RECYCLING OF FIBERS, PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES State of the art. Bob Vander Beke
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1 RECYCLING OF FIBERS, PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES State of the art Bob Vander Beke
2 content 1. Generalities about polymeric materials and polymeric waste treatments 2. Mechanical recycling 3. Converting recycled materials into products 4. Feedstock recycling 5. Recycling of composites 6. Certification of products with recycled content
3 1. GENERALITIES ABOUT POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND POLYMERIC WASTE TREATMENTS.
4 polymers and polymeric products Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeated units, known as monomers. Because of their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life. Polymers are interessant materials: cheap, easy to be shaped, lightweight, non corrosif, strong (after stretching of polymeric chains, easy to functionalise, some of them can be cured in 3Dnetworks
5 market of polymeric materials Worldwide production 2011: ton 65% thermoplastics 13% textile fibers 4% PUR-foams 2% composites (> 90% GFRP) Resins for thermosets, glues, coatings, paints,
6 market share of different polymers PO: 48% PP: 19% PE-LD / PE-LLD: 17% PE-HD: 12% PVC: 11% PS / PS-E: 7,5% PUR: 7% PET: 6,5% Others: PA, ABS, SAN, PMMA, : 20% Engineering plastics (PA, PEEK, PEI,..;) showed the highest growth rate
7 applications of plastics
8 life cycle of plastics
9 different waste options
10 evolution of legislative measures
11 European legislations 2008/98/EC: waste framework directive 91/689/EEC: hazardous waste directives 99/31/EC: landfill directive 94/62/EC: packaging and packaging waste directive 2000/1907/EC: directive of the incineration of waste 2006/1907/EC: Reach guidance on waste and recovered substances 2002/96/EC: Waste Electrical and electronic equiment directive (WEEE) 2000/53/EC: end of life vehicles (ELV) 2005/32/EC: ecodesign directive 2002/72/EC: plastics intended to come in contact with food directive 2006/1013/EC: regulation on shipments of waste
12 analysis of post consumer waste (EU27) In / ton of post consumer - & post industrial polymeric waste was collected in Europe. 90% of the waste can be classified as thermoplastics 55% of the polymeric waste is PO-based (PE and PP) 70% is packaging (bottles, flacons, wrapping film, bags, ) 40% is disposed (disposal / landfill) 60% is recovered 42% energy recovery (as complementary fuel in power plants and cement kilns) 18% recycling
13 In Flanders: Collection: 150 kg/pp municipal waste 14% plastics 30kg/pp bulky waste (container-park): 43% furniture, 20% wood, 9%matrasses, 7%plastics, 6% carpets and textiles, 5% construction and demolition) Waste treatment 5% disposal / landfill 65% energy recovery 30% recycling (short living beverage bottles)
14 gebruik van recyclaat t.o.v. virgin polymeer
15 aantal patents recycling processes and products aantal toegekende "recyclage" octrooien per jaar en polymeertype PO PET PUR PVC jaar
16 recycling and recovery of polymeric waste
17 importance of disposal / recycling / recovery
18 2. MECHANICAL RECYCLING
19 mixed polymeric waste streams Different products: - Composition - Forms - Colors - Pollution dirt
20 mechanical recycling of polymeric waste
21 State of the art concerning mechanical recycling of thermoplastics collection and preparation processes size reduction: transformation of waste products in recycled materials such as fibers, granulates, flakes, powders, micronised powders, identification and detection, separation and sorting cleaning, compounding,
22 size reduction by cutting, shredding, fraying, milling, grinding, micronisation, techniques Fiber cutting Fraying (effilochage) powdering
23 separation techniques based on density differences Mixed waste streams are treated with Cyclone technology (air flow) Flotation (density liquids)
24 separation by density differences
25 separation of substrates (Cu, glass, PET, ) and plasticized PVC by selective dissolution
26 identification of waste streams RFID on waste containers Sorted by color of PET-bottles detection and sorting technology
27 detection techniques (can be combined with sorting machines) Hyper spectral analysis non wanted detected particles are eliminated by oriented pneumatic air flow Near infrared (NIR) analysis
28 cleaning technologies washing solvent extraction extraction with SC-liquids extraction with ionic liquids chemical treatments enzymatic treatments Purification - deodorising decolourisation of waste streams Elimination of non wanted components, pollutants
29 cleaning of plastic bottles B2B B2F
30 Extraction of colours by super critical CO2
31 blending and compouding of recycled material Upgrading & homogenisation recycled polymeric materials
32 use of compatibilizers Waste treatments of mixed non compatible polymers
33 standards recycling & recyclates BS/EN 15342:2007: characterisation of PS recyclates BS/EN 15343: plastics recycling tracebility and assessment of conformity and recycled content BS/EN 15344: characterisation of PE recyclates BS/EN 15345: characterisation of PP recyclates BS/EN 15346: characterisation of PVC recyclates BS/EN 15347: characterisation of plastic waste BS/EN 15348: characterisation of PET recyclates 2nd workdocument JRC/IPTS (mai 2012) EOW criteria for polymeric waste
