ABE 482 Environmental Engineering in Biosystems. September 22 Lecture 8

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1 ABE 482 Environmental Engineering in Biosystems September 22 Lecture 8

2 Compost Recipe Example 3 How much water should we add to our piles to reach 60% wet basis moisture content in each one?

3 Summary of Composting Composting is controlled decomposition Weight and volume reduction but requires effort! Nitrogen: what you want to get rid of Carbon: amendment materials to mix with nitrogen Must balance C:N, moisture, oxygen Monitor temperature, airspace, density Compost is done when temperature doesn t rise after turning

4 Today (Anaerobic digestors) Quick definition Applications and types of anaerobic digesters Types of anaerobic digesters Biogas production Sizing of digesters Mass and energy balance for anaerobic digesters

5 What is anaerobic digestion? Methanogenic and acidogenic breakdown of complex organics Oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds in the absence of oxygen Produces biogas and less biomass than aerobic digestion

6

7 Applications of anaerobic digestion Any wet organic material Waste paper, grass clippings, foodwaste, sewage, animal wastes Energy or silage crops Wood waste? Livestock production facilities Wastewater treatment facilities

8 Anaerobic Digester for Livestock Production Facilities Flare Digester Production building Greenhouse Biogas Hot Water Generator Production Building Digester Lagoon Digester Production building Power grid Manure Bypass Solid/Liquid Separator Composting or land application Liquid fertilizer

9 Anaerobic Digester for Wastewater Treatment Facilities

10 Types of Digesters

11 Types of digesters Low rate conventional digester Digestion time = days Intermittent mixing, feeding and sludge withdrawal Floating cover or fixed cover High rate digester Digestion time = days Continuous mixing, continuous or periodic feeding and sludge withdrawal Fixed cover 2 stage digester High rate followed by a low rate

12 Biogas production Composition: 65-70% CH 4, 30-35% CO 2, water vapour, trace amounts of H 2 S, H 2, N 2 Quantity: L of digester gas/kg of volatile or organic solids digested Chemical balance (carbs sugars methane and carbon dioxide) C 6 H 12 O 6 3(CO 2 ) + 3(CH 4 ) 180 g/mol 46 g/mol 16 g/mol

13 Factors controlling the conversion of waste to gas The type of waste being digested, Its concentration, Its temperature, The presence of toxic materials, The ph and alkalinity, The hydraulic retention time, The solids retention time, The ratio of food to microorganisms, The rate of digester loading, And the rate at which toxic end products of digestion are removed.

14 Sizing of digesters For CSTR digesters, required volume = flow rate * hydraulic retention time Volume of biogas = 5-15% tank volume

15 Example 1 Sizing of digesters Determine the volume of CSTR digester required to digest pig slurry from a farm with 2,000 pigs. The hydraulic retention time is 15 days.

16 Mass and Energy Balance Mass balance Total mass of inputs = total mass of outputs Inputs = feedstock Outputs = digestate and biogas Feedstock % dry matter (%DM) % organic dry matter (%ODM) % organic matter reduction (%OMR)

17 Feedstock % dry matter (%DM) %DM = dry mass/wet mass %DM = 1 MCwb Dry material at 105 C for 24 hours % organic matter (%ODM) %ODM = 100 Ash% Ash% = non-volatile organics/dry mass Cook at 550 C to drive off volatiles % organic matter reduction (%OMR) %OMR = (%ODM input -%ODM output )/%ODM input 30% for anaerobic digestion of cattle manure 70% for some energy crops

18 Simple Feedstock Calculation Feedstock Mass (rate) = 50 tonnes/day %DM = 30% %ODM = 90% %OMR = 66.7% Calculate: Mass (rate) of dry matter and organic dry matter in input Mass (rate) of organic matter reduction

19 Simple Mass Balance Water Ash ODM Total Input Total dry Dry - organic Organic Water + ash + organic Water Ash ODM Biogas Total Output Same as input Same as input Input - OMR OMR Same as input Digestate

20 Simple Mass Balance Mass of feedstock = 50 tonnes/day Dry matter of feedstock = 15 tonnes/day Organic dry matter of feedstock = 13.5 tonnes/day Organic matter reduction = 9 tonnes/day Input (tonnes/day) Water 35 Ash 1.5 ODM 13.5 Total 50 Output (tonnes/day) Water 35 Ash 1.5 ODM 4.5 Biogas 9 Total 50 Mass of digestate = 41 tonnes/day Calculate: %DM and %ODM of digestate DM and ODM rates

21 Anaerobic Digestion Parameters Consider the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Hydraulic retention time Specific loading rate Specific biogas production Specific methane production

22 Next Day Anaerobic digester parameters Biogas production Digester heat balance

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