawing, LST EN :2001 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation, LST EN :2009 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 8: Determination of the polished stone value and LST EN :2001 test by two methods: Los Angeles Test and Impact Test. Since there is no sufficient number of investigations of coarse aggregate suitability for asphalt mixtures this article gives the analysis of investigations of physical and mechanical properties of coarse aggregate that were performed in Lithuania. Tests of physical and mechanical properties of coarse aggregates One of physical and mechanical properties of coarse aggregate used for a wearing course of asphalt pavement is the resistance to repeated freezing and thawing cycles (in Lithuania cycles). When the temperature drops below zero the ice crystals, having formed in micro-pores of coarse aggregate of asphalt mixture, destroy the rock, therefore, asphalt pavement loses its strength properties. Resistance of coarse aggregate to freezing and thawing was determined using water immersion test with 31.5/63 mm size fraction material, and the coarsest grain of material that was used for asphalt mixture was 31.5 mm. During the resistance to freezing and thawing test three 8/16 mm fraction test portions were subjected to investigation. The mass of each test portion 2000 g ± 0.2 g. Specimens were stored at atmospheric pressure for (24 ± 1) h in the cans at (20 ± 5) C, in distilled water. After immersion the cans with water and samples were placed in the freezer (Fig 1) to conduct a series of 10 freeze thaw cycles. The obtained test result shows a percentage mass loss of the specimen after the test and is expressed in categories. According TRA MIN 07:2007 result of the freeze thaw test is indicated by F 1, F 2 and F 4 where the values are whole numbers representing the mass loss in percent after the test. 10 freezing-thawing cycles were performed according to the LST EN :2007 test method at the varying temperature from ~ + 20 C to 17.5 C. In order to determine this physical property of coarse aggregate the Fig 1. Freezer tests of 79 specimens of different type of rock (granite, dolomite and gravel) were carried out. When analyzing and assessing the obtained coarse aggregate test results F 1 and F 2 category for asphalt mixtures was selected, for example, F 1 when the mass loss is 1%. The percentage mass loss F is determined by the following formula: M1 M F = M , where M 1 the initial dry total mass of the three test specimens, in grams, M 2 the final dry total mass of the three test specimens that is retained on the specified sieve, in grams, F the percentage loss in mass of the three test specimens after freeze thaw cycling. Fig 2. Results of tests to determine resistance to freezing and thawing (F value) Fig 2 gives the results of test to determine resistance to freezing and thawing grouped by the type of rock (granite, dolomite, gravel), and the permissible mass loss is represented by the limits of corresponding categories (1) 1095
3 100 % meet the requirements of F 1 and F 2 for asphalt pavement. 91 % of crushed granite results do not exceed 1/10, 80 % of crushed dolomite results do not exceed 1/5 F 1. All the results of crushed gravel tests get between F 1 and F 2 94 % of coarse aggregate specimens, tested by the LA method, meet the requirements of LA 20 for asphalt pavement. 88 % of the results of crushed dolomite specimens get between LA 20 and LA 25. The limit of LA 30 requirements is exceeded by 33% of all crushed gravel specimens. The requirements for asphalt pavement are satisfied by 69 % of all the coarse aggregate specimens tested by the Impact Test method. The limit of SZ 18 is exceeded by 27 % of the tested crushed granite speci- (limit F 1 value and limit F 2 value) selected according to the use of coarse aggregate in asphalt pavement layers. The results of resistance to freezing and thawing of the tested coarse aggregate specimens are very good and 100 % meet the requirements of F 1 and F 2 for asphalt pavement. 91 % of crushed granite results do not exceed 1/10, 80 % of crushed dolomite results do not exceed 1/5 F 1. All the results of crushed gravel tests get between F 1 and F 2. One of the most accurate tests to determine coarse aggregate strength is the test of resistance to fragmentation in accordance with LST EN :2001. The main method of this test lies in the determination of resistance to crushing by use of the Los Angeles Test method, however, in Lithuania the most frequently used is the alternative Impact Test method. In order to comprehensively determine the strength of coarse aggregate and to find out a relationship between the methods of this test the specimens were tested by both methods. LA and SZ values show the same property of the material being tested but the methods of tests are different. In the Los Angeles test method of coarse aggregate, 10/14 mm size fraction (5000 ± 5) g specimen together with ten steel balls, each Ø mm in diameter and weighing in total g, was rotated for 500 revolutions at a constant speed of min -1 in a closed drum. In the Impact Test method 8/12. 5 mm size fraction specimen was crushed 10 times by a weight falling from 370 mm height. After the tests the percentage mass loss of material, having passed the control sieve, was calculated. Using the Los Angeles Test method it is allowed by the standard to test also other aggregate fractions alternative to the standard 10/14 mm size, whereas, the Impact Test method allows to test only one 8/12. 