Ecosystem Services and Cities: Case of Yokohama City and Kanagawa River Basin

Transcription

1 September 9 th, 2009 Urban Ecosystems and Biodiversity Ecosystem Services and Cities: Case of Yokohama City and Kanagawa River Basin Satoru Sadohara, Yokohama National University

2 Outline The present state -The ecosystem services are important for cities -The main drivers of ecosystem deterioration What is important for the future? -Maintaining biodiversity by giving importance to all the ecosystem services. Some pioneering measures -The Green tax of Yokohama City -The Reservoir Areas Environmental Tax of Kanagawa Prefecture -The space- time information platform of river basins

3 The ecosystem services are very important for Yokohama City Middle stream area Stream water source area Bay area

4 Bay area: Sea breeze, Nice scenery,

5 北 西 東 南 Middle stream area: Slope green exists

6 Middle stream area: Breeze from slope green Slope failure prevention Nice scenery, 蒸発散 - 気候調整 重要な土壌生態系の役割にじみ出し降雨 浸透 - 保水 浄化

7 Stream water source area: Cooling by green, Take a walk in the green, Biodiversity conservation, Watershed protection, 若葉台公園 グラウンド 調整池

8 Outline The present state -The ecosystem services are important for cities -The main drivers of ecosystem deterioration What is important for the future? -Maintaining biodiversity by giving importance to all the ecosystem services. Some pioneering measures -The Green tax of Yokohama City -The Reservoir Areas Environmental Tax of Kanagawa Prefecture -The space- time information platform of river basins

9 Drivers of ecosystem change : Change in population and farmland of Kanagawa Prefecture since 1879 ( Source : History of Kanagawa Prefecture, Statistic) Total farmland World war I World war II Economic Growth 高度成長の始まり 石油ショック (1973) Collapse of bubble economy バブル崩壊 (1990) Oil Crisis Field 日本総人口減少へ Depopulation begins Rice field Population

10 Assessment flame-work of MA and Drivers of Yokohama City and Kanagawa River Basin World Japan Region Provisioning Provisioning Provisioning service: Cities depend on the region far away and also foreign countries Human Well-being and poverty reduction Population Life Span GDP per capita Ecosystem Services Fresh Water Food Timber Provisioning Regulating Cultural Supporting Ecosystem Satochi-Satoyama ecosystem Okuyama ecosystem Sato-umi ecosystem Deterioration of ecosystems Indirect drivers of change Population (from increasing to decreasing, Overconcentration) Economic Expansion Change in industrial structure Globalization, Change in the world trade structure Change in primary industry Agriculture Forest industry Fisheries industry (Monofunctioned provision) Direct drivers of change Habitat grab, destruction and contamination due to urbanization (Urban development and industry) : Land use change Industrialized agriculture and destruction and contamination of environment Degradation of primary industries and abandonment of fields care Demographic Change and the globalization of the economy The expansion of urban areas and industrialization Invasion of alien species

11 The present state The main problem is that for the ecosystem provisioning services, cities depend on the region far away from them and also on foreign countries. Due to this reason, the ecosystem in those cities or in Japan becomes unnecessary. While in the supply region, the ecosystem provisioning service will be overused and the ecosystem is destroyed. In the rural areas in Japan, the abandonment of the farmland and the man-made forest and deterioration in the ecosystem become serious problems.

12 What is important for the future? It is important to maintain biodiversity by giving importance to other ecosystem services as well in addition to the ecosystem provisioning service. Hereafter, the population will decrease. The reclamation of the ecosystem in the population decreased regions is important. The maintenance of the ecosystem and the continuation of the ecosystem services using rice fields are important in Japan. Understanding of hydrological cycle is also important. It is important to maintain the ecosystem while increasing the rate of food self-sufficiency in cities and their surroundings or in the country.

13 Some pioneering measures Some of the examples of pioneering measures are the Green tax of Yokohama City and the Reservoir Areas Environmental Tax of Kanagawa Prefecture. Cities residents pay the tax to maintain the ecosystem for its continued services. "The spatial and temporal information platform of river basins" is important for stake-holders collaboration that facilitates visualization of our environment and allow us to act based on scientific knowledge.

14 World Region Area Human Well-being and poverty reduction 人口 平均寿命供給サービス 一人当たりGDP 生態系サービス供給サービス 水 食料 木材 供給サービス 調整サービス 文化的サービス 基盤サービス Ecosystem Humansphere Indirect drivers of change 人口の動向 ( 増加から減少 一極集中へ ) 経済の規模拡大 産業構造変化 グローバル化 貿易構造変化一次産業の変質 農業 林業 漁業 ( 供給サービスへの単機能化 ) Direct drivers of change 里地 里山生態系 奥山生態系 里海生態系 Biosphere 都市化 ( 工業 都市開発 ) による生息域の収奪破壊と汚染 ; 土地利用変化 農業の工業化と環境破壊 汚染 農林水産業の規模縮小と管理放棄 外来種の浸入 Basic drivers of change Atmosphere Hydrosphere Goesphere

15 Structure of The space- time information platform of river basins Air circulation (Simulator): Dr.Kondo/ National Institute(AIST) GIS Data(Land use and etc.) -position and attribute- Input and output by GIS Server Underground structure 3D model:mr. Hori/ Disaster Prevention Technology Water circulation (Simulator):Prof. Tosaka(University of Tokyo)

16 Result of water simulation (Water flow chart) The platform offers us scientific information and knowledge of the importance of ecosystem.

17 Disribution of nitrogen deposition from the air 鮑子取水口 沼本ダム 寒川取水口 飯泉取水口 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 沈着窒素量 t/year 0.03~3.26 g/ m2 /month

18 Point for discussion Anthropogenic activities of big cities cause the global ecological deterioration. What should we do so that the city residents start to recognize about the ecological deterioration and create movement for the preservation of ecosystem and its reclamation?