Responding to Ethanol Incidents. Instructor Guide

Transcription

1 Responding to Ethanol Incidents Instructor Guide

2 Responding to Ethanol Incidents Copyright Information Responding to Ethanol Incidents First Edition Revised: March 2008 v Printed in the United States of America The safety statements, procedures, and guidelines contained in this course manual are current as of the publication date. Prior to using the safety statements, procedures, and guidelines contained in the course manual, it is advised that you confirm the currency of these statements, procedures, and guidelines with the appropriate controlling authorities. The development of this training program was supported by a grant awarded to the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) by the United States Fire Administration (USFA). The IAFC wishes to thank the USFA for its ongoing commitment to the health and safety of hazardous materials first responders. The IAFC would also like to thank Captain Gary Pope (ret.), Captain Steve Hergenreter, and the Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition (EERC) for their assistance with the content development and program review. Pictures on the cover are the property of the Texas Engineering Extension Service/Emergency Services Training Institute (TEEX/ESTI). INSTRUCTOR GUIDE

3 Table of Contents Module 0: Introduction About This Course Course Goal Course Overview Target Audience Delivery Method Course Prerequisites Course Length Course Materials Administrative Information Module 1: Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Introduction History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Common Ethanol-Blended Fuel Mixtures Summary Module 2: Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Introduction Activity 2.1 Definitions Worksheet 2.1: Definitions Characteristics of Gasoline (A Hydrocarbon) Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) Activity 2.2 Comparison of Gasoline and Ethanol Characteristics of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Summary Module 3: Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Introduction Transportation and Placarding Activity 3.1 Ethanol Spill Emergency 3-10 Summary Module 4: Storage and Dispensing Locations Introduction Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Bulk Plant and Distribution Facilities Retail Dispensing Stations Summary Activity 4.1 Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction Worksheet 4.1: Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction Module 5: Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Introduction Basic Foam Principles What is Foam? Why Use Foam? How Foam Works What is Foam Not Effective On? What is Foam Effective On? Foam Terminology Types of Foam Foam Characteristics Foam Proportioning and Delivery Systems Application Techniques Foam and Ethanol and Ethanol-Fuel Blends Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments Summary References Module 6: Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Introduction Detection and Monitoring Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)...6-4

4 IG ii Activity 6.1 Incident Procedures Worksheet 6.1: Non-Fire Spill and Leak Procedures Worksheet 6.2: Fire Incident Procedures With Ethanol-Blended Fuel Spills Summary Module 7: Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Introduction Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Operations Preplanning Summary Activity 7.1 Ethanol Emergency Procedures

5 Index of Figures IG iii The following figure has been reprinted with permission from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Figure 3.1: MC-306/DOT-406 Cargo Tank 3-3 Department of Transportation (DOT) Emergency Response Guidebook, available online at Figure 3.3: Flammable Placard 3-4 Figure 3.4: UN 1203 Placards for Gasoline-Blended With up to 10 Percent Ethanol 3-5 Figure 5.9: United Nations (UN) 1203 Placard for E-10 or Gasoline 5-19 Figure 5.10: UN 3475 Placard for E Figure 5.11: North American (NA) 1987 Placard for E-85, E-95, or E The following figure has been reprinted with permission from Storage Tank Emergencies, Copyright 1997 by Michael Hildebrand & Gregory G. Noll: Figure 4.2: Underground Horizontal Tank 4-7 The following figures have been reprinted with permission from Steve Hergenreter: Figure 3.5: DOT 111 General Service Tank Car 3-5 Figure 3.6: DOT 111 With Placard 3-6 The following figures have been reprinted with permission from Chauncey Naylor: Figure 5.2: In-Line Eductor 5-12 Figure 5.3: In-Line Indicator 5-12 Figure 5.4: Bypass Eductor 5-13 The following figures are property of the Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX)/Emergency Services Training Institute (ESTI): Figure 3.2: Overturned MC-306/DOT-406 Cargo Tank 3-4 Figure 3.7: NFPA 704 Diamond 3-7 Figure 3.8: NFPA Diamond for E-100, E-95, E-85, and Gasoline 3-8 Figure 3.9: Transport Truck 3-11 Figure 4.1: Cone Roof Storage Tank 4-4 Figure 5.1: Foam Production 5-5 Figure 5.5: Bypass Indicator 5-13

6 IG iv Figure 5.6: Foam Proportioning Nozzles With Air-Aspirator 5-14 Figure 5.7: Air Aspirating Nozzles 5-15 Figure 5.8: Non-Air Aspirating Nozzles 5-16 Figure 6.1: Firefighter Wearing Full Set of Protective Clothing 6-7

7 Module Introduction Welcome/Instructor: Module Time: 30 minutes During this portion of the course, you should facilitate the following activities: Introduction of instructors Introduction of course participants Overview of participant manual and other resources About This Course Course Goal Course Overview Upon the successful completion of this course, participants will have knowledge related to ethanol and ethanol-blended fuels, including their use, chemical and physical characteristics, transportation, and transfer. Course topics include: Module 0: Introduction Module 1: Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Module 2: Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Module 3: Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Module 4: Storage and Dispensing Locations Module 5: Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel

8 IG 0-2 Introduction About This Course Module 6: Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Module 7: Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Target Audience This course is designed for individuals who will respond to ethanol-related emergencies as well as those who work at fixed-facilities and transport fuel. For additional information please visit the following Web sites: Delivery Method Course delivery method consists of: lecture with PowerPoint presentations, case studies, and participant discussions. Course Prerequisites Course Length None 6 hours Course Materials Instructor Note: You will need the following materials to teach this course: Responding to Ethanol Incidents video Worksheet 2.1 Table 2.1 Figure 3.9 Worksheet 4.1 Flip chart or white board Worksheets 6.1 and 6.2

9 Administrative Information Introduction Administrative Information IG 0-3 Instructor Note: At this point in the course, familiarize participants with the following: Facility safety Restroom facilities Exits Refreshments Available resources Instructors will use this portion of the course time to familiarize you with facility safety and convenience features as well as any additional resources or equipment available to you.

