Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria

Transcription

1 Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria Biogas Production and Waste Management 13 & 15 September 2017 Lagos & Abuja Nina Chioma Ani Avenam Links Int l Ltd. Ikeja, Lagos Nigeria

2 Overview Avenam Links Introduction Problem Identification Issues Waste Changing the Waste Challenge into Renewable Energy What is a Biogas Plant (Biodigester)? Biogas Principle Anaerobic Digestion in a Biogas Plant Potential Feed Stock for Biogas Plant Biogas Biogas Energy potential Benefits of Biogas Design/ Model Where Has it Been Used? Avenam s Success Story Energy Value for Food Waste Conversion Biogas Plant Economics Takeaways Our Focus for The Coming 5 Years Conclusion Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 2

3 Avenam Links Int l Ltd. The company was incorporated in 2008 ( over 9 years) to promote renewable energy technology in Nigeria. Avenam is a private Limited Liability company registered for the development and implementation of renewable energy projects in Nigeria with focus on sustainable technologies, water management and environmental services. here to bridge the gap between design, construction, operation and maintenance of various renewable energy technology with a focus on biogas, Solar and biomass, with the promotion of energy efficiency in Nigeria and Africa at large. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 3

4 Proud Winner of National Energy Globe Award Nigeria nfo/nigeria2017?cl=en&id= Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 4

5 Mission and Vision OUR VISION To be the most preferred energy and waste management solution provider in Africa, and a leading contributors to the protection of the environment, in an economically sustainable manner. OUR MISSION To provide renewable Biodegradable Energy and waste management solutions for a greener healthy and wealthy Africa through utilization of locally available materials and resources. Vision Statement To have rural villages move out of poverty and become self sustaining using clean renewable energy, while digesting urban organic waste for energy and organic fertilizer production. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 5

6 Goals And Objectives Goals: Design and construction of a Biogas Plant, (biodigester) also known as Anaerobic Digester, to produce biogas Promotion of solar and biomass technology Objectives To divert organic waste from dump sites Create a source of fuel for Electricity, heating or cooking; To reduce dependency on National grid Provide a fertilizer from the digested waste; and Improve health conditions by isolating organic wastes in a biogas plant to reduce airborne pathogens from raw food waste, agricultural or human waste etc. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 6

7 Introduction The potential benefits of organic waste generated in Nigeria as a renewable source of biofuel and biofertilizer is huge. Nigeria generates about million tons of organic waste such as livestock wastes (cattle excreta, sheep and goat excreta, pig excreta, poultry excreta; and abattoir waste), human excreta, crop residue, and municipal solid waste (MSW) per annum. The two main products of anaerobic digestion, biogas and biofertilizer, are very important resources. Since organic wastes are always available and unavoidable too, anaerobic digestion provides an efficient means of converting organic waste to profitable resources such as biofuel and biofertilizer. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 7

8 Cont. In the previous slide we mentioned that Nigeria generates about million tons of some selected organic waste per annum. This in turn has the potential of yielding about billion m 3 of biogas (about MWh of electricity) and million tons of biofertilizer per annum. Both have a combined estimated value of about N 4.54 trillion ($ billion). This potential biogas yield will be able to completely displace the use of petrol and diesel for electricity generation, kerosene and coal for domestic cooking, and reduce the consumption of wood fuel by 66% (about fifty million tons of wood fuel is consumed annually in Nigeria). An effective biogas programme in Nigeria will also remarkably reduce environmental and public health concerns, deforestation, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 8

9 Problem Identification Huge tons of Waste generated Daily via various sources Low collection efficiency leading to waste accumulation No waste management facilities due to high cost of waste handling facilities Increasing population results to more waste generation Unsegregated waste (Wet garbage sticking to Dry waste) leading to reduced potential of recycling of Dry waste & thus loss of revenue & unprocessed waste lying in open dumpsites leading to environmental hazards Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 9

