District cooling/heating systems in China: Challenges and Opportunities

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1 District cooling/heating systems in China: Challenges and Opportunities Xianting Li Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University 2016/9/24

2 Contents Background District cooling and heating systems in China Challenges and opportunities 2

3 Background 3

4 Climate and traditional H&C technologies Severe cold Heating (Centralized heating) Coal-fired boiler Co-generation of heat and power Cold Severe cold Cold temperate Cold Hot summer & cold winter Hot summer & warm winter Heating (Decentralized heating) Electric radiant panel Heat pump Cooling Heat pump Generally heating and cooling is not necessary. Heating not necessary Cooling Room air conditioner 4

5 Energy consumption and Control goals Building Energy consumption 1 billion tce (billion tce) Control goals Total building areas within 60 billion m 2 in 2020 Total building energy consumption within 1.0 billion tce in 2020 Nationwide reduction of PM2.5 concentration by 10% in 2017 compared to 2012, with greater reduction in some important regions Data from: Tsinghua University Building Energy Saving Research Center: Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency, China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing, 2013 (in Chinese). Air Pollution Control Plan (in Chinese). 5

6 Standards of energy saving technologies GB/T Room air conditioner GB Domestic hot water with solar energy systems GB Lithium bromide absorption chillers GB/T Chiller GB/T VRF aircondition(heat pump) unit GB Heat pump water heater GB Water-source(groundsource) heat pumps 6

7 Investment for energy saving technologies Eleventh Five-Year Plan: Total investment is 200 billion Yuan (20% is used for building energy saving and haze handling) Rewards Twelfth Five-Year Plan: Total investment is 2366 billion Yuan (20% is used for building energy saving and haze handling) 1tce saved: 240 (central gov.) + 60 (local gov.) Buildings with GSHP: 50 /m 2 or 70 /m 2 Green building: 10~150 /m 2 Subsidies Water chiller (<100kW) : 6000 Air conditioner ( 750W) : 250 Total Investment Air Pollution Control Plan : 1.75 trillion 2009~2010 Subsidies of air conditioners: 4 billion 7

8 District cooling and heating systems in China 8

9 District cooling/ heating in China Characteristics: Applied in high density buildings Great building load Multiple technologies Cooling tower Ground source Air source Water source Control system Energy storage tank Absorption chiller Pipeline Electrical heat pump Natural gas generator Heating / cooling equipments End equipments 13

10 District cooling/ heating in China Main types: Combined Cooling Heating and Power System (CCHP) Heat pump Heat pump + Energy Storage Multiple technologies CCHP demonstration projects 40 projects up to 2015, total capacity reaches 5000MW. Most are offices, hotels, colleges 12th five-years-plan( ) Commercial district Traffic 3% facility 7% Park 7% Hospital 13% College 17% Others 3% Office building 33% Hotel and department 17% 1000 distributed energy resource projects 10 distributed energy resource demonstration districts 10

11 District cooling/ heating in China Beijing, DC Nanjing, DHC Recent cases Chongqing, DHC District heating Shanghai, DHC Heating / cooling capacity (MW) ,1 4 Cooling capacity 397 Guangzhou University town Heating capacity Nanjing High-tech industrial park 71,2 32,1 41, ,7 Chongqing CBD , Beijing Business district Dalian Business district Shenyang Shopping city Zhuhai, DHC Guangzhou, DC 93,2 Shanghai Business district 13 Shenzhen, DC

12 Main types of district cooling/heating Combined Cooling Heating and Power System (CCHP) Beijing: Holiday Resort Supply power for 196,000 m 2 Supply heating/cooling for 86,000m 2 Electrical heat pump Electricity Exhaust gas Natural gas generator Absorption chiller Natural gas Power generate capacity: kwh Natural gas consumption: kWh Annual cooling capacity: GJ Annual heating capacity: GJ 10

13 Main types of district cooling/heating Heat pump Tianjin: Commercial building 800,000 m 2 Sewage treatment plant Water source heat pump Heat pump + Energy Storage Ice storage tank, 574MWh Chongqing: Commercial building 6,305,000 m 2 Cooling load:285mw Heating load:130mw Yangtze River River-water source heat pump 10

14 Main types of district cooling/heating Multiple technologies: heat pump + energy storage + peak heating/cooling unit Ice storage tank,72306rth Boiler City heat-supply network Deep geotherm Cooling tower Ground/Water source heat pump City heat-supply network (25%) Tianjin: Commercial building 900,000 m 2 Cooling load: 90MW Heating load: 55MW Operating for 4 years Tested system COP > 3 10

15 Main types of district cooling/heating Multiple technologies: heat pump + energy storage + CCHP Shanghai: Office + hotel + commercial service 3,148,000 m 2 Cooling load: 281MW Heating load: 124MW Hot water tank Electrical heat pump Cool water tank Electricity Exhaust gas Natural gas generator Absorption chiller Hot water 10

16 Challenges and opportunities 16

17 Challenges Energy sources Coal as the main primary energy in China Reserves of natural gas is limited Great difference in climate Different heating and cooling technologies High price of land in city Energy storage is expensive Few successful applications of CCHP system in China High pump consumption and heat loss High initial investment Partial cooling load reduce the system efficiency 17

18 Opportunities Government policies promoting energy saving technologies Rewards and subsidies More standards and research investments Improved energy sources Exploitation and import quantity of natural gas is increasing New energy resources to substitute coal New technologies Temperature and humidity independent control Absorption heat pump for lowtemperature heating Wood 薪柴 Coal Petroleum Gas Nuclear Water 18

19 Summary Building energy consumption in China has a large base and rapid growth. Due to the energy shortage and environment degradation, decreasing it is urgent. More and more DHC systems applied in China with the promotion of Chinese energy saving and emission reduction policy and the applications have achieved some results. But there are still some difficulties to overcome. The opportunities and challenges come along together, so the task of reasonable application of DHC systems is still under the way and needs a lot to do. 19

20 Thanks for your attention! Xianting Li, Tsinghua University