5 mm size course aggregate fraction. Therefore, when using the Los Angeles Test method a 10/14 mm size fraction of coarse aggregate was selected, and when using SZ method 8/12. 5 mm coarse aggregate fraction. The test results were assessed according to their conformity to the categories. The coefficients are respectively indicated as LA 20, LA 25, LA 30, LA 40 and LA 50 where the indices 20, 25, 30, 40 or 50 show the percentage mass loss after the test, for example, LA 20 when the mass loss is 20%, and SZ 18, SZ 22, SZ 26, SZ 32, and SZ 35 where the indices 18, 22, 26, 32 or 35 show the percentage mass loss of material having passed 5 control sieves, for example, SZ 18 when the mass loss is 18 %. The Los Angeles Coefficient LA is calculated by the formula: 5000 m LA =, 50 where m retained mass on a 1,6 mm sieve, g. Schlagversuch Impact Test value SZ is calculated as: (2) M SZ = %, 5 (3) where M the sum of percentage mass passing 5 test sieves In course of this test 238 specimens of the same rock (granite, dolomite and gravel) were tested. By the Los Angeles Test method 49 tests were carried out, and by the Impact Test method 189 tests. Figs 3 and 4 give the results of test to determine resistance to fragmentation grouped by the type of rock (granite, dolomite, gravel), and the permissible mass loss is represented by the limits of corresponding categories (limit LA values and limit SZ values), selected according to the use of coarse aggregate in asphalt pavement layers. Fig 3. Results of tests to determine resistance to fragmentation by the Los Angeles Test method Fig 4. Results of tests to determine resistance to fragmentation by the Impact Test method
4 mens, the limit of SZ 22 is exceeded by 36 % of the tested crushed dolomite specimens, and the limit of SZ 26 is exceeded by 23 % of the crushed gravel specimens. The Polished Stone Value (PSV) Test is one of the newest tests of coarse aggregate strength that is carried out in Lithuania. The aim of this test was to determine the suitability of material used in asphalt mixtures of pavement wearing course and enabled to determine stone resistance to the wear-out under the action of the road vehicle tyre. In course of this test 18 specimens were placed in the conditions similar to those occurring on asphalt pavement under the action of vehicle tyres. PSV is indicated by: PSV 44 and PSV 50 where indices 44 and 50 represent the obtained PSV value exceeding the number of index, for example, PSV 50 when PSV value is 50. Determination of the PSV was carried out for the specimens formed from 7/10 mm size fraction of crushed stone and glued into a mould of (90. 6 ± 0.5) mm length and (44.5 ± 0.5) mm width, with the radius of 203 ± 1.5 mm (Figs 5, 6). Fig 7. PSV mechanism After polishing cycles which lasted for 6 h the specimens were taken out from the testing wheel and the surface roughness of specimens was measured by use of pendulum (Fig 8). Fig 5. Specimen Fig 6. Mould Then, the specimens were polished by a rubber (200 ± 3) mm diameter road wheel under the load of (725 ± 10) N. During the test the specimens were covered with corn emery, later with emery flour and water (Fig 7.) Fig 8. Pendulum The results obtained were compared to the readings of control PSV stone. The PSV was calculated to the nearest whole number by the following equation: PSV = S + (52. 5) C, (4) where S the mean value for the four aggregate test specimens, C the mean value for the four PSV control stone specimens. Since in most cases only the crushed granite (in rare cases crushed dolomite) is used for the wearing course,
5 thus, the Polished Stone Value Test was carried out only for the specimens of these rocks. 18 PSV tests were performed. For the analyses of the results obtained the suitable categories (PSV 44 and PSV 50 ) for asphalt mixtures were selected used in asphalt pavement. The results of tests for the determination of the polished stone value are given in Fig 9. The results are grouped by the type of rock (granite, dolomite), and the limit PSV value shows the limits of these categories. The limits were selected according to the use of coarse aggregate in the structural road pavement layers. limits of resistance to freezing and thawing categories or to use another alternative test method. The results of the mentioned tests showed that when testing the same aggregate according to LST EN :2001 by use of the Los Angeles Test and the Impact Test methods, most often the obtained LA value is lower. This indicates that the physical property of rock of its resistance to crushing in the Los Angeles Test method is stronger than in the Impact Test method. TRA MIN 07:2007 indicates that for the same asphalt mixture the LA category is lower than the correspondent SZ category. This means that those categories has been nonrepresentively equated. When assessing the strength properties of aggregate used in Lithuania the Impact Test method is more acceptable than the Los Angeles Test method. It was determined by the test according to LST EN :2009 that a more frequent use of crushed granite for the wearing course of road pavement is a good solution. When the crushed dolomite gets moist it becomes especially nondurable and the surface becomes weak. When using crushed dolomite in asphalt mixtures the road pavement rapidly losses roughness, becomes even and due to insufficient skid resistance causes danger to traffic. References Fig 9. Results of tests to determine PSV The largest part, i.e. 83 % of the specimens tested, meets the requirements for PSV 50 and PSV 44 of asphalt pavement. All the crushed granite specimens meet the highest category