10 Issues Problems Faced Huge Transportation cost End results of the waste not visible High OPEX & CAPEX due to carrying the waste to long distance Lack of focus and knowledge on what could be done with the end waste (no treatment facilities) How to hold the waste. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 10

11 Waste Waste (Also known as rubbish, trash, garbage, junk refuse etc) is any unwanted or useless materials Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 11

12 Cont. Different waste management institutions saddled with the responsibility of waste management have continuously failed in their mission. The result are Mountainous heaps of open wastes dumps that are most times incinerated, thereby releasing toxic fumes which threatens public health. Other fallout are: odour emission Methane emission Nigeria rank number 8 in the world with 20 Billion m3 methane emission (69 % from gas flaring and 28% comes from untreated organic waste) breeding ground for disease vectors and pathogens, uncontrolled recycling of contaminated goods and pollution of water sources Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 12

13 Changing the Waste Challenge into Renewable Energy (Biogas) Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 13

14 What is a Biogas Plant (Biodigester)? A device that mimics the natural decay process of organic matter Biogas is produced from anaerobic decay (decay that occurs without oxygen) Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 14

15 Biogas Principle Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 15

16 Anaerobic Digestion in a Biogas Plant Biogas Plant (Digester) is fed a mixture of water and waste called a slurry Daily, fresh slurry is added, displacing previous days load that bacteria have started to digest First, digestible organic matter is broken down by acid-producing bacteria By-products are then broken down by methane-producing bacteria Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 16

17 Potential Feed Stock for Biogas Plant Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 17

18 Biogas Biogas: Green Energy 50-70% methane; 30-40% carbon dioxide; Insignificant amounts of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). Biogas burns without producing soot or ash Methane is a combustible gas Biogas is used to generate energy for electricity, heating, cooking needs and, can be upgraded to biomethane for vehicular fuel or injection into Natural gas line. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 18

19 Biogas Energy Potential Potential Biogas Derivable from Biomass Generated in Nigeria Organic waste (biomass) Number of Units (millions) Total biomass generated (million tons year -1 ) Cattle excreta Sheep and goat excreta Estimated biogas potential (billion m 3 year -1 ) Pig excreta Poultry excreta Abattoir waste Human excreta Crop residue Municipal solid waste (MSW) Total Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 19

20 Cont. Biomethane Potential & energy Value of Biomass Generated in Nigeria Organic waste (biomass) Estimated biogas potential (billion m 3 year -1 ) Biomethane potential (BMP) of biogas (billion m 3 year - Cattle excreta Sheep and goat excreta Pig excreta Poultry excreta Abattoir waste Human excreta Crop residue Municipal solid waste (MSW) Total ) Energy potential of biogas (TJ) per annum Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 20

21 Cont. Tonnage Equivalents of Selected Fuels to Potential Biogas Yields in Nigeria Organic waste Estimated biogas Wood fuel Coal Kerosene Liquefied Liquefied (biomass) potential per equivalent equivalent equivalent petroleum natural gas annum (billion per annum per annum per annum gas equivalent per m 3 ) (million tons) (million tons) (million tons) equivalent annum (million tons) per annum (million tons) Cattle excreta Sheep and goat excreta Pig excreta Poultry excreta Abattoir waste Human excreta Crop residue Municipal solid waste (MSW) 2.26 Total Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 21

22 Cont. Estimated Biofertilizer (dry) Derivable from Biomass Generated in Nigeria Organic waste (biomass) Total biomass generated (million tons year-1 ) Dry mass (DM) of biomass generated (million tons year -1 ) Volatile solids (VS) of DM (million tons year -1 ) Estimated biofertilizer (dry) potential (million tons year -1 ) Cattle excreta Sheep and goat excreta Pig excreta Poultry excreta Abattoir waste Human excreta Crop residue Municipal solid waste (MSW) Total Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 22

