School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering

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1 School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering Silicon PV Education, Research and Industry in Australia R. Corkish, Head of School Photo: K. McLean

2 Context: The exemplary path until 2050/ 2100 Reference: "World in Transition: Turning Energy Systems Towards Sustainability (Summary for Policy Makers)," German Advisory Council on Global Change, Berlin

3 Context: Booming Photovoltaics By region of manufacture (Korea grew 141% in 2009)

4 Australian PV Market Graph courtesy of APVA, with projection for 2010

5 Technology Share

6 PV Education UNSW: B Eng in Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Engineering 2+2 agreements with 7 Chinese universities B Eng in Renewable Energy Engineering M Eng Sc in Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Engineering ANU: Sustainable Energy Systems major in B Eng Murdoch Univ.: B Eng in Renewable Energy Engineering B Sc in Sustainable Energy Management M Sc in Renewable Energy

7 Undergraduate Education 164 graduates 110 PVSE 8 PVSE + Science 9 PVSE + Arts 3 PVSE + Commerce 32 RE 2 RE + Science Session 2, numbers

8 Session 2, numbers Postgraduate Enrolments

9 Secondary School Focus Unit for NSW state curriculum Developed by UNSW with NSW State Government support Student-directed material Teacher support material

10 Funding & Infrastructure Initiatives Australian Solar Institute (ASI) A$100M / 4 years, PV / Solar Thermal A$50m for US collaboration Foundation Member Institutions, A$5M initial grant University of NSW (UNSW) Australian National University (ANU) Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Solar Industrial Research Facility (2011) A$10M UNSW campus-located building Pilot production line sirf/sirf-project-webcam Tyree Energy Technologies Building (2012) A$155M UNSW campus-located showcase building

11 Wafers/Ribbon Cells - Overview 17% Industrial Screen Print Solar Cell 25% Efficient PERL Solar Cell

12 Selective Emitter Technologies Semiconductor Fingers (UNSW): Laser doped lines replace doped grooves Screen-printed metal fingers run perpendicular to diffused lines Laser Doped Selective Emitter (UNSW): Laser doping through/from dielectric layer Dielectric doubles as ARC and plating mask Transparent Fingers (UNSW) Semiconductor Fingers with laser doped lines Suntech Pluto (UNSW/Suntech) Dry laser doping (ANU) Chemical jet doping (ANU) UNSW and ANU each have multiple partners

13 Laser Doped Selective Emitter Green laser selectively removes ARC dielectric and melts the silicon underneath Green Laser Molten Si freezing simultaneously incorporates heavy N-type Phos doping High temperature at localised regions only N ++ Dopant dielectric N+ Self aligned base metal plating into laser pattern - low cost materials, - in line process flow, - fast LIP plating, - zero contact Performance > 19% LDSE, >> 20% D-LDSE p-type

14 Inkjet & Aerosol Jet Printing (UNSW) n++ p++ n+ p+ n-si SiO 2

15 Current Status (UNSW)

16 Sliver (ANU/Transform Solar) (Images courtesy of ANU)

17 Thin and flexible elongates (ANU-led) Flexible, robust, single crystal silicon micro modules Very high power/weight ratio Shade tolerant Perfectly bifacial High voltage micro-modules (2.5 volts per cm 2 ) Mobile phones, ipads, MP3 players, soldier gear, unattended sensors (Images and words courtesy of ANU)

18 Second Generation (Thin Films) Thin films on supporting substrate Amorphous/ microcrystalline Si CIGS CdTe Crystalline Si Lower efficiency but lower cost Large manufacturing unit Fully integrated modules Aesthetics p+ p n+ IAD interface AIC Metal Insulator Si Dimple Crater Groove Dimple Cell n Cell n+1 Light Glass + SiN glue Crater Moses Glass Image: CSG Solar 1800 nm

19 Thin Crystalline Silicon on Glass (UNSW/CSG Solar) SI WAFER TECHNOLOGY + Technological base Electronic properties Proven long-term stability Nontoxic & abundant materials CHALLENGES Thermal stability of glass Limit processing temperature Grain boundaries & bulk defects Large, thin grains Semitransparent Light trapping scheme (texturing) Individual cells need to be metallised & interconnected THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY Large-area monolithic construction Low materials consumption Cheap supporting material (glass) p+ p n+ Metal Insulator Si Dimple Crater Groove Dimple Cell n Cell n+1 Light Crater Moses Glass Image: CSG Solar

20 Light trapping with surface plasmons (Swinburne Univ., ANU, UNSW) Simple processing techniques Metal nanoparticles separated from silicon - will not increase surface recombination Can be designed to target specific wavelength regions where absorption is low. (Images and words courtesy of ANU)

21 Other Silicon PV R&D Hot carrier solar cells (UNSW) All-silicon tandem cells (UNSW) Up-conversion & down-conversion (UNSW) Dependence of recombination on morphology (ANU) Ray tracing in modules (ANU) Compare encapsulants Silicon material production (UNSW - led) Excellent cells on low quality silicon wafers (UNSW led) Silicon material and cell characterisation (ANU led, UNSW led) PV trough concentrators (ANU led) Micro concentrators (ANU led) Electricity and hot water outputs Hybrid concentrator PV/thermal receivers (ANU led) Silicon-on-sapphire wafer cells (Silanna led) Cell/wafer/ingot characterisation (BTi led) Silicon & III-V cells in concentrators (UNSW/Silex) Modelling of silicon quantum dots (UNSW) ASI Rounds 1, 2: (Image courtesy of Australia-USA: ipn.html BTi) (Images courtesy of ANU

22 Manufacturing Silex Solar Screen-printed silicon wafer manufacture Module production ex-bp Solar factory Solar Systems (Silex Solar) PV dish concentrators Several installations in Central Australia Transform Solar (Origin Energy Micron JV) Sliver cell Relocated from Australia to USA Tianwei CBD Energy JV Module assembly intention announced

23 Thanks for your attention!

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