of PSV % of the tested crushed dolomite specimens exceed the limit PSV 44 value. Conclusions In order to assess the suitability of physical properties of aggregates used in asphalt mixtures it is necessary to determine their resistance to freezing and thawing cycles, resistance to fragmentation by the Los Angeles and the Impact Test methods and the polished stone value. The test according to LST EN :2007 showed that even weak rocks (dolomite, gravel) do not exceed the permissible 2 % mass loss. Whereas, the other strength indices of the same specimens LA, SZ and PSV do not meet the requirements to coarse aggregate used in asphalt mixtures. Therefore, the LST EN :2007 test method does not allow to properly determine the strength of coarse aggregate. A number of 10 freezing and thawing cycles as specified in the test method is too small to assess the resistance of rock used under the aggressive Lithuanian weather conditions, and the limits of categories F 1, F 2 and F 4 are too wide. In order to improve the assessment of this property it is necessary to revise the Bhasin, A.; Castelo Branco, V. T. F.; Masad, E; Little, D. N Quantative comparison of energy methods to characterize fatigue in asphalt materials, Journal of Materials Civil Engineering 21(2): doi: /(asce) (2009)21:2(83) Butkevičius, S.; Petkevičius, K.; Kamaitis, I.Z Evaluation of flexible road pavement construction state using objective strength criteria, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 2(2): Ceylan, H.; Schwartz, C.W.; Kim, S.; Gopalakrishuan, K Accuracy of Predictive Models for dynamic Modulus of hot Mix asphalt, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 21(6): doi: /(asce) (2009)21:6(286) Petkevičius, E.; Laurinavičius, A.; Petkevičius, R.; Babickas, R Effect of components content on properties of hot mix asphalt mixture and concrete, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 4(4): doi: / x Petkevičius, K.; Sivilevičius, H Necessary measures for ensuring the quality of hot mix asphalt in Lithuania, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 3(1): doi: / x Radziszewski, P Modified asphalt mixtures resistance to permanent deformation, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 13(4): Vaitkus, A.; Čygas, D.; Laurinavičius, A.; Perveneckas, Z Analysis and evaluation of possibilities for the use of warm mix asphalt in Lithuania, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 4(2): doi: / x
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY A1 VILNIUS-KAUNAS-KLAIPėDA FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF BASE COURSE BY USING THE COLD RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
A5EE-379 THE RECONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY A1 VILNIUS-KAUNAS-KLAIPėDA FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF BASE COURSE BY USING THE COLD RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY Matas Bulevicius 1, Zigmantas Perveneckas 2, Darjusas Mucinis
More informationCoarse asphalt aggregate The requirements of AS
Technical Note 71 Coarse asphalt aggregate The requirements of AS 2758.5-2009 1.0 Background to AS 2758 Australian Standards are prepared by committees of industry representatives who contribute their
More informationAudrius Vaitkus a, *, Miglė Paliukaitė b
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 57 (2013 ) 1205 1212 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, MBMST 2013 Evaluation of Time
More information3- Highway Materials Aggregates
3- Highway Materials Aggregates Highway Materials/ Aggregates Aggregates are granular mineral particles that are widely used for highway bases, subbases, and backfill. Aggregate are also used in combination
More informationAggregate for sprayed bituminous surfacing The requirements of AS
Technical Note 69 Aggregate for sprayed bituminous surfacing The requirements of AS 2758.2-2009 1.0 Background to AS 2758 Australian Standards are prepared by committees of industry representatives who
More informationTEST ROAD THE ROAD OF EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
TEST ROAD THE ROAD OF EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT STRUCTURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Idea of the project Construction phase Pavement structures 15 Research methodology and equipment 10 11 Measurement of traffic
More information7.1 Flexible Pavement Design. 7.2 Rigid Pavement Design TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ENGINEERING 1, 61360
7.1 Flexible Pavement Design 7.2 Rigid Pavement Design 1 Highway pavements are divided into two main categories: Flexible -Bituminous concrete Rigid -Portland cement concrete- Flexible pavements usually
More informationS.NO. APPARATUS NAME. Bitumen/Centrifuge Extractor - Hand Operated 1. 1.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LAB (ICE-552) Transportation has always played an essential role in the development of society, originally with regard
More informationGEOTECHNICAL THE BEST IN TEST AGGREGATE
GEO THE BEST IN TEST AGGREGATE Catalog 2018 Aggregate Aggregate is a component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress and provide bulk to the composite material. For efficient filling,
More informationLAYMAN S REPORT POLYMIX. Polymer waste in asphalt mixes: a way to increase sustainability of road infrastructures
LAYMAN S REPORT POLYMIX Polymer waste in asphalt mixes: a way to increase sustainability of road infrastructures Content Project data... ii Project partners... ii More information... 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM...