23 Benefits of Biogas Small scale applications Social benefits Smoke-free and ash-free kitchen, so women and their children are no longer prone to respiratory infections; Women are spared the burden of gathering firewood; Environmental and health benefits Reduces the amount of pollutants in the immediate environment and increases sanitation; Reduce deforestation levels where people heavily rely on woodfuel; Produces good fertilizer, increasing land productivity (and farm incomes). Contributes to climate mitigation. A single, small scale biodigester reduces between 3 and 5 tco 2 -eq./year, Economic benefits Buying (fossil) fuel resources (e.g. kerosene, LPG, charcoal or fuel wood) is no longer needed Improves security of energy as the feedstock can mostly be acquired locally Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 23

24 Cont. Industrial scale digesters Biogas can contribute to replace fossil fuels, By trapping biogas in a biogas plant and using it as a source of energy, harmful effects of methane on the biosphere are reduced; Onsite waste processing for Industrial estates, at the same time, generate energy for their production processes, Biogas technology can be used to solve problems in public waste disposal and waste water treatment It s a natural waste treatment process and requires less land then aerobic composting; Reduces disposed waste volume to dump sites It generates high quality renewable fuel proven to be useful in a number of end-use applications It significantly reduces GHG emissions It maximizes recycling benefits Considering the whole life-cycle, it is more cost-effective then other waste treatment options Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 24

25 Designs/Models China Fixed Dome Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 25

26 Design/Model India Floating Cover Gas Outlet Floating Gas Cover Mixing Pit Inlet Pipe Slurry Partitio n Wall Outlet Pit Fluid Level Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 26

27 Design/Model Plug Flow Digester Slurry Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 27

28 Design/Model - Biogas Plant Design in Germany Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 28

29 Where Has it Been Used? SMALL SCALE DIGESTERS: 9,000 in Germany 10,000,000 in China 5,000,000 in India 40,000 in Cambodia 5,000 in Vietnam 3,000 in Colombia 500 in Costa Rica Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 29

30 Is it Successful? Nigeria: Yes! Helped with waste management and energy shortage Germany: Yes! Helped with renewable energy generation China: Yes! Helped with energy shortage problem Costa Rica: Yes! Big in rural areas Middle East: Yes! Helped improve health and safety conditions (6) Most successful in rural Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in areas Nigeria

31 Avenam s Success Story Abattoir Biogas Project: Biogas production from slaughter house waste to generate electricity, heat and cooking gas on site. 1) Proposed Plant capacity: 8,500m3 2) No. of cows slaughtered daily: 2,000 3) Quantity of solid organic waste: 120 tons/day 4) Volume of waste water Generation: 984m3/day 5) Electricity generation: 1.9 MWh per 35% generator efficiency 6) Slurry Application: Solid Organic Fertilizer production Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 31

32 Cont. Toilet/kitchen waste Linked Biogas and Hydrogen (Urine reactor) Plant 1) Project Location: Abuja 2) Plant capacity: 10m3 3) Biogas production: 6m3 4) Biogas Application: cooking gas and electricity (1.5kw biogas gen) 5) Slurry Application: Application to flower Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 32

33 Cont. Biogas & solar food Dryer: The biogas plant uses cassava and cow dung as feedstock for the dryer. 1) Plant Capacity: 20m3 (pilot plant to be replicated) 2) Plant location: Oyo State 3) Biogas Application: heat generation 4) Slurry Application: Liquid organic fertilizer for crop Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 33

34 Cont. Ogun State Poultry waste to electricity and Organic fertilizer: Poultry Waste to Electricity and Organic fertilizer Biogas Plant 1) Project Location: Ogun State 2) Plant capacity: 180m3 3) Biogas production: 150m3 4) Biogas Application: Electricity Daily Electricity Generation: 198kwh per day 5) Slurry Application: Solid and liquid organic fertilizer Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 34

