Biological Control and Vegetation Management

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1 Biological Control and Vegetation Management J.P. Cuda, Ph.D. Associate Professor Entomology & Nematology Department Gainesville, FL

2 Introduction Topics Overview of Current Projects Examine Potential Projects Questions?

3 Introduction Topics

4 What is Biological Control? Planned Use of Undomesticated Organisms to Reduce the Vigor, Reproductive Capacity, or Density of Weeds (DeLoach 1997). Four Categories: Augmentation (Arthropods, Pathogens, Grass Carp) Conservation (Arthropods, Habitat Manipulation) Importation or Classical (Arthropods, Pathogens) Fortuitous (Arthropods, Pathogens)

5 TACTICS OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT PREVENTION BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL CULTURAL CULTURAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL Mechanical Mechanical IMPORTATION IMPORTATION AUGMENTATION AUGMENTATION CONSERVATION CONSERVATION ORGANIC ORGANIC INORGANIC INORGANIC Fortuitous Fortuitous NATURAL NATURAL SYNTHESIZED SYNTHESIZED NATURAL NATURAL SYNTHESIZED SYNTHESIZED Relative Degree of Sustainability PERMANENT TEMPORARY

6 Importation (Classical) BioControl Introduction of Host Specific Natural Enemies from the Weed s s Native Range to Permanently Suppress the Plant in its Adventive 1 Range 1 Arrived into a specified geographical region from elsewhere by ANY means.

7 Conceptual Basis for Classical BC Native Host Specific Enemies Strongly Control the Abundance and/or Distribution of Native Plants Escape from Host Specific Enemies is a Key Contributor to Exotic Plant Success Enemy Escape Benefits Exotics Because They Gain a Competitive Advantage Over Native Plants as a Result of Being Liberated from Their Pests (Williams 1954)

8 Objective of Classical BioControl Introduce or Apply Natural Enemies to Suppress and Maintain the Density of the Weed at ACCEPTABLE Levels Biological Control is NOT Eradication

9 How Does BioControl Work? Weed establishes equilibrium density (ED)* above economic injury level (EIL)** Natural enemy lowers ED & maintains it below EIL NUMBER Weed ED Natural Enemy ED EIL *ED - Long term mean density **EIL Lowest density causing economic or ecological damage TIME

10 Advantages of Classical Weed BC Minimal Impact on Non-targets Environmentally Friendly Classical Biocontrol is Permanent Suitable for Weeds of Natural Areas Minimal Disturbance

11 Disadvantages of Classical BC Control is Not Immediate (5 10 years) Little Interest in Commercialization Unpredictable Some Natural Enemies Fail to Establish Some Natural Enemies are Ineffective

12 BioControl Pipeline Credit: USDA, ARS

13 New Quarantine Facilities USDA-ARS Laboratory, Ft. Lauderdale UF/DACS Laboratory, Ft. Pierce

14 Defining BioControl Success (in Operational Terms) Complete- No other control methods are needed Substantial- Other methods needed but at reduced level Negligible- Other methods are required (Hoffmann 1998)

15 Introduction Topics Overview of Current Projects

16 Brazilian Peppertree (BP) Fortuitous BioControl- Torymid Seed Wasp Megastigmus transvaalensis (Habeck et al. 1989, Wheeler et al. 2001)

17 Brazilian Peppertree 1 1. Thrips - Damages Shoots 2. BP Sawfly - Defoliator 3. Seed Wasp - Attacks Fruits 4. Weevil - Stem/Root Feeder 5. Psyllid - Galls Leaves 6. Leafroller - Defoliator

18

19 Skunk Vine Leaf Beetle Adult

20 Strawberry Guava Data from Nguyen et al. (1992)

21 Tropical Soda Apple Leaf Beetle Adult & Larva

22 Cogon Grass Cogan Grass Infestation (left) and Treatment Plot with BioHerbicide

23 Melaleuca

24 Climbing Ferns Adult Moth & Caterpillar

25 Introduction Topics Overview of Current Projects Examine Potential Projects

26 Purple Sesban, Rattlebox J. Hoffmann, Capetown Univ. Seed Weevil

27 Chinese Tallow E. Siemann, Rice Univ. Leaf Beetle Adult Plant Sucking Aphid

28 Chinese Privet Weevil Adult & Larva

29 For More BioControl Info: ifasbooks.ufl.edu/

30 Brazilian Peppertree Management Plan 1 st Edition of BP Management Plan 1997 Revised Management Plan Completed April nd Edition Available In Print and On-Line:

31 Traditional & Electronic Publications Classical Biological Control of Weeds with Insects: Melaleuca Weevil 1 J. P. Cuda, S.A. Wineriter, G.R. Buckingham, T.D. Center, and K.T. Gioeli 2

32 Web Sites plants.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/biocons.html

33 Introduction Topics Overview of Current Projects Examine Potential Projects Questions?

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