More informationIPWEA/WALGA Specification for the supply of recycled road base
IPWEA/WALGA Specification for the supply of recycled road base Version 1 May 2016 IPWEA/WALGA Specification for the supply of recycled road base FOREWORD These Specifications have been developed by the
More informationNOTES TO THE SPECIFICATION FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE
TNZ M/10 Notes: 2005 1. SCOPE NOTES TO THE SPECIFICATION FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE These notes are for guidance and are not to be included in the contract documents. The scope provides a definition of dense
More informationMETHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF PERCENT CRUSHED PARTICLES IN PROCESSED COARSE AGGREGATE
Laboratory Testing Manual Date: 12 04 01 Page 1 of 8 METHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF PERCENT CRUSHED PARTICLES IN PROCESSED COARSE AGGREGATE 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method covers the visual determination
More informationCITY OF LETHBRIDGE SECTION INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES Page 1 of 7 GRANULAR BASE PREP
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES Page 1 of 7 1.0 GRANULAR BASE AND SUB-BASE 1.1 DESCRIPTION.1 This section specifies requirements for supplying, producing, hauling placing and compacting processed gravel or quarried
More informationExperiences of EN in Sweden, (Prall)
Experiences of EN 12697-16 in Sweden, (Prall) S:t Petersburg 6-7 April Andreas Waldemarson Research Engineer Overview of road industry in Sweden Swedish Transport Administration Some numbers State roads:
More informationSPECIFICATIONS FOR BONDED WEARING COURSE
SPECIFICATIONS FOR BONDED WEARING COURSE 1.0 DEFINITIONS The term Director [Superintendent, etc.] shall mean the Director of Public Works of the awarding authority. The term Designee shall mean an employee
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT CONCRETE USING LOW QUALITY AGGREGATES
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE ASPHALT CONCRETE USING LOW QUALITY AGGREGATES ABSTRACT Viktors Haritonovs, Martins Zaumanis, Janis Tihonovs, Juris Smirnovs Riga Technical University, Department of Roads
More informationOKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR PLANT MIX BITUMINOUS BASES AND SURFACES
708-3(a-g) 99 OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR PLANT MIX BITUMINOUS BASES AND SURFACES These Special Provisions revise, amend and where in conflict, supersede applicable sections
More informationCivil Engineering Materials SAB 2112
CONTENT SCHEDULE 1 st Meeting Civil Engineering Materials SAB 2112 Physical & Mechanical Properties of Aggregates Dr Mohamad Syazli Fathi 1. Introduction, cement manufacturing process, types of cement,
More informationThe Effect of Rutting in Flexible Pavement as a Result of Aggregate Gradation On Asphalt Mixes
Available online www.ejaet.com European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2017, 4(10): 717-722 Research Article ISSN: 2394-658X The Effect of Rutting in Flexible Pavement as a Result of
More informationDevelopment of a Fundamental Skid Resistance Asphalt Mix Design Procedure
Development of a Fundamental Skid Resistance Asphalt Mix Design Procedure Sullivan, B.W. 1 1 Pavement Management Service, Sydney, Australia ABSTRACT Traditionally, when designing asphalt mixtures for skid
More informationAnalysis and Research on Construction Technology of Road Cement Stabilized Macadam SHI Xiaoxing
2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Advanced Materials (CSAM 2019) Analysis and Research on Construction Technology of Road Cement Stabilized Macadam SHI Xiaoxing Baicheng Normal
More informationas filler rocks blast furnace slag form the body reduce shrinkage 70-80% of the volume clean, hard, strong, durable graded in size
UNIT 2 AGGREGATES AGGREGATES AGGREGATES are the materials basically used as filler with binding material in the production of mortar and concrete They are derived from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
More informationTHE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS MODULUS OF THIN LAYER HOT MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURE
THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS MODULUS OF THIN LAYER HOT MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURE Abdulhakim Mustafa Elshawesh 1), Ary Setyawan 2), Sholihin As ad 3) Post Graduate Civil Engineering ProgramsUniversitas
More informationTex-204-F, Design of Bituminous Mixtures
Overview Effective: August 1999 August 2000. Use this procedure to determine the proper proportions of approved aggregates and asphalt which, when combined, will produce a mixture that will satisfy the
More informationBituminous mix design
Bituminous mix design Lecture Notes in Transportation Systems Engineering Prof. Tom V. Mathew Contents 1 Overview 1 2 Evolution of road surface 2 2.1 Objectives of mix design..............................
More informationCCIL BC/MB/NB/NL/SK Aggregate and Soil Proficiency Sample Program Please read the following instructions carefully BEFORE you start testing!
Please read the following instructions carefully BEFORE you start testing! Please report the results online using the reporting forms in your lab portal by Friday January 5, 2018. Results reported after
More informationRecycled aggregates: Guidance for producers and purchasers
John Barritt Consulting Ltd. Recycled aggregates: Guidance for producers and purchasers Introduction This guidance document explains the fundamental procedures that must be in place to ensure that recycled
More informationSTUDIES ON MARSHALL AND MODIFIED MARSHALL SPECIMENS BY USING CRMB
Int. J. Struct. & Civil Engg. Res. 2014 Sk. Wasim Anwar, 2014 Research Paper ISSN 2319 6009 www.ijscer.com Vol. 3, No. 4, November 2014 2014 IJSCER. All Rights Reserved STUDIES ON MARSHALL AND MODIFIED
More informationMSCAA /04 ITEM P-219 RECYCLED CONCRETE CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE DESCRIPTION MATERIALS
219-1.1 ITEM P-219 RECYCLED CONCRETE CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE DESCRIPTION This item consists of a base course composed of crushed recycled concrete aggregate, crushed to meet a particular gradation,
More informationCONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR SINGLE AND DOUBLE SURFACE TREATMENT
ONTARIO PROVINCIAL STANDARD SPECIFICATION METRIC OPSS 304 APRIL 1999 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR SINGLE AND DOUBLE SURFACE TREATMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 304.01 SCOPE 304.02 REFERENCES 304.03 DEFINITIONS
More informationProperties of Porous Blocks Using Different Sizes of Coarse Aggregate for Pavement
Properties of Porous Blocks Using Different Sizes of Coarse Aggregate for Pavement A. H. Nur Hidayah *,a, Md. Nor Hasanan b and P. J. Ramadhansyah c Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geotechnical
More informationLimitations of Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt Produced by Water Injection
Limitations of Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt Produced by Water Injection Ala R. Abbas, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering The University of Akron 1 Research Team The University of Akron
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF UK PROPIETARY ASPHALT SURFACING SKID RESISTANCE AND TEXTURE
865 DEVELOPMENT OF UK PROPIETARY ASPHALT SURFACING SKID RESISTANCE AND TEXTURE I. Artamendi 1, P. Phillips 2, B. Allen 3, D. Woodward 4 1 Aggregate Industries, Research and Development Department, Hulland
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 100% RECYCLED HALF-WARM ASPHALT MIXTURES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 100% RECYCLED HALF-WARM ASPHALT MIXTURES P. Kučera CTU in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Railway Structures, Czech Republic ABSTRACT In several countries bituminous
More informationSECTION 28 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE (FAA P-208) [For base course under runway and taxiway surfaces, use Section 29, FAA Item P-209.]
