Mega Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa Health and Sanitation. Huub Rijnaarts (WUR-ETE and WIMEK) Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld (WUR-ETE and LeAF)
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1 Mega Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa Health and Sanitation Huub Rijnaarts (WUR-ETE and WIMEK) Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld (WUR-ETE and LeAF)
2 Knowledge Investment Theme Metropolitan Solutions Huub Rijnaarts Environmental Technology, Graduate School WIMEK Wageningen University
3 ENGINEERING THE FUTURE CITY Green Street Fresh Air & Dry Feet Fresh Food City DigIn City Second Life Materials
4 MOOC: Researching Metropolitan Solutions 4
5
6 Environmental Technology
7 Urban System Engineering
8 Sub Saharan sanitation case studies Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld (WUR-ETE and LeAF)
9 Selected case studies Tanzania Ghana Ethiopia South Africa Based on field studies (MSc-MUE), LeAF and ETE projects 9
10 LeAF Governments Water boards Public sector Society Private initiatives Civil groups NGOs Industry Agriculture Consulting firms Private sector Knowledg e institutes Universities Research centres
11 LeAF services Laboratory services Desk & feasibility studies Courses & workshops Project management
12 Case studies: Tanzania Isabela Thomas Mkude (research fellow and lecture Open University of Tanzania, OUT), MSc MUE-WUR, PhD candidate New Zealand) 12
13 Tanzania In a few cities (Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Tanga, Mwanza) an offsite sanitation system with WSPs In the rest of regions onsite sanitation system (pit latrines, VIPs (flush or pour flush) and lastly VIPs with septic tanks and soak away pits. 13
14 Tanzania Most of country s area is not yet in Cities level. They are in municipality/regions, villages and sub-villages starters. odoma 14
15 15
16 Tanzania: problems to set sanitation Most modern sanitation options water intensive Availability of technology and local material for construction Despite awareness and trainings done on different sanitation use, some community used to stick on what they are already know and comfortable to use - cultural constraints Bureaucracy and financial constrains: Some projects when put into place by donors and implementers, the funds end up to the pockets of the few 16
17 Chances Before implementing any sanitation system projects, other projects need to be pre-requisite; these are water availability and capacity building/awareness. More sustainable when demand driven rather than fund driven. Community opinions and needs are the first, without forgetting cultural issues and gender issues inclusions. Pre-Planning for the upcoming communities There are chances for nutrient recovery and wastewater recycling. 17
18 Good and bad examples Ecosan system: Studied and tried to be implemented in Dar es Salaam community areas (in local market area and in local open garden area). Feaces and urine were collected and used as manure Easy pit latrine emptying technology- Introduced by one non-government organization aiming to help community in unplanned and inaccessible residential areas in Dar es Salaam. Methane production project from human waste in villages with no electricity supply - the gas were used for cooking. 18
19 Good and bad examples... All the mention good examples have never been sustainable for long.whether it was government s projects or international funders, the sustainability of these projects to local community is still a nightmare... 19
20 Ghana infrastructure in place Borehole wells Biosand filters Private in-house (W.C.) Pit latrine (public) VIPs (Ventilated improved pits) Open storm water gutters Waste water treatment plant Joshua Armah MSC-MUE, currently intern at IWMI Accra 20
21 21 Ashaiman
22 22
23 Ghana problems Inadequate sanitation infrastructure (access for periurban and low income communities) Dependency on unsafe water sources in the rural areas (rural dwellers suffer from many waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea) 23
24 Ghana why it goes wrong Inadequate investment in sanitation by government Low institutional capacity for managing sewerage treatment systems Ineffective sanitation policy 24
25 Ghana chances, approaches Investment in water and sanitation (with private participation) Improved water source & increased access for rural dwellers Improved sanitation access, especially in rural areas 25
26 Ghana good bad examples Good examples (new initiatives), Bad examples (international investors putting in place a completely wrong solution) Good examples: Wastewater irrigation Resource recovery (from wastewater, fecal sludge, and domestic and agro-industrial waste) and reuse Application of local, national and global wastewater use guidelines and sanitation safety plans According to Joshua Armah, MSc MUE-WUR 26
27 Safisana initiative (and its strategy) generating the means to maintain the service for many years and creating long term perspective for the local inhabitants. 27
28 SaFiSana model 28
29 SaFiSana model 13 tons of toilet waste will be treated daily and not pumped into the sea 12 tons of solid organic waste is recycled daily and not left to feed rodents or clutter sewers 40,000 people 3000 families 720,000 m2 farmland 12 people have access to improved toilets will be served with green electricity daily gains access to vital nutrients using our organic fertilizer. have direct employment and many more are supported as suppliers or partners 29
30 Ethiopia sanitation infrastructure Addis only 4% of the population (out of 5 mln residents) are connected to central treatment plant (waste stabilization pond). most of the sanitation facilities in the city use more resources (water). Storm water and sewers are combined which puts pressure during rainy season. Alemayehu Zewdie, MSc MUE-WUR Nowadays, Oxfam GB ASSAR (Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions) as Research - into - Use (RiU) and capacity building Coordinator for East Africa. 30
31 Ethiopia - problems Sanitation coverage is very low People are not comfortable to convert waste to valuable items like energy. Lack of funds Waste management is very low Health related issues due to poor sanitation in the cities specially for children. 31
32 Ethiopia why problems Because the government does not give priority to sanitation coverage (both in quality and quantity). 32
33 Ethiopia what are the chances? Most of the cities in sub-saharan African countries are undergoing rapid urban development and for the new construction it is an opportunity to have sanitation facilities to be incorporated. Central treatment plant are becoming challenge for deeloping countries, so it is very good to have decentralized systems in those urban areas. 33
34 Ethiopia success stories? In Addis Ababa 50MW waste to energy for the waste dumping place, to be completed in this year (2016) and it is one of the government agenda for green economy. 34
35 ROSSA project
36 ROSSA project Eestablishing sustainable value chain sanitation service provision for inhabitants of three neighbourhoods in Adama. toilet bazaar; designing public toilets unit with a consequent treatment; construction of a pilot plant for treatment of faecal sludge from Adama. + capacity building and awareness programs for local stakeholders, such as urban community led total sanitation and safety for sanitation workers,
37 ROSSA Scheme adapted from: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
38 ROSSA spin-off school sanitation LeAF & Adama Town Health Office & local micro enterprises WASH improvement handwashing water treatment & reuse
39 South Africa school sanitation Sincobile Secondary School located in rural area in Mpumalanga province suffered (until now) from insufficient sanitation facilities. HighSchool.htm 39
40 South Africa school sanitation 40
41 South Africa school sanitation 41
42 South Africa school sanitation sustainable sanitation concept: separation of wastewater streams and their affinitive treatment, reuse of wastewater and storm water for irrigation, reuse of nutrients for fertilization of crops in local garden project, generation of compost and generation of biogas for cooking purposes. max use of existing infrastructure with a lot of engineering creativity trainings as a part of school curriculum. HighSchool.htm 42
43 43
44 44
45
46 Discussion 46
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