10 IG 0-4 Introduction Module 0: Introduction Course Goal Upon the successful completion of this course, participants will have knowledge related to ethanol and ethanol-blended fuels including their use, chemical and physical characteristics, transportation, and transfer. 2 Course Overview Module 0: Introduction Module 1: Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Module 2: Chemical and Physical Characteristics ti of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Module 3: Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Module 4: Storage and Dispensing Locations 3

11 Introduction IG 0-5 Course Overview Module 5: Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Module 6: Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Module 7: Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents 4 About This Course Target audience Delivery method Course prerequisites Course length 5 Administrative Information Facility safety Restroom facilities Exits Refreshments Available resources 6

12 IG 0-6 Introduction

13 Module Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Terminal Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to describe the use and growth of ethanol in the United States. Enabling Objectives 1. Describe the differences between pure gasoline and ethanol-blended gasoline as fuels. 2. List the three most common ethanol blends. Instructor Note: Module Time: 40 minutes Materials: Responding to Ethanol Incidents video

14 IG 1-2 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels

15 Introduction Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Introduction IG 1-3 Ethanol, what is the worry? On May 14, 2007, a tanker carrying 8,000 gallons of ethanol overturned and burst into flames on an interstate in Baltimore, Maryland, killing the driver and sending a burning stream of ethanol into the street below, igniting a row of parked vehicles. On October 22, 2006, an eighty-six-car train carrying ethanol derailed, sending some of the tank cars into a river while others burst into flames. On June 19, 2006, five tank cars derailed and leaked approximately 12,000 gallons of ethanol before emergency crews were able to stop the leaks. Instructor Note: Ask the participants if they think those will be isolated incidents or if they think the occurrence of such incidents is likely to increase? In other words what is the urgency to learn more about ethanol? Answer: Domestic consumer use of ethanol is likely to increase in the coming years. Federal mandates for renewable fuel consumption, including ethanol, have increased from 4.3 billion gallons in 2007, to 9 billion in 2008, and up to 36 billion gallons in the year If you have a large ethanol-fuel blend fire in your jurisdiction, do you know the best extinguishing agent and the most effective application techniques? That is what this course is designed to cover. We want to give you an awareness of the use, transport, storage, and extinguishment of ethanol and ethanol-fuel blend fires. Ethanol and ethanol-blended fuels are in use in growing quantities in the United States, and volumes have become substantial. Consumers in the United States use more than 140 billion gallons of gasoline per year. Today, there are more than 8 billion gallons of fuel ethanol produced in the United States. The addition of ethanol to gasoline presents some unique fire fighting challenges. Traditional methods of fire fighting against hydrocarbon (gasoline) fires have been found to be ineffective against these polar solvent-type (ethanol-blended) fuels. While gasoline will tend to float on top of water, ethanol fuels are water soluble and will tend to blend with the water. For this reason, the use of Alcohol-Resistant (AR) foam as a means of extinguishing an ethanol fire is recommended.

16 IG 1-4 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Introduction Instructor Note: Show the video Responding to Ethanol Incidents (total time 19:20). This video was produced by the Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition (EERC). Source: EERC. (2007). Responding to Ethanol Incidents [Video]. Tell participants that the video focuses on the storage of ethanol and ethanol-fuel blends and the effectiveness of foam on ethanol fires. After the video, ask and discuss the following: Are traditional suppression methods for gasoline emergencies effective for ethanol and ethanol blends? Answer: No Based on the studies, which foam was the most effective on both E-10 and E-85/95? Answer: Alcohol-Resistant Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AR-AFFF) Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States and the world has become a motorized society. Most families either own an automobile or rely on motorized transportation on a daily basis. For the past 100 years, the primary automotive fuel has been a byproduct of crude oil, a limited natural resource. Opposite from the European community, who focused on diesel engines for light-duty and passenger vehicles, the United States automobile industry has predominantly produced gasoline-powered vehicles. The heavy-duty or off-road larger vehicles and equipment are generally being powered by diesel power plants. Both gasoline and diesel are hydrocarbons (composed of hydrogen and carbon) derived from crude oil. The nature and characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels are familiar to virtually everyone involved in fire protection today since gasoline and diesel are so widely used and incidents are common occurrences. However, as a result of public policy toward foreign oil supplies and other mandates, ethanol-blended fuels are becoming a substantial component of the U.S. motor fuel market. Today, ethanol is blended into nearly 50 percent of the nation s fuel and is sold virtually from coast-to-coast and border-to-border. As of the beginning of 2007, the domestic U.S. ethanol industry consisted of over 100 bio-refineries, located in 21 different states, with the capacity to produce more than 6 billion gallons of this motor fuel. Fuel ethanol inherently burns with less visible smoke than gasoline. The bio-fuels industry, in general, is expected to significantly contribute to the nation s motor fuel supply. The ethanol industry has been growing rapidly. According to the American Petroleum Institute (API), in 2006 the growth of the

