Water Reuse in Arizona
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1 Water Reuse in Arizona Driven by Need, Enabled by Legal Framework CIFA Conference November 2015 Tampa, Florida
2 Water Infrastructure Finance Authority of Arizona Independent state agency Manage Arizona s Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds Our mission: Maintain and improve water quality in Arizona by providing financial and technical assistance for basic water infrastructure.
3 Reuse - Why Arizona? Climate + Growth + Groundwater + Regulations Comprehensive legal framework for reuse
4
5 A Trip Back in Time Grand Canyon 1920s - first WWTP in US built specifically to allow reuse (0.13 mgd capacity) Toilet flushing Boiler feed for power generation Water for steam locomotives
6 A Trip Back in Time Irrigation with raw sewage Popular in arid west due to limited water supplies Reached peak in 1923 Over 70 cities had sewage farms for growing food crops : Raw sewage from 30-inch main irrigates Tucson farm Sewer farm near Salt Lake City, Utah Source: Utah Historical Society, ca. 1908
7 1932 Irrigated agriculture receives reclaimed water from Phoenix 23rd Avenue WWTP A Trip Back in Time
8 A Trip Back in Time 1983 Phx 91 st Ave WWTP delivers treated wastewater to Palo Verde NGS Largest nuclear power plant in US Unique in world: 100%- cooled by reclaimed water 3% of entire US reuse! Receives 60 mgd - 45% of WWTP flow Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station
9 A Trip Back in Time 1989 Tucson Sweetwater Recharge Facility First full-scale engineered recharge project in AZ utilizing reclaimed water Recharges 10 mgd under state permits Credit: City of Tucson
10 Back to the Present Management Options for AZ WWTPs Surface water courses Discharge to dry streambeds Streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs Recharge - managed infiltration Not considered or regulated as disposal Significant practice to reduce groundwater over-pumping Recharge credits offset limits on groundwater pumping Infiltration Basins (rapid infiltration basins or RIBs) Tend to be smaller facilities Reuse Not considered or regulated as disposal Agriculture, landscape irrigation, power generation, etc.
11 Reuse Driver: Groundwater Regulations
12 Reuse Driver: Groundwater Regulations Groundwater Management Act of 1980 Regulatory incentive for reuse and recharge Goal do not withdraw more than what is replaced Based on a system of groundwater credits established for safe yield Recharging earns credits to offset groundwater pumping
13 Reuse Driver: Groundwater Regulations As a side note Cities and towns also use recharge basins to store surface water and reduce groundwater pumping Canal system brings water to central and southern AZ recharged to replenish groundwater Some groundwater recharge facilities mix reclaimed and surface water
14 Reuse Driver: Legal framework first reclaimed water rules new rules transform program All new & expanding WWTPs must employ highperformance, tertiary treatment Five reclaimed water quality classes (A+, A, B+, B, C) with corresponding allowed end uses Two permits WWTP responsible for quality of effluent and all monitoring Reclaimed water permits issued to end users - simple O&M and reporting requirements
15 Reuse Driver: Legal framework Class A Class B Class C Food crop and landscape irrigation Fire protection systems Toilet/urinal flushing Golf course and orchard/vineyard irrigation Irrigation of sod farms, fiber, seed, forage crops Dust control Silviculture Pasture/watering (dairy animals) Snowmaking Street cleaning Vehicle/equipment washing Construction activities Pasture/watering (non-dairy animals) Irrigating athletic field with reclaimed water, University of Arizona
16 AZ Stats Of Arizona s 98 largest WWTPs (design flow 1 mgd) 93% distribute at least some reclaimed water for reuse 56% distribute Class A+ water Viticulture with reclaimed water, Cottonwood (Yavapai College photo) Reclaimed Water Fire Hydrant
17 AZ Stats More than 82% of treated wastewater generated in the Phoenix metro area is reused represents wastewater from 60% of AZ population
18 AZ Stats Use of treated wastewater in Phoenix area - Power 22% - Agriculture 22% - Recharge 21% - Environmental 11% - Landscape, turf irrigation 6% SUBTOTAL THAT IS REUSED 82% - Discharged (uncommitted) 18% TOTAL 100% Note: Greater Phoenix area has 60% of Arizona s population Source: Water Reuse in Central Arizona, ASU Decision Center for a Desert City, 2013
