Peatland Carbon Stocks and Fluxes:
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1 Peatland Carbon Stocks and Fluxes: monitoring, measurements and modelling Dr Andreas Heinemeyer University of York, Stockholm Environment Institute UNFCCC 24 th October 2013 South Africa: quantify with more precision the location, activity and interannual variability. EU: estimates around carbon storage, sequestration and emissions, and their uncertainties. Russia: detailed quantitative analysis of biogenic and soil components
2 The global carbon budget (PgC y -1 ) 7.9± ± ±1.0 (~25%!) (Residual) 4.1± ±0.5 (5 models) Global Carbon Project 2011; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature G; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
3 Global soil (organic) carbon stocks Biome Forest Tropical & subtropical Temperate Boreal IGBP* IGBP WBGU ISLSCP II δ ISLSCP II 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm 150 cm 30 cm IPCC 2001 GLCM 2000# IPCC 1990 GLCM 2000# GLCM 2000# Savanna & grassland Tropical & subtropical Temperate Desert & semi desert Tundra Boreal Croplands Wetlands Bare Total C stock (in Gt C) 100 cm Latest estimate is 3000 Gt C (Tarnocai et al, 2009) In: Kutsch, Bahn, Heinemeyer, 2009
4 Terrestrial carbon cycling Net photosynthesis Interactions between plant and soil carbon allocation and decomposition Litter fall Belowground allocation of C Aboveground respiration Belowground autotrophic respiration Belowground heterotrophic respiration Soil organic matter formation SOM Decomposition & priming
5 Lost flux (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Root length (km m -2 ) Collar insertion and cut root flux 1.0 Root length Moorland ~40% Lost flux Cut soil depth (cm) Heinemeyer et al., EJSS, 2011 Tundra trop. Forest con. Forest dec. Forest Moorland 6 cm 7 cm 7 cm 4 cm 17 cm
6 Soil component CO 2 fluxes Surface collar 42 m mesh 1 m mesh Roots Fungi Soil Heinemeyer et al., GCB, 2007 Roots Mycorrhizal hyphae Mycorrhizal hyphae Soil Soil Soil
7 Soil respiration: component responses 3.0 Heinemeyer et al., GCB, 2007 Respiration rate ( mol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) R 10 Q 10 R-sq Mycorrhizal Soil Only Difference Total soil flux Decomposition Mycorrhizal Temperature 5cm depth ( o C)
8 (Days) Carbon overflow tap theory Bud burst Total Soil CO 2 flux with GPP Leaf-off GPP Root CO 2 flux with GPP Mycorrhizal CO 2 flux with GPP 1 May 1 July 1 Sept 1 Nov Heinemeyer et al., BGS, 2012
9 Soil CO2 efflux (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Soil respiration: modelled vs. measured Jan-06 Mar-06 May-06 Jul-06 Sep-06 Nov-06 Jan-07 Mar-07 May-07 Jul-07 Sep-07 Nov-07 Jan-08 Mar-08 May-08 Jul-08 Sep-08 Nov Modelled Soil Respiration Measured Total SR Measured Mycorrhizal SR Measured Soil Only SR Heinemeyer et al., unpublished
10 CO2 flux (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Scaling up from plot to landscape Heinemeyer et al., unpublished Chamber Flux Tower Air craft 25/08 12:00 25/08 13:12 25/08 14:24 25/08 15:36 25/08 16:48 25/08 18:00 25/08 19:12
11 GHG measurement scale and uncertainties Heinemeyer et al., unpublished Error bar = sem, n= 5
12 Chamber method comparison Heinemeyer & McNamara, 2011 Use latest GHG analysers ~40% less!
13 UK peatland management Carbon Water GHGs Biodiversity (Google: PeatlandESUK) Peat = 95% water! (terrestrial blue carbon) Burning Mowing Do Nothing
14 Net Ecosystem Exchange (CO 2 ) C-source C-sink R eco (Respiration) Slope (activity) P max (Photosynthesis)
15 Carbon budget variability (preliminary) Monthly NEE C-source Annual NEE sum C-sink C budget = NEE + stream export of DOC + POC (gc m -2 p.a.) Nidd 2012 = +306 ( ) Moss 2012 = -19 ( ) Whit 2012 = +95 ( ) 2013 = +254 ( ); GWP ~ = -120 ( ); GWP ~ = +20 ( ); GWP ~1300 GWP (kgc-co 2 eq. ha -1 yr -1 ) Heinemeyer et al., unpublished
16 Peat depth & carbon stocks Ground Penetrating Radar advances Manual GPR 5 x 5 m plot outline about half the plots contain pipes Automated GPR catchment paths peat depth & bulk density profiles automated 295 (cm) (cm) Birkbeck manual
17 World soil carbon Roller Coaster Brazil RUSSIA UK Annual mean air temperature and NDVI (satellite) explain ~45% of the variability Annual mean air temperature (Annmtp) Heinemeyer et al., unpublished
18 Global soil models and peat Stock estimate Model estimate From: ISLSCP II From: SDGVM (kg C m -2 ) 1 x 1 km grid cells Most current models lack: Holocene peat accumulation total peat column dynamics dynamic water table vegetation feedbacks (PFTs!) topography effects ~4.6 Mt C Needs pedogenesis concept! Needs more sampling!
19 MILLENNIA: build-up of current C stocks NPP (g C m -2 yr -1 ) Water table depth (cm) SOC (kg C m -2 ) Erosion Runoff Incorporate organic matter quality ( 13 C NMR) Heinemeyer et al., Climate Research, 2010 Drainage NPP_ORNL SOC_ORNL WTD_MILLENNIA WTD_ECN site Years since peat initiation
20 Water table depth (cm) MILLENNIA: resilience and tipping points Soil C fluxes (mol m -2 yr -1 ) Peat depth increment (cm yr -1 ) Soil C budget (gc m -2 yr -1 ) Using ECN climate data for Moor House (Pennines): Water CO 2 and CH 4 Peat growth Peat C budget (~0.025 cm yr -1 ) (~13.5 g yr -1 ) Year Year -200 Predicted 5-year running means Heinemeyer et al., unpublished
21 Roots Stones H2O Space Roots Stones H2O Space Stones H2O Space Stones H2O Space Active Active Active Active Slow Slow Passive Passive Slow Slow Future modelling: pedogenesis Sand Sand Passive Passive Silt Silt Sand Sand Silt Silt Clay Clay Clay Clay Mineral > Peat Pedogenesis: Mull Moder - Mor CO 2 & CH 4 soil mixing Acrotelm Water Table Depth (WTD) = height of acrotelm bulk density Organic Mineral Water Table hydrology Catotelm New CENTURY-type soils module
22 Future modelling: key organisms Mycorrhiza Enchytraeids Briones et al., GCB, 2007
23 Outlook Recent advances: Peat C stocks: GPR and peat depth/bulk density Organic matter quality: 13 C NMR GHG emissions: CH 4 and N 2 O fast analysers Urgent research needs: Large scale GHG monitoring networks (Eddy Cov.) Inclusion of C export (streams,rivers) Better modelling (pedogenesis, key organisms)
24 Conclusions Conclusions: Terrestrial C-uptake uncertainties: unravel plant-soil C-dynamics Soil C-stock and flux uncertainties: improve stock & flux methods Peat C-budgets uncertainties: set-up global research platforms Peat modelling challenge: include process & organism pedogenesis Stockholm Environment Institute
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