17 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 1-5 transportation fuels marketplace was equivalent to the capacity expansion realized in the ethanol industry. In early 2008, there are reportedly seventy-eight bio-refineries under construction. With seven existing bio-refineries expanding, the industry projected more than 6 billion gallons of new production capacity to be in operation by the end of 2009, more than doubling production capacity in under three years. Some predict that similar growth will continue into future years. Consumers in the United States use more than 140 billion gallons of gasoline per year, and already most of that is blended with ethanol. This course will address the needs of emergency responders when faced with incidents involving ethanol and ethanol-blended fuels. History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Ethanol has been a gasoline additive since the late 1970s. As of 2007, the United States fuel-grade ethanol production capacity has grown to over 6 billion gallons. Until the late 1980s ethanol s primary role in the fuels market was that of an octane enhancer, and it was viewed as an environmentally sound alternative to the use of lead in gasoline. With its blending octane value, ethanol remains an effective octane enhancer for the refiner or fuel blender. In the late 1980s some states began to use ethanol and other oxygenates in mandatory oxygenated fuel programs to reduce automobile tailpipe emissions of carbon monoxide (CO). Fuel oxygenates, such as ethanol, add chemical oxygen to the fuel, which promotes more complete combustion thereby lowering CO emissions. Hydrocarbon exhaust emissions are also often reduced. Today, ethanol is the most widely used oxygenate used to meet the oxygen requirement for Reformulated Gasoline (RFG). This is largely due to the fact that use of the other oxygenate in the program, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), has been banned in nearly all states. Common Ethanol-Blended Fuel Mixtures Ethanol-blended fuels may include blends of gasoline and ethanol in any ratio, but at present there are three common ethanol-blended fuels. Most common is E-10, a 90 percent gasoline/10 percent ethanol blend, which may be labeled as RFG or oxygenated gasoline. Also common is E-95 ethanol that has been denatured with 5 percent unleaded gasoline, the volume of which during 2007 was over 6 billion gallons. Finally, E-85 (85 percent fuel ethanol and 15 percent gasoline) is sold into a developing market as a retail blend for Flexible-Fuel Vehicles (FFV) only.

18 IG 1-6 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Summary While ethanol has been consistently blended at the 5.7 percent and 7.7 percent level in California, it is more frequently blended at the 10 percent level by volume across the United States. With a requirement to replace the octane improvement lost by state bans on MTBE, the demand for ethanol has increased dramatically. Summary Instructor Note: Ask the participants: With mixed blended fuel use increasing, you can expect to encounter them just about anywhere. What aspect of the use of blended fuels might have the most impact on your private life or professional career (i.e., increased production, spill and fire risk, price at the pump, vehicle efficiency, etc.)? What additional alternative fuels besides ethanol and other bio-fuels are being considered to supply energy to the United States consumer (e.g., hydroelectric, wind, solar, nuclear, etc.)? Ethanol has been in use since the early 1970s. However, it has been since the year 2000 that we have seen its use expand dramatically in the United States, largely due to demands for cleaner air combined with state bans on MTBE since March of 1999 in California. The increase in transportation fuel consumption since 2006 has been fully met through growth in ethanol production.

19 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 1-7 Module 1: Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to describe the use and growth of ethanol in the United States. 2 Introduction May 14, 2007 October 22, 2006 June 19,

20 IG 1-8 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels Introduction Unique fire fighting challenges Traditional methods against hydrocarbon fires ineffective: Gasoline tends to float on top of water Ethanol fuels tend to blend with water AR foam recommended 4 Introduction Primary automotive fuel is derivative of crude oil U.S. automobile industry predominantly produced gasoline-powered vehicles Gasoline & diesel are hydrocarbons derived from crude oil 5 Introduction Ethanol-blended fuels becoming more substantial component of U.S. motor fuel market: Ethanol blended into nearly half of nation s fuel Available from coast-to-coast Fuel ethanol: Less visible smoke than gasoline 6

21 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 1-9 Introduction 2007 production capacity > 6 billion gallons Currently 78 bio-refineries under construction 7 existing bio-refineries expanding Projected > 6 billion gallons new production capacity by Introduction Course addresses needs of emergency responders who may face incidents involving ethanol & ethanol-blended fuels 8 History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Gasoline additive since late 1970s Primary role was octane enhancer until late 1980s: Viewed as environmentally sound alternative to use of lead in gasoline 9

22 IG 1-10 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Late 1980s: Mandatory oxygenated fuel programs Some states used ethanol / oxygenates to lower CO emissions Ethanol is currently most widely used oxygenate: MTBE banned in most states 10 Common Ethanol-Blended Fuel Mixtures 3 common ethanol-blended fuels: E-10 (most common) E-95 E Common Ethanol-Blended Fuel Mixtures Outside California, ethanol most commonly blended at 10% by volume across U.S.: Adds approximately 3.5% oxygen by weight to blend Highest allowed under EPA 12

23 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 1-11 Summary Ethanol in use since early 1970s Use has expanded dramatically in U.S. since 2000 Increase in transportationt ti fuel consumption has been met by capacity expansion in ethanol industry 13