28-1 GENERAL SECTION 28 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE (FAA P-208) The Contractor shall perform all work required by the plans and specifications for construction of aggregate base course for, use under runway
More informationCITY OF ADA, PURCHASING 512 North Stockton Street Ada, Oklahoma / x256 Fax 580/ BID PROPOSAL.
CITY OF ADA, PURCHASING 512 North Stockton Street Ada, Oklahoma 74820 580/436-6300 x256 Fax 580/436-8044 BID PROPOSAL November 20, 2018 Bid Proposal: 19-96-09 Product: Mineral Aggregates Bid Opening: December
More informationLong Life Surfacings for Busy Roads
Long Life Surfacings for Busy Roads A WORKSHOP OF TRA2008 Ljubljana, 22nd April 2008 Epoxy Asphalt: Concept and Properties by Richard Elliott Epoxy Asphalt Surfacing Premium surfacing material for steel
More informationAsphalt Concrete Properties
Marshall Mix Design Asphalt Concrete Properties Stability Workability Skid Resistance Durability Stripping Fatigue Cracking Thermal Cracking Bleeding CIVL 3137 2 Stability The ability to withstand traffic
More informationProject Specific Technical Specification. Transport and Main Roads Specifications PSTS107 High Modulus Asphalt (EME2)
Project Specific Technical Specification Transport and Main Roads Specifications PSTS107 High Modulus Asphalt (EME2) May 2017 Copyright http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ State of Queensland
More informationSURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE NCHRP PROJECT TOPIC 48-10
APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE NCHRP PROJECT 20-05 TOPIC 48-10 AGGREGATE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAVEMENTS Appendix-A Questionnaire A- 1 NCHRP TOPIC 48-10 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FEBRUARY
More informationChapter 6 Tex-204-F, Design of Bituminous Mixtures
Chapter 6 Tex-204-F, Design of Bituminous Contents: Section 1 Overview... 6-3 Section 2 Automated Mix Design Report Format... 6-4 Section 3 Procedure... 6-5 Section 4 Part I, Typical Example of Design
More informationBEHAVIOUR OF AN OLD EPS LIGHT-WEIGHT FILL AT VAMMALA, FINLAND. Seppo Saarelainen 1 and Heikki Kangas 2
BEHAVIOUR OF AN OLD EPS LIGHT-WEIGHT FILL AT VAMMALA, FINLAND Seppo Saarelainen 1 and Heikki Kangas 2 ABSTRACT Characteristics of a pavement and its EPS compensation fill were investigated in the fall
More informationBituminous Pavements and Surfaces
PART ONE Bituminous Pavements and Surfaces Bituminous pavements and surfaces are composed of compacted aggregate and bitumen. The aggregate transmits the load from the surface to the base, takes the abrasive
More informationAsphalt Mix Design Improvements at Toronto Pearson. September 12, 2013
Asphalt Mix Design Improvements at Toronto Pearson September 12, 2013 Toronto Pearson: Current Airfield Map Toronto Pearson Airport Canada s Largest Airport 2012 Passenger Volume: 34.9 Million PAX. Ranking
More informationASPHALT MIX DESIGNER
ASPHALT MIX DESIGNER EFFECT OF MIX DESIGN ON PERFORMANCE AND CONSTRUCTION OF HMA Module 8 Module 8 1, July 2005 8-1 QUALITY Meets or Exceeds the Expectations or Needs of the Customer Module 8 2, July 2005
More informationEFFECT OF 19MM AS AGGREGATE S MAXIMUM SIZE TO MARSHALL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
EFFECT OF 19MM AS AGGREGATE S MAXIMUM SIZE TO MARSHALL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE Anik Budiati Bhayangkara Surabaya University, INDONESIA. Anikbudiati2013@gmail.com ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION During the early 1960s, the Virginia Department of Transportation undertook a program to upgrade aggregate materials. The Department felt this was necessary since the highway construction
More informationProject Specific Technical Specification. Transport and Main Roads Specifications PSTS107 High Modulus Asphalt (EME2)
Project Specific Technical Specification Transport and Main Roads Specifications PSTS107 High Modulus Asphalt (EME2) May 2015 Copyright http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ State of Queensland
More informationGeotechnical characteristics of recycled asphalt
Geotechnical characteristics of recycled asphalt A. Arulrajah Associate Professor, Swinburne University of Technology J. Piratheepan Lecturer, Swinburne University of Technology Final report April 2011
More informationGlossary of Terms - A -
Glossary of Terms - A - AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. ABRASION - A test for determination of resistance of aggregate to abrasion conducted as per AASHTO Test
More informationITEM 231 CEMENT STABILIZED CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
AFTER NOVEMBER 1, 2008 ITEM 231 CEMENT STABILIZED CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE 231.1 Description. This item shall consist of a foundation for surface course or for other base courses and shall be composed
More informationSECTION 904 AGGREGATES
SECTION 904 AGGREGATES 904.01 Aggregates. Aggregates shall consist of natural or manufactured materials produced from but not limited to limestone, dolomite, gravels, sandstones, steel furnace slag (SF),
More informationITEM 231 CEMENT STABILIZED CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