19 Includes recharged effluent!!
20 AZ Stats Arizona is 2nd highest nationally in per capita reuse Reuse Per Person, th in overall reuse Source: Bluefield Research
21 2015 Arizona Commercial Water Bills for Potable versus Reclaimed Water, by Monthly Consumption Reclaimed Water Rate Structures in 2015 WIFA-EFC Arizona Rates Survey, by Utility Type (n=35)
22 Potential Areas of Concern Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs - pharmaceuticals, personal care products) Risk so far looks minimal AZ mandates high-performance treatment with nitrogen removal in all new & expanding WWTPs Corollary benefit: this treatment also greatly reduces CEC levels Work by UA & others shows high CEC removal Secondary treatment: 20-40% Tertiary treatment with N-removal: 60-99%
23 Potential Areas of Concern Unintended Consequences? Is reclaimed water becoming so valuable that riparian areas dependent on it are becoming threatened? Santa Cruz River below Nogales International WWTP Photo: Channing Turner, Cronkite News
24 A Developing Trend Kino Environmental Restoration Project (combined reclaimed/ stormwater) Credit: Pima County Riparian Preserve Town of Gilbert Anthem Community Park Credit: MCM Group Birdwatching blind, Veterans Oasis Park, Chandler Credit: Buck-Fever
25 Early SRF projects 2000 Town of Kearny Wastewater Reclamation Facility Reclaimed water to wetland area, golf course, and Kearny s ball fields 2004 City of Tucson Reclaimed Transmission Main Reclaimed water to rodeo, park, 10 schools
26 Recent SRF Incentives Incentives for Reuse and other Green Projects Interest rate reduction Forgivable Principal Beardsley Water Reclamation Facility Upgrades City of Peoria
27 Types of Reuse Projects New water reclamation facilities Facility upgrades Reclaimed water transmission mains, booster stations CW SRF Dollars since 2009: $203M included Reuse out of $390M total CW loans WWTP Expansion and Upgrades City of Buckeye
28 Town of Cave Creek - Water Ranch New 0.75 MGD Water Reclamation Facility Administration building, four miles of sewage collection system, four miles of effluent return line Decommissioning and dismantling of the existing wastewater treatment plant A+ effluent Effluent conveyed to storage ponds and used for irrigation Loan Amount $22.9 million
29 City of Prescott Airport WWTP Upgrades Expanded from 1.2 to 3.75 mgd capacity Upgraded from B+ to A+ effluent Aeration system, blower building, tertiary filtration, disinfection, and effluent pump station Increased volume of reclaimed water produced by the WWTP Irrigating sports fields, golf courses, and commercial landscapes, restoring riparian habitats and recharging groundwater aquifers Loan Amount $45.8 million
30 City of Surprise Reclaimed Water Booster Station Modified the Reclaimed Booster Station Pressurized reclaimed water to the City Stadium, ball fields, green belts and landscaping Estimated amount of groundwater that will not be pumped: approximately 2,000 acre feet/year Loan Amount $1.5 million
31 City of Buckeye Reclaimed Water System Improvements Irrigation of Sundance Park ball fields and dog parks School and subdivision landscaping Improvements: 6.25 miles of reclaimed water line One PRV between pressure delivery zones 16 turnouts along the reclaimed water pipeline Electrical, instrumentation and operational modifications Loan Amount $7.37 million Reclaimed water not used for irrigation is recharged at local irrigation district Groundwater Savings Facilities
32 Reuse and the AZ SRF Program: Conclusions Source: Natural fit for SRF program standard practice for WWTPs in AZ Financial needs of the community are the driver for SRF funding Incentives are also offered
33 Green Valley Lake Town of Payson Melanie Ford Technical Program Supervisor Thank you! Tres Rios Wastewater Treatment Wetlands City of Phoenix Chuck Graf, R.G. Principal Hydrogeologist Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
34 Back-up slides
35 Reuse Driver: Legal framework Five Reclaimed Water Quality Classes Class A+, A open access uses } BADCT - pathogen-free - denitrified (A+) - filtration to meet turbidity <2 NTU Class B+, B restricted access uses Class C limited restricted uses Note: Total N <10 mg/l to gain the A+ or B+
36 Reuse Driver: Legal framework Stringent Treatment Standards WWTP must employ Best Available Demonstrated Control Technology (BADCT) Pathogen-free effluent No E. coli, 4 of 7 daily samples E. coli never >15 cfu/100 ml Nitrogen removal to <10 mg/l Odor control Newly upgraded Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant
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