24 IG 1-12 Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels

25 Module Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Terminal Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to describe the chemical and physical differences between pure gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends. Enabling Objectives 1. Compare the chemistry of gasoline and ethanol. 2. Describe the characteristics of ethanol-blended fuels. Instructor Note: Module Time: 1 hour Materials: Worksheet 2.1 Table 2.1

26 IG 2-2 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels

27 Introduction Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Introduction IG 2-3 In order to understand the nature of ethanol-blended fuels, emergency responders will need to understand the characteristics of polar solvents and hydrocarbons, their differences, and how these types of products interact. Under some conditions, ethanol-blended fuels will retain certain characteristics as a gasoline-type fuel, and under others it will exhibit polar solvent-type characteristics. Understanding these conditions will help emergency responders mitigate the various incidents according to the conditions found. Instructor Note: Guide participants through a matching activity in which they match the definitions and terms they will need to effectively discuss the uses of and responses to ethanol as it appears in incidents. After participants have successfully matched the terms with the definitions, discuss them to be sure that everyone understands all the terms.

28 IG 2-4 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Activity 2.1 Definitions Activity 2.1 Definitions Purpose To allow participants to identify the definitions related to ethanol. Instructor Note: Time: 15 minutes Materials: Worksheet 2.1 Instructor Directions: 1. Tell participants that the definition for ethanol has been given. Ask them to take 5 minutes and see if they can fill in the terms for each of the definitions provided in Worksheet Give participants 5 10 minutes to write in the terms for each of the definitions below. Point out that #1 has been completed for them. 3. After you call time, call on participants to provide an answer for each definition. Make sure everyone understands each definition before moving to the next. Participant Directions 1. A list of definitions is provided in Worksheet Write in the appropriate definition for each in the space provided. 3. You will have approximately 5 10 minutes to complete the activity.

29 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Activity 2.1 Definitions IG 2-5 Worksheet 2.1: Definitions Polar solvent Oleophobic Toxicity Ethanol Hydrocarbon Specific gravity Vapor density Auto-ignition temperature Hydrophilic (water miscible) Flash point Combustible liquid Flammable liquid Hydrophobic (non-water miscible) Boiling point Flammable range (Upper Explosive Limit [UEL] Lower Explosive Limit [LEL]) 1. Ethanol: It is a clear colorless, flammable solvent with a boiling point of 78.5 C; also known as ethyl alcohol, grain spirits, or alcohol. Unlike other alcohols of similar molecular weight, ethanol is considered non-toxic or a drinking alcohol. Ethanol found in transportation fuels has been denatured, generally by the addition of up to 5 percent gasoline, rendering it unfit for drinking and thereby avoiding the tax burden imposed on liquor by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, formerly known as the Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). 2. : A compound such as alcohol, acid, or ammonia with a separation of charge in the chemical bonds. These have an affinity for water and will readily go into solution. Answer: Polar solvent 3. : A compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen and commonly obtained through the refining of crude oil; these are the primary constituent parts of both gasoline and diesel fuel. Answer: Hydrocarbon 4. : Has an affinity to water; water-loving Answer: Hydrophilic (water miscible)

30 IG 2-6 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Activity 2.1 Definitions 5. : Repels water; water-fearing ; apparent when oil and water separate or when a drop of water beads on a coat of wax Answer: Hydrophobic (non-water miscible) 6. : Lacks affinity for oil; will not readily mix with oil Answer: Oleophobic 7. : The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid; the lower the value is, the easier it is to ignite. This is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentrations to allow the substance to ignite. Answer: Flash point The flash point of gasoline is -45 F; the flash point of ethanol is 55 F. 8. : The minimum temperature required to ignite a gas or vapor to spontaneously combust in air without a spark or flame being present Answer: Auto-ignition temperature 9. : The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water Answer: Specific gravity

31 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Activity 2.1 Definitions IG : Relative weight of a gas or vapor in comparison to air Answer: Vapor density 11. : The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Answer: Boiling point 12. : Concentration range for a gas or vapor within which a fire may result if an ignition source is introduced; includes an upper and a lower limit between which the danger lies. Answer: Flammable range (Upper Explosive Limit [UEL] Lower Explosive Limit [LEL]) 13. : The degree to which a substance can harm humans or animals Answer: Toxicity 14. : Any liquid with a flash point under 100 F; referred to as Class I liquids; examples are gasoline and ethanol Answer: Flammable liquid 15. : Any liquid with a flash point above 100 F but below 200 F; examples include diesel fuel and kerosene Answer: Combustible liquid

32 IG 2-8 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Characteristics of Gasoline (A Hydrocarbon) Characteristics of Gasoline (A Hydrocarbon) Hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel, etc.) generally have similar characteristics whether they are flammable liquids or combustible liquids. In this program we will specifically identify the characteristics of gasoline as they relate to ethanol and gasoline blends. Gasoline is a hydrocarbon produced from crude oil by fractional distillation. It is non-water miscible and has a flash point of approximately -45 F, varying with octane rating. Gasoline has a vapor density between 3 and 4. Therefore, as with all products with a vapor density greater than 1.0, gasoline vapors will seek low levels or remain close to ground level. Gasoline has a specific gravity of which indicates it will float on top of water since it is non-water miscible or insoluble. Its auto-ignition temperature is between 536 F and 853 F, and it has a boiling point between 100 F and 400 F depending on fuel composition. Gasoline is not considered a poison but does have harmful effects after long-term and high-level exposure that can lead to respiratory failure. Smoke from burning gasoline is black and has toxic components. Gasoline s greatest hazard is its flammability even though it has a fairly narrow flammability range (LEL is 1.4 percent and UEL is 7.6 percent). Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) Emergency responders are generally not going to encounter pure ethanol unless they respond to an event at an ethanol production facility. Ethanol for use in motor fuel blends will generally be denatured with up to 5 percent gasoline or a similar hydrocarbon (E-95) for any style of transport. Nevertheless, the following discussion of the characteristics of ethanol will be based on pure rather than denatured product, for in actuality the denaturant will have minimal effects on product characteristics.