AFTER MAY 1, 2014 ITEM 231 CEMENT STABILIZED CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE 231.1 Description. This Item shall govern for surface courses or for other base courses composed of a mixture of crushed aggregate,
More informationCOMPARISON OF THE WEHNER - SCHULZE AND PSV TEST FOR ESTIMATING THE POLISHING RESISTANCE OF NEW ZEALAND CHIP SEAL AGGREGATE
COMPARISON OF THE WEHNER - SCHULZE AND PSV TEST FOR ESTIMATING THE POLISHING RESISTANCE OF NEW ZEALAND CHIP SEAL AGGREGATE Haran Arampamoorthy, Opus International Consultant Ltd., New Zealand John Patrick,
More informationAggregates in Concrete
Aggregates in Concrete Definitions and Importance of Aggregates Aggregate is a rock like material Used in many civil engineering and construction applications including: Portland cement concrete Asphalt
More informationAPPENDIX A DRAFT PERFORMANCE-BASED MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR POROUS FRICTION COURSE
APPENDIX A DRAFT PERFORMANCE-BASED MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR POROUS FRICTION COURSE Standard Practice for Permeable Friction Course (PFC) Mix Design AASHTO Designation: 1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard covers
More informationCounty of Park PARK COUNTY WYOMING PRIVATE SOURCE GRAVEL POWELL AREA PRODUCE TO STOCKPILE REQUEST FOR QUOTE
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT Brian J. Edwards, PE Park County Engineer Road & Bridge and Engineering 527-8520 or 754-8520 PARK COUNTY, WYOMING ORGANIZED 1911 ORIGINAL PARK COUNTY COURTHOUSE CODY, WYOMING COMPLETED
More informationRecycled Base Aggregates in Pavement Applications
Recycled Base Aggregates in Pavement Applications Jeffrey S. Melton, Ph.D. Outreach Director, Recycled Materials Resource Center jeffrey.melton@unh.edu The Big Picture Sustainability Nexus of major issues
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF A MIXTURE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STONE MATRIX ASPHALT (SMA)
NCAT Report 97-03 DEVELOPMENT OF A MIXTURE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STONE MATRIX ASPHALT (SMA) By E.R. Brown John E. Haddock Rajib B. Mallick Todd A. Lynn March 1997 277 Technology Parkway Auburn, AL 36830
More informationUSE OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS MEASUREMENT RESULTS IN ESTONIA
USE OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS MEASUREMENT RESULTS IN ESTONIA Andrus Aavik 1, Tiit Kaal 2, Maret Jentson 3 1 Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia 2 ERC Consulting Ltd., Tallinn,
More informationPavement Materials. Dr. P. NANJUNDASWAMY. S J College of Engineering Mysore Contact :
Pavement Materials Dr. P. NANJUNDASWAMY Professor of Civil Engineering S J College of Engineering Mysore 570 006 Contact : 94492 64365 pnswamy@yahoo.com Outline Pavement Materials Soil Aggregates Binder
More information5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT SURFACINGS CONTAINING POLYMER MODIFIED BINDERS A5EE-419 Rabbira Garba Saba, Nils Uthus, Joralf Aurstad Norwegian public roads administration, section for road technology
More informationIntroduction to Asphalt Pavement Design and Specifications
Introduction to Asphalt Pavement Design and Specifications Ensuring Good Performance in Flexible Pavement Design and Construction: accomplished through: 1. Proper structural (thickness) design for the
More informationUSING EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE (ECA) IN REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE. Copyright 2017 Rivashaa Eco Design Solutions P. LTD. All rights reserved
USING EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE (ECA) IN REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE. This presentation is to show the significance of using Expanded Clay Aggregate (ECA) in reinforced cement concrete. Why Expanded Clay
More informationPavement Distress Categories
Pavement Distress Identification Asphalt Pavements Raymond Ong, Purdue University William Flora, INDOT Planning Joyce Stone, INDOT Pavement Engineering Samy Noureldin, INDOT Research Pavement Distress
More informationDESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
Test Procedure for DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES TxDOT Designation: Tex-204-F Effective Date: August 2016 1. SCOPE 1.1 Use the methods in this procedure to determine the proper proportions of approved
More informationHigh modulus asphalt concrete with dolomite aggregates
Proceedings of 6th Transport Research Arena, April 18-21, 2016, Warsaw, Poland High modulus asphalt concrete with dolomite aggregates Viktors Haritonovs a,*, Janis Tihonovs b, Juris Smirnovs c a Riga Technical
More informationSECTION ASPHALT PAVING
PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 DESCRIPTION SECTION 32 12 16 ASPHALT PAVING SPEC WRITER NOTE: Delete or add information between // ---- // and any other items applicable to project. Any item added to the text shall
More informationMay 1, 2000 LAB MANUAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION of COARSE AGGREGATE AASHTO Designation T 85 (Mn/DOT Modified)
