Understanding. Hydraulics. palgrave macmillan. Les Hamill. University of Plymouth THIRD EDITION

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1 Understanding Hydraulics THIRD EDITION Les Hamill Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth palgrave macmillan

2 Preface to third edition Acknowledgements Principal notation Introduction viii x xiii xvi 1 Hydrostatics Fundamentals Hydrostatic pressure and force Force on a plane (flat), vertical immersed surface Location of the resultant force on a vertical surface Force on a plane, inclined immersed surface Force on a curved immersed surface Variation of pressure with direction and buoyancy The hydrostatic equation Stratified fluids 28 Summary 32 2 Pressure measurement Fundamentals Piezometers A simple U-tube manometer A differential U-tube manometer The inverted U-tube differential manometer Adjusting the sensitivity of a manometer 48

3 iv 2.7 The Bourdon gauge Surface tension 53 Summary 54 3 Stability of a floating body Introduction Factors affecting the stability of a floating body Calculation of the metacentric height, GM Period of roll 69 Summary 71 4 Fluids in motion Introduction to the fundamentals Classifying various types of fluid flow Visualising fluid flow The continuity equation Understanding the momentum equation Applying the momentum equation The energy (or Bernoulli) equation Applying the energy equation Drag and lift Free and forced vortices 117 Summary Flow measurement Introduction The Venturi meter The Pitottube Small and large orifices Discharge over a sharp crested weir Calibration of flow measuring devices Velocity meters 157 Summary 159

4 pipeline time v 6 Flow through pipelines Introduction Understanding reservoir - flow Parallel pipelines Branching pipelines The development of the pipe friction equations Head losses at changes of section 201 Summary Flow under a varying head - required to empty a reservoir Introduction Time to empty a reservoir of uniform cross-section Time to empty a reservoir of varying cross-section Flow between two tanks 221 Summary Flow in open channels Fundamentals Discharge equations for uniform flow Channel proportions for maximum discharge or velocity Compound channels and the composite Manning's n Environmentally acceptable channels Specific energy and critical depth Calculation of the critical flow conditions in any channel Calculation of the critical flow in a trapezoidal channel Calculation of the critical flow in a rectangular channel Flow transitions Gradually varying non-uniform flow Surge waves in open channels 292 Summary Hydraulic structures Dams Sluice gates and other control gates 314

5 vi 9.3 Flow around bridge piers and through bridge waterways Culverts Broad crested and Crump weirs Throated flumes 345 Summary Dimensional analysis and hydraulic models Units and dimensions Dimensional homogeneity Dimensional analysis using the Rayleigh method Dimensional analysis using the Buckingham n theorem Hydraulic models and similarity 364 Summary Turbines and pumps Introduction Impulse turbines Reaction turbines Performance equations and characteristics of turbines Rotodynamic pumps Pump performance equations, affinity laws and specific speed Pump selection for a particular duty Avoiding problems with cavitation and surge Introduction to the analysis of unsteady pipe flow The ram pump 428 Summary Introduction to engineering hydrology The hydrological cycle Humankind's intervention in the hydrological cycle Precipitation Evaporation, transpiration and evapotranspiration Infiltration and percolation 459

6 Derivation Solutions Graph vii 12.6 Surface runoff 464 Summary Applications of engineering hydrology Predicting a catchment's response to rainfall The unit hydrograph rainfall-runoff model Statistical analysis of riverflow data Riverine and surface water flood risk management Surface water sewer design using the modified rational method Water supply reservoirs Groundwater 532 Summary Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS) Introduction What do SUDS do, and why? Design of SUDS Potential problems with SUDS 566 Summary 567 Bibliography and references 569 Appendix 1 - of equations 576 Appendix 2 - Appendix 3 - to self test questions 592 paper 617 Index 621

Index. Page numbers followed by f indicate figures.

Index. Page numbers followed by f indicate figures. Index Aerodynamic method, 103, 110 111 Algae, 131, 173, 175 Alternate depth, 88 Alternating block method, 132, 140 141 Attenuation, 106, 107f, 118, 120 Page numbers followed by f indicate figures. Baseflow