33 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) IG 2-9 Instructor Note: Ask participants the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources. Answer: A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be remade, regrown, or regenerated. A renewable resource is one that can be replenished. Ask participants for examples of non-renewable and renewable resources. Answer: Non-renewable resources would be fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Renewable resources would be things like water, oxygen, timber, fruits, and vegetables. Ethanol is a renewable fuel source that is produced by fermentation and distillation process. The most common source of ethanol in the United States in 2008 is corn. However, it can be produced from other products such as sugar cane, saw grass, and other natural products that will be conducive to the fermentation/distillation process. Ethanol is a polar solvent that is water-soluble and has a 55 F flash point. Ethanol has a vapor density of 1.59, which indicates that it is heavier than air. Consequently, ethanol vapors do not rise, similar to vapors from gasoline which seek lower altitudes. Ethanol s specific gravity is 0.79, which indicates it is lighter than water but since it is water-soluble it will thoroughly mix with water. Ethanol has an auto-ignition temperature of 793 F and a boiling point of 173 F. Ethanol is less toxic than gasoline or methanol. Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure ethanol; however, because gasoline is used in the blend, E-85 is considered potentially carcinogenic. Like gasoline, ethanol s greatest hazard as a motor fuel component is its flammability. It has a wider flammable range than gasoline (LEL is 3.3 percent and UEL is 19 percent). In a pure form, ethanol does not produce visible smoke and has a hard-to-see blue flame. In a denatured form there is little to no smoke, but a slight orange flame may be visible. Interestingly, ethanol and some ethanol blends can conduct electricity while gasoline does not and is considered an electrical insulator.

34 IG 2-10 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) Instructor Note: Show slide number 11: Figure 1 shows a solution of ethanol and water, you can see how the two are completely miscible. The foam is just a result of the agitation. Figure 2 is a close-up of oil and water showing how the two do not mix. Figure 3 shows an oil and water mixture. Upon agitation the oil will often separate out and appear as if it will completely mix but will reform and separate. The most striking difference between these two fuels is that unlike gasoline, ethanol mixes easily with water. While it is possible to dilute ethanol to a condition where it no longer supports combustion, this is not practical in the field as it requires copious amounts of water. Even at 5 parts water to 1 part ethanol, it will still burn.

35 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Activity 2.2 Comparison of Gasoline and Ethanol IG 2-11 Activity 2.2 Comparison of Gasoline and Ethanol Purpose To allow participants to discuss the differences and similarities in the chemical and physical properties of ethanol and gasoline. Instructor Note: Time: 15 minutes Materials: Table 2.1 Instructor Directions: 1. Have participants take a few minutes to review the prior information and fill in Table In the participant manual the chart is left blank. The answers (the italicized text in Table 2.1) are only in your instructor s guide. 3. Based on this information, lead into a discussion in which you have the participants predict how the differences in the fuels, particularly when combined, might lead to different outcomes during emergencies by asking the following questions: Which product is more flammable? Answer: Ethanol, but only slightly Why is it more flammable? Answer: It has a wider flammable range than gasoline, but only slightly. What types of issues does the conductivity of ethanol present in emergency situations? Answer: The danger of a scene can increase if water is present together with charged or downed power lines. With a specific gravity of 0.79, how would you expect the mixed blend to react if released into a water source such as a creek or pond? Answer: The product should mix readily in the water and travel with any current. Participant Directions 1. Review the information in module Fill in Table 2.1.

36 IG 2-12 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Activity 2.2 Comparison of Gasoline and Ethanol Table 2.1: Gasoline and Ethanol Gasoline Ethanol Flash Point -45 F 55 F Ignition Temperature F 793 F Specific Gravity Vapor Density Vapor Pressure mmhg 44 mmhg Boiling Point F 173 F Flammable Range (LEL UEL) 1.4% 7.6% 3.3% 19% Conductivity None Yes Smoke Character Black Slight to none Toxicity Lower than gasoline Solubility None Highly Reference: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