34 3. CONVERTING RECYCLED POLYMERIC MATERIALS INTO PRODUCTS
35 Converting recycled materials in products converting techniques and processes for recycled polymeric materials: with and without melting of polymeric material, glueing and welding techniques, surface treatments
36 3.1. melting technologies
37 Rotation molding classical converting techniques Injection molding extrusion calandering
38 Blowmolding Spunlaid nonwovens Thermoforming Pultrusion
39 Additive manufacturing with recycled polymers (filaments of powders)
40
41 use of crosslinking agents upgrading the properties of recycled product thermoplastics becomes thermosets
42 hotmelt glue applications Hotmelt gun Different hotmelt products Hotmelt coating line
43 powdercoating After electrostatic application of the powder onto the substrate, the coating must heated up (melted / cured ) to become a film
44 fibroline technology After application of the powders into the substrate the powders are melted and glues the fibers of non woven together
45 3.2. non melting techniques Spinning recycled fibers around filaments Flocking substrates with recycled fibers
46 nonwoven technologies using recycled fibers Air lay (long fibers) Needle punch
47 wet laid nonwovens Paper technology
48 (micro)powders in liquids and pastes Dispersing polymeric (micro)powders / particles in latices, resins, paints, coatings,
49 3.3. surface treaments - coating technologies
50 3.4. glueing & welding recycled materials Glueing PUR-foam particles Thermal Laser
51 4. FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING
52 State of the art feedstock recycling techniques
53 depolymerisation of (condensation) polymers
54 PA-recycling
55 thermal feedstock recycling (catalytic) hydrogenetion gasification (catalytic) pyrolysis (catalytic) cracking Gas, fluids and solids
56 plastics to fuel
57 energy recovery of polymeric waste
58 heat content of materials
59 5. RECYCLING OF COMPOSITES
60 composite market Total market 2011: Composite materials: 19,6 billion $ End use composite products: 55,6 billion $ Applications 16% 22% 9% 17% 18% 15% 3% tranportation marine aerospace pipe & tank construction wind energy consumer goods consumer goods wind energy construction pipe & tank aerospace marine tranportation 4 7 3, Composite penetration (%) compared to competing materials (metals) Construction and automotive are seen as emerging markets for CFRP- Composites. (annual growth rate min.15%) 38 68
61 reinforcement fiber market glass carbon aramide natural 4% 3% 4% In tons 89% Fiber volume content 10-60% 80% thermosets CFRP is growing faster than GFRP NFRP are well used in non structural Automotive-parts Thermoplastics are growing faster, They are more appropriate for high volume production. Composites are compared to classical plastics mostly long living products. The composite waste volumes are much smaller, but important enough to find adequate solutions. Reliable figures for waste composite material waste are not available, but it has been reported that an estimated tons of CFRP and ton of GFRP scrap is generated annually in Europe and USA.
62 CF-market Expansion of CF-production Collaboration between CF-producers and industrie (Airbus, Boeing, Mercedes, BMW, VW, ) 95% of CF are used in CRP (carbon reinforced plastic)
63 composite recycling
64 recycling of composites
65 Carbon fiber recovery from CFRP-scrap
66 pyrolysis of windmill wings
67 solvolysis of composites
68 compounding recycled polymeric waste with (recycled) fibers of fillers
69 Applications of recycled composite fibers New FRP Reinforcement of other materials: bitumen, concrete, ceramics, rubber, R-CF as functional additive in plastic compounds: conduction, antistatics, EMI-shielding, (used in electronic devices and chip carriers)
70 6. CERTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS WITH RECYCLED CONTENT
71 Certification of products with recycled content Polymeric waste can be an interesting an durable material source. There are no chemical or physical techniques to indicate differences between virgin and recycled materials in a product Certification of companies using recycled materials can make bring added value to the market To give confidence, certification has to be done by an independent third party. QA-CER is an certification system based on the ISO 9001and EN standards to guarantee the quality of the products with recycled content
72 Quality Assurance of Content and Eco-data of Recycled materials in Polymeric Products Certification system based on ISO specific requirement concerning R-content 3 levels: QA-CER 1, 2 and 3 Level 2: audit + product Q-control Level 3: level 2 + product controls on specific ecodata QA-CER is the certification set up by BQA Centexbel Flanders Plastic Vision
73 Level 1 (bronze) A documented QA-system (cfr. ISO 9001) Specific requirements concerning: Controls on incoming recycled materials Batch registration and traceability
74 Level 2 (silver) Level 1 + Periodic sample checks of product conformity with datafiles Technical controls of end products with recycled content
75 Level 3 (gold) Level 1 + level 2 + Product controls on eco -parameters like absence of toxic components or non wanted components for specific applications
76 Thanks for your attention!!
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