May 1, 2000 LAB MANUAL 1204.0 1204 SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION of COARSE AGGREGATE AASHTO Designation T 85 (Mn/DOT Modified) 1204.1 GENERAL This test method is intended for use in determining the bulk
More informationStyleSetts Traffic Calming Solutions
StyleSetts Traffic Calming Solutions For more information call our Technical Team on STYLESEAL Covering New Ground 01536 267172 www.styleseal.co.uk Why Choose Stylesetts? Why Choose Stylesetts? Stylesetts
More informationWaste to Wealth; The Utilization of Scrap Tyre as Aggregate in Bituminous Mixes for Road Construction
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Waste to Wealth; The Utilization of Scrap Tyre as Aggregate in Bituminous Mixes for Road Construction Oba, A. L., Onungwe, I., George, A.G., Amgbara, T.O. & Akpan P.P. Department
More informationT SUBRAMANI Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engg College, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, India.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON COIR FIBRE REINFORCED BITUMINOUS MIXES T SUBRAMANI Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engg College, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, India. ABSTRACT
More informationItem P-219 Recycled Concrete Aggregate Base Course
Item P-219 Recycled Concrete Aggregate DESCRIPTION 219-1.1 This item consists of a base course composed of recycled concrete aggregate, crushed to meet a particular gradation, constructed on a prepared
More informationSIMULATIVE POLISHING IN THE LABORATORY; COMPARISON WITH TRAFFIC AND USE TO INVESTIGATE AGGREGATE BLENDING
SIMULATIVE POLISHING IN THE LABORATORY; COMPARISON WITH TRAFFIC AND USE TO INVESTIGATE AGGREGATE BLENDING ABSTRACT A. Dunford, H. Viner & P. Roe Infrastructure Division, TRL, UK ADUNFORD@TRL.CO.UK L. Caudwell
More informationPerformance Testing of Bituminous Mixes Using Falling Weight Deflectometer
Performance Testing of Bituminous Mixes Using Falling Weight Deflectometer Praveen Kumar 1, G.D. Ransinchung R.N. 2, and Lt Col Mayank Mehta 3 1 Professor Transportation Engineering Group 2 Associate Professor
More informationDR P.SRAVANA 2 Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering, Hyderabad, A.P-INDIA,
www.semargroups.org, www.ijsetr.com ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.02,Issue.10, September-2013, Pages:1023-1030 Effect of Flakiness Index on Bituminous Mixes SUREN MUHAMMAD SALIH 1 M.Tech, Dept of Transportation Engineering,
More informationSpecial Provision No. 199S64 July 2016
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR REFEREE TESTING Special Provision No. 199S64 July 2016 1.0 Scope This Special Provision describes the common requirements for referee testing related to laboratory and field testing
More informationCement Treated Sub-Base For Bituminous Pavement
6th International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology (ICRTET - 2018) Cement Treated Sub-Base For Bituminous Pavement 1 Aher D.D., 2 Sangale Y. B., 3 Pagar S. R., 4 Yadnesh Patil, 5
More informationNORTH HARRIS COUNTY REGIONAL WATER AUTHORITY. Section CEMENT STABILIZED BASE COURSE. 1. Foundation course of cement stabilized crushed stone.
PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 SUMMARY A. This section includes: Section 02712 1. Foundation course of cement stabilized crushed stone. 2. Foundation course of cement stabilized bank run gravel. 1.02 MEASUREMENT
More informationSECTION 503 TEMPORARY PAVEMENT RESTORATION
SECTION 503 TEMPORARY PAVEMENT RESTORATION 503-1 DESCRIPTION: This work consists of furnishing, placing, compacting, and maintaining a temporary pavement surface suitable for driving in accordance with
More informationPAVER PLACED SURFACE TREATMENT
PAVER PLACED SURFACE TREATMENT **From St. Johnsbury-Lyndon IM 091-3(50) DESCRIPTION. This work shall consist of applying a paver placed surface treatment, consisting of a warm polymer modified emulsified
More informationPerformance Study of Warm Mix Asphalt Fiber Mixture in the Thin Overlay
2017 International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure and Materials (ICTIM 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-442-4 Performance Study of Warm Mix Asphalt Fiber Mixture in the Thin Overlay Jinghui Liu 1 and
More informationINDIANA. So how do you make hot mix asphalt? Basics of HMA Pavement Performance. Basics of a Good Road Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement Materials Selection
Basics of a Good Road Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement Materials Selection Presented at 2004 Road School By M. Dudley Bonte March 10, 2004 Basics of HMA Pavement Performance Appropriate Specifications Adequate
More informationasphalt applications Asphalt surfacings for high stress areas mpa asphalt Asphalt Information Service Mineral Products Association
asphalt applications 6 Asphalt surfacings for high stress areas Asphalt Information Service mpa asphalt November 2009 Mineral Products Association Introduction Information Sheet 2 in this series, Construction
More informationBuilding materials. 1. Rock is one building material that has been used in building structures for centuries.