37 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Characteristics of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Characteristics of Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 2-13 Blending ethanol with gasoline has multiple effects. Ethanol increases the heat output of the unleaded gasoline, which produces more complete combustion resulting in slightly lower emissions from unburned hydrocarbons. The higher the concentrations of ethanol, the more the fuel has polar solvent-type characteristics with corresponding effects on conducting fire suppression operations. However, even at high concentrations of ethanol, minimal amounts of water will draw the ethanol out of the blend away from the gasoline. Ethanol and gasoline are very similar in specific gravity. The two differing fuels mix readily with minimal agitation, but the blend is more of a suspension than a true solution. Ethanol has a greater affinity for water than it does for gasoline. Over time, without agitation, gasoline will be found floating on a layer of an ethanol/water solution. The resulting ethanol/water solution is still flammable since the concentration of ethanol is still fairly rich. Phase separation can occur in fuel storage systems where water is known to be present. Blending these fuels together alters the physical and chemical characteristics of the original fuels. However, the resulting changes may be unnoticeable to emergency responders. One of the noticeable differences in the blended fuel versus unblended gasoline is the visual difference of the smoke and flame characteristics. The higher the content of ethanol, the less visible the black smoke content and orange flame production. These characteristics may be masked by other substrates that may also be burning such as vehicle tires. Another noticeable difference of ethanol-blended fuels under fire conditions is that when foam or water has been flowed on the burning product, the gasoline will tend to burn off first, eventually leaving the less volatile ethanol/water solution which may have no visible flame or smoke.

38 IG 2-14 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Summary Summary Instructor Note: Ask participants: Are you surprised by any of the differences between gasoline and ethanol? Which differences are going to be of most concern to first responders? Mixed blends of fuel present interesting situations for emergency responders. Water is a readily available fire fighting agent, and we have discussed how the fuel mixtures react with water. What other hazards are associated with ethanol and ethanol blends, and what can be done to minimize these hazards? Answers: Flammability, respiratory, and contact hazards The proper use of protective equipment such as eye protection, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), flame resistant clothing, and appropriate gloves Ethanol is a polar solvent that is simultaneously water-soluble and flammable. Creating a blend of gasoline and ethanol results in a chemical change that can easily go unnoticed by emergency responders. Knowing that the ethanol will be the last fuel to burn and that it may burn without visible smoke or flame is important in determining an approach to take in dealing with ethanol-involved incidents.

39 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels IG 2-15 Module 2: Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to describe the chemical and physical differences between pure gasoline and gasoline / ethanol blends. 2 Introduction Characteristics of polar solvents & hydrocarbons, their differences, & how they interact Conditions under which ethanol-blended fuels will retain certain characteristics of types of fuel Help emergency responders mitigate various incidents according to conditions found 3

40 IG 2-16 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Activity 2.1 Definitions Purpose: To allow participants to identify the definitions related to ethanol. 4 Characteristics of Gasoline (A Hydrocarbon) Similar characteristics whether flammable / combustible liquids Produced from crude oil by fractional distillation Non-water miscible / insoluble Flash point -45 F (depending on octane rating) 5 Characteristics of Gasoline (A Hydrocarbon) Vapor density between 3 & 4: Gasoline vapors seek low levels / remain close to ground level Specific gravity of : 076: Will float on top of water Auto-ignition temperature between 536 F & 853 F Boiling point between 100 F & 400 F 6

41 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels IG 2-17 Characteristics of Gasoline (A Hydrocarbon) Not considered poisonous: Harmful effects after long-term & high-level exposure Can lead to respiratory failure Smoke from burning gasoline is black & has toxic components Greatest hazard is flammability: Fairly narrow range of flammability 7 Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) Ethanol used with motor fuels denatured with up to 5% gasoline / similar hydrocarbon for transport Denaturant has minimal effects on characteristics 8 Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) Renewable fuel source produced by fermentation & distillation process Most common source in U.S. in 2008 is corn Polar solvent Water-soluble Flash point 55 F 9

42 IG 2-18 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) Vapor density of 1.59: Heavier than air Vapors do not rise Specific gravity 0.79: Lighter than water Thoroughly mix with water Auto-ignition temperature 793 F 10 Miscibility Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 11 Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) Boiling point 173 F Less toxic than gasoline / methanol Carcinogenic compounds not present in pure ethanol Greatest hazard as motor fuel component is flammability: Wider flammable range than gasoline 12

43 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels IG 2-19 Characteristics of Ethanol (A Polar Solvent) In pure form no visible smoke & hard-to-see blue flame In denatured form little to no smoke & slight orange flame may be visible Ethanol & some ethanol blends can conduct electricity Large amounts of water required to dilute ethanol to no longer support combustion 13 Activity 2.2 Comparison of Gasoline and Ethanol Purpose: To allow participants to discuss the differences & similarities in the chemical &physical ysca properties popetesof ethanol & gasoline. 14 Characteristics of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Ethanol increases heat output of unleaded gasoline: Lower emissions from unburned hydrocarbons Minimal amounts of water will draw ethanol out of blend away from gasoline: Ethanol & gasoline more suspension than solution 15

44 IG 2-20 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels Characteristics of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Gasoline floating on layer of ethanol / water solution Resulting ethanol / water solution still flammable 16 Characteristics of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Blending fuels alters physical & chemical characteristics of original fuels: Visualdifferenceofsmoke&flame smoke flame characteristics: Higher content of ethanol, less visible black smoke content & orange flame production 17 Characteristics of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Blending fuels alters physical & chemical characteristics of original fuels: When foam / water flowed on burning product, gasoline tends to burn off first: May have no visible flame or smoke 18

45 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels IG 2-21 Summary Polar solvent water-soluble & flammable When blended with gasoline, produces slightly cleaner burn than gasoline alone Blend of gasoline & ethanol can easily go unnoticed by emergency responders: Ethanol will be last fuel to burn Ethanol will burn without visible smoke / flame 19