35 Cont. Kirikiri Maximum Prison (90% completed): 200m3 human waste Biogas Plant for cooking gas and organic fertilizer production 1) Project Location: Lagos State 2) Plant capacity: 200m3 3) Biogas production: 50m3 4) Biogas Application: Cooking gas 5) Slurry Application: Liquid organic fertilizer Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 35

36 Cont. Kitchen Waste to Cooking Gas: 2m3 biodegester for kitchen waste to cooking gas and liquid organic fertilizer production Small scale biogas for household use is a simple, low-cost, lowmaintenance technology, which has been used for decades across the developing world. Plant can be fed with kitchen waste alone for daily cooking gas production.. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 36

37 Solar Installation Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 37

38 Energy Value for Food waste conversion 15 Kg s of kitchen waste = 1 m3 Biogas 1 m3 Biogas = 5500 KCal worth of heat energy 1 m3 Biogas = 0.54 Kg s L.P.G. CO2 Savings 0.54 Kg Propane/Day = 0.76 Tons CO /Year 15 Kg Kitchen waste/day = 5.17 Tons CO2/Year 2.5 Tons waste/day Biogas Plant = 862 Tons CO2 Emissions saved/year Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 38

39 Biogas Plant Economics. Per Day Cost Savings from 2.5 TPD Biogas Plant (Biogas production = 180m3/day) Particulars Qty Rate (NGN) Amount (NGN) L.P.G. Replaced 90 kg ,250 Organic manure 150 kg ,500 Dumping Expenses 2,500 kg 4 10,000 Gross Savings 43,750 Annual savings 10,500,000 Particulars Qty Rate (NGN) Amount (NGN) L.P.G. Replaced 90 kg ,200 Organic manure 150 kg ,500 Dumping Expenses 2,500 kg 4 10,000 Gross Savings 33,500 Annual savings 8,088,000 Daily Electricity Generation = 227kwh of electricity daily Can power 10kw biogas generator for about 23 hours daily Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 39

40 TAKEAWAYS: Municipal waste can be diverted to waste treatment facility for energy and resource recovery Anaerobic digestion produces biogas from food waste, Agricultural waste, Human waste and any organic waste Biogas is used to produce renewable energy with CHP unit, petrol or diesel generators and cooking gas Your kitchen waste can be diverted from dumpsites Displacing wood fuel and kerosene as domestic cooking fuel will drastically reduce deforestation, and prevent many ailments and deaths associated with indoor pollution Your animal waste can be used for electricity and organic fertilizer production Septic tanks and soak away can be replaced with biogas plant Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 40

41 Our Focus for The Coming 5 Years Climate Change: Avenam shall continue to increase use of renewables (biogas, Solar and Biomass) Waste: Achieve 100% recycling of organic waste from homes to help reduce the quantity of organic waste going to dumpsites or landfill sites. Clean Cooking Gas: provide portable biogas plant for rural household, hotels and restaurants kitchen waste management to produce clean renewable cooking fuel. Community: Develop community biogas projects Electricity: Conversion of organic waste to electricity Organic Fertilizer: Production of pathogen free organic fertilizer for soil conditioning. Water: Reduce contamination of scarce ground water as a result of leachate seeping into the groundwater. Continue to provide clean drinking water to both rural and urban dwellers. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 41

42 Conclusion To solve the chronic solid waste management problems, we need a well-articulated national and rural biogas project which will also positively impact on other sectors as: energy, agriculture, economy, public health, and environment. The estimated bioenergy potential of 610, 350 TJ per annum from organic waste is equivalent to 169, MWh. This is valued at approximately N 1.01 trillion ($ 6.52 billion). Dry Organic Biofertilizer from biogas technology per annum = million A well-planned biogas program in Nigeria will help in the management of organic waste, renewable energy generation, reduction of greenhouse gas, create employment, produce organic fertilizer and many more environmental benefits. Biogas as a Sustainable Solution to Energy and Waste Management Challenges in Nigeria 42

43 Nina Chioma Ani (M.Sc ) Ani.n@avenamlinks.com ,