Building materials Introduction: The engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as the engineering materials or building materials or materials of construction. It is necessary
More informationSECTION ASPHALT PAVING
SECTION 02500 ASPHALT PAVING PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS a) Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including the General and Supplementary General Conditions and Division 00 & 01 specification
More informationInnovative SMA-MA mixture for bridge asphalt pavement
Innovative SMA-MA mixture for bridge asphalt pavement Piotr Radziszewski 1, a, Michał Sarnowski 1, b, Jerzy Piłat 1, c, Paweł Mieczkowski 2, d, Karol J. Kowalski 1, e, Jan B. Król 1, f 1 Faculty of Civil
More informationSection 800 Coarse Aggregate
Section 800 Coarse Aggregate 800.1 General Description This section includes requirements for coarse aggregate. All aggregate shall be the specified type, class, and grade, and shall meet the requirements
More informationA comparison of the engineering properties of gap-graded and well-graded road bituminous mixtures
Urban Transport XVI 275 A comparison of the engineering properties of gap-graded and well-graded road bituminous mixtures I. Kamaruddin 1, A. Soelistijo 2 & M. Napiah 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationCOMPARATIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL CONCRETE AND COCONUT SHELL CONCRETE USING STEEL FIBRE
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL CONCRETE AND COCONUT SHELL CONCRETE USING STEEL FIBRE P. R. Kalyana Chakravarthy, R. Janani and R. RathanRaj Department of Civil Engineering, Vels University,
More informationAsphalt Concrete Properties
Asphalt Concrete Properties Mix Volumetrics Aggregate Particle (M G,V G ) Absorbed Asphalt (M BA,V BA ) Effective Asphalt (M BE,V BE ) Water Permeable Voids CIVL 3137 2 Mix Volumetrics CIVL 3137 3 Masses
More informationSMA with Special Modified Asphalt Aimed to Extend Pavement Lifespan
SMA with Special Modified Asphalt Aimed to Extend Pavement Lifespan N. Oguri, T. Kanou, M. Konno Senior Researcher, Institute of Research and Development, Taisei Rotec Corporation, Kounosu, Saitama, Japan
More informationINNOVATIVE HYBRID WEARING SURFACES FOR FRP BRIDGE DECKS
16 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS INNOVATIVE HYBRID WEARING SURFACES FOR FRP BRIDGE DECKS Riyad S. Aboutaha Syracuse University Keywords: FRP decks, bridge decks, wearing surfaces Abstract
More informationEvaluation of Friction Characteristics of Wearing Course Mixtures in Louisiana Zhong Wu, Ph.D., P.E.
Evaluation of Friction Characteristics of Wearing Course Mixtures in Louisiana Zhong Wu, Ph.D., P.E. Feb 20, 2013 2013 Louisiana Transportation Conference Background Pavement Surface Friction is a critical
More informationSchedule of Accreditation issued by United Kingdom Accreditation Service 2 Pine Trees, Chertsey Lane, Staines-upon-Thames, TW18 3HR, UK
Schedule of ccreditation United Kingdom ccreditation Service ccredited to Highways sset Planning Group Materials uilding G Merrow Lane Guildford Surrey GU4 7Q Contact: Mr J Tanzilli Tel: +44 (0)1483 517
More informationPerformance Characteristics of Liquid and Lime-Treated Asphalt Mixtures
Performance Characteristics of Liquid and Lime-Treated Asphalt Mixtures P. Sebaaly & E. Hajj Department of Civil& Env. Engineering,University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA ABSTRACT: An extensive laboratory
More informationSPECIAL SPECIFICATION 3157 Cold Processed - Recycled Paving Material (RPM) for Use as Aggregate Base Course
1993 Specifications SPECIAL SPECIFICATION 3157 Cold Processed - Recycled Paving Material (RPM) for Use as Aggregate Base Course 1. Description. This Item, Cold Processed - Recycled Paving Material (RPM),
More informationEFFECT OF FILLER AND BITUMEN EMULSION TYPE ON SET TIME AND CURE TIME OF SLURRY SEAL
A5EE-533 EFFECT OF FILLER AND BITUMEN EMULSION TYPE ON SET TIME AND CURE TIME OF SLURRY SEAL Mohammad Reza Ahadi1, Saeed Dalirpour2, Hamid Jahanian Pahlevanloo2 1Transportation Research institute, Road
More informationA Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Subjected to High Temperatures
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-767 (Online) A Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Subjected to High s A. HARIKA¹, Dr. C. SASHIDHAR², Dr. T SURESH BABU³
More information