46 IG 2-22 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Fuels

47 Module Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Terminal Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to describe how ethanol-blended fuels are transported and transferred and where the most likely points for error in these actions will exist. Enabling Objectives 1. List common modes of transportation for ethanol-blended fuels. 2. Describe the United Nations /Department of Transportation (UN/DOT) markings that will allow responders to identify ethanol-blended fuel transports. 3. Discuss the likelihood and potential locations of incidents involving ethanol-blended fuels. Instructor Note: Module Time: 45 minutes Materials: Figure 3.9

48 IG 3-2 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels

49 Introduction Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Introduction IG 3-3 Given that an increased percentage of all fuel transportation-related incidents are likely to involve ethanol or ethanol-blended fuels, it is essential that emergency responders be able to quickly and effectively identify their presence at the scene of an incident. Instructor Note: Ask participants, in your jurisdiction where is the greatest likelihood of an emergency involving E-85 or ethanol transportation? Transportation and Placarding Since both gasoline and ethanol-blended fuels have very similar physical and chemical characteristics, they will be transported in the same general types of containers and tanks. The most prevalent style of transport of the blended fuels that emergency responders will encounter will be by MC-306 and Department of Transportation (DOT)-406 style road tankers (see Figures 3.1 and 3.2). These tankers are non-pressurized and have a capacity up to 9,000 gallons. Figure 3.1: MC-306/DOT-406 Cargo Tank Instructor Note: On the drawing there are outlets on the underside of the trailer for on- and off-loading the product. Depending on the types of product being carried, the MC-306 is divided into compartments. In addition to the outlets on the bottom, you can see vents and caps on the top side of the trailer which can fail or leak as a result of rollover accidents. Properly marked 10¾-inch placards should be visible on all four sides making identification of the product easier.

50 IG 3-4 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding Figure 3.2: Overturned MC-306/DOT-406 Cargo Tank DOT has classified hazardous materials according to their primary danger and has assigned standardized symbols to identify the classes. Materials are grouped by their major hazardous characteristics; however, many materials will have other hazards as well. Ethanol and ethanol-fuel blends are in the flammable liquids category. Placards for flammable liquids have a red background with a white flame and the word Flammable on them (see Figure 3.3). Figure 3.3: Flammable Placard Tankers carrying ethanol and ethanol-fuel blends will generally be placarded with a flammable placard or United Nations (UN) 1203 flammable placard when transporting lower ethanol concentrations up to and including E-10 blended fuels. The E-85 ethanol blend will carry a new designation for ethanol-blended fuels: UN 3475 identification. The E-95 (denatured) ethanol-blended fuel will be placarded with a UN or North American (NA) 1987 flammable placard (see Figure 3.4). Instructor Note: Explain that the UN number is a four-digit identification number on the placard or orange panel. By looking up the UN identification number in the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG), you can find hazard response information about the material.

51 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding IG 3-5 Figure 3.4: UN 1203 Placards for Gasoline-Blended With up to 10 Percent Ethanol Rail tanks will be identified similarly. The different regulatory groups are addressing placarding and labeling of the various concentrations of ethanol and gasoline blends at this time. Final changes and regulations are forthcoming as of the publication of this document. Pressure and vacuum relief devices will be the same as those that are currently found on gasoline-style transport takers. Nearly all of these fuels are bottom loaded and unloaded by the standard 4-inch quick connect or direct connections. Valving is internal to the tanks with breakaway piping and remote shut-off controls. Vapor recovery systems, also known as scully systems, will be the same as those currently found on gasoline tankers (see Figures 3.5 and 3.6). Figure 3.5: DOT 111 General Service Tank Car

52 IG 3-6 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding Figure 3.6: DOT 111 With Placard The majority of the E-95 is transported from the production facilities to the storage depots by rail. Most of the ethanol transports by rail will be in a non-pressurized (general service) tank car; these tank cars have a capacity of approximately 30,000 gallons. There are some E-95 transported by waterway on board barges or freighter ships. At this time very small amounts of ethanol-blended fuel are being experimentally transported by pipeline to evaluate the feasibility of larger-scale pipeline transfers. Storage depots that do not have rail access receive E-95 by road tankers. There is some transfer of E-95 from rail tanks directly to road tankers called trans-loading. This is considered to be an interim process until permanent transfer facilities can be provided. Trans-loading has the greatest potential for transfer problems due to a lack of permanent fixtures or safety equipment. Emergency responders should be aware of this process occurring in their areas. One more marking system of interest to emergency responders is the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704 diamond (see Figures 3.7 and 3.8). The NFPA 704 marking system is based on the 704 diamond and is the system used for identifying hazardous materials found within facilities. The NFPA 704 system uses colors, numbers, and special symbols to indicate the presence of hazardous materials.

53 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding IG 3-7 Each colored square indicates the type of hazard, and the higher the number (1 4), the greater the hazard. For example, the number 4 in the blue health square indicates that a very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. Figure 3.7: NFPA 704 Diamond Health: Blue Flammability: Red Reactivity: Yellow Special: White (special notice) Ethanol, including E-95 and E-85, is represented by a 1 in the blue health square, indicating slight to moderate irritation. It is also represented by a 0 for reactivity (yellow) and a 3 for flammability (red) indicating high flammability with ignition likely under most conditions. There is no commonly accepted special character (white) for ethanol, though one may be appropriate.

54 IG 3-8 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding Figure 3.8: NFPA Diamond for E-100, E-95, E-85, and Gasoline As most emergency response agencies are aware, most incidents involving hazardous materials occur during transportation and transfer operations. Emergency responders should be aware of areas or routes where large shipments of ethanol and ethanol-blended fuels routinely pass. E-95 has now become the leading single hazardous material transported by rail, recently surpassing liquefied petroleum gases and hydrochloric acid solutions. Unit train shipments containing cars of E-95 are now commonly seen on some key rail routes leaving from the Midwest and carrying products to various population and distribution centers throughout the country. Most of the Midwest and other ethanol production facilities have access to rail sidings. However, many of the bulk storage fuel depots do not have rail sidings. For this reason much of the E-95 is off-loaded and transferred to tanker trucks for distribution to bulk storage facilities via highways. Placards are able to indicate high-concentration ethanol-blended fuels. But the current state of placarding does not provide sufficient information to distinguish between gasoline and E-10 gasohol. To the responder, the difference is that E-10 does require Alcohol-Resistant (AR) foam for emergency response. A good resource to assist in preparing for potential transportation-related hazardous materials events is the TRANSportation Community Awareness and Emergency Response (TRANSCAER) Web site. TRANSCAER is a voluntary national outreach effort that focuses on assisting communities prepare for and respond to a possible hazardous material transportation incident. A critical element of this is the flow study which is designed to identify shipments of hazardous materials that either originate or are destined to

55 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding IG 3-9 pass through a specific region. By using the data collected, responders will be able to enhance emergency planning capabilities. Instructor Note: Make sure that participants understand the importance of this topic. Discuss situations where responders cannot reliably distinguish between products based on placarding alone.

56 IG 3-10 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Activity 3.1 Ethanol Spill Emergency Activity 3.1 Ethanol Spill Emergency Purpose To allow participants to determine the hazards associated with an ethanol emergency. Instructor Note: Time: 15 minutes Materials: Figure 3.9 Instructor Directions: 1. Allow the participants to work in groups of two to three for this activity. 2. Participants should read the scenario and determine the resources available, immediate hazards, and possible actions to take. 3. After 10 minutes call time, and randomly call on groups to provide their answers. 4. Participants should mention the following: What type of vehicle is this? Answer: MC-306/DOT-406 List common placards that you might find on this vehicle. Answers: 1203 placard 1987 placard UN 3475 UN 1203 orange panel What other resources might be helpful to responders in this incident? Answers: ERG Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) What are the immediate concerns and hazards? Answers: Potential for fire Environmental issues with runoff or fuel leaching into the soil Potential sources of ignition to trigger a fire such as the welding facility nearby or overhead power lines Trees and vegetation as fuel for possible wildfire

57 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Activity 3.1 Ethanol Spill Emergency IG 3-11 Instructor Directions (continued): What possible actions might you take at this point in the situation? Answers will vary depending on the knowledge of the class, but should include: Confirming product identify Determining the amount of the product left in the tank This last question is to allow participants to begin thinking about mitigation techniques. Remind participants that we are operating at an awareness level. The scene will soon be operating under the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the incident command structure. Participant Directions 1. For this activity you will work in groups of two to three. 2. Read the following scenario, and answer the questions: What type of vehicle is this? List common placards that you might find on this vehicle. What other resources might be helpful to responders in this incident? What are the immediate concerns and hazards? What possible actions might you take at this point in the situation? Scenario A transport truck (see Figure 3.9) delivering fuel to the Gas N Matches retail site is involved in a hit and run accident. The driver advises you that the truck is carrying 3,000 gallons of fuel. There is a leak on one of the large pipes on the bottom of the trailer. Fuel is leaking onto the ground and running downhill toward a small welding facility. Figure 3.9: Transport Truck

58 IG 3-12 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Summary Summary Instructor Note: Ask participants: Is there a potential for one or more ethanol emergencies in your jurisdiction? What are the most likely types of ethanol emergencies you can see occurring in your jurisdiction (gas station incidents, production incidents, rail incidents, truck transportation incidents, etc.)? Have there been recent ethanol emergencies in your jurisdiction? What happened? There are a variety of sources from which an emergency responder can glean information about chemicals involved in spill or fire incidents. Among them are Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), UN numbers, DOT placards, and NFPA 704 placards. E-95 has become the leading hazardous material transported by rail. Transfer of this fuel commonly occurs via highways as well.

59 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 3-13 Module 3: Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to describe how ethanol-blended fuels are transported and transferred and where the most likely points for error in these actions will exist. 2 Introduction Essential to quickly & effectively identify presence of ethanol / ethanol-blended fuels at scene of incident Can be challenging g because containers in which ethanol is transported not always clearly marked Steps taken to ensure incidents managed effectively 3

60 IG 3-14 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding Gasoline & ethanol-blended fuels transported in same general types of containers & tanks MC-306 / DOT-406 Copyright 2006, TEEX/ESTI 4 Transportation and Placarding DOT: Classifies according to primary danger Assigns standardized symbols to identify classes Ethanol & ethanol-fuel blends in flammable liquids Copyright ERG 5 Transportation and Placarding Tanker placards: Lower ethanol concentrations up to & including E-10 blended fuels: UN 1203 flammable placard E-85: UN 3475 flammable placard E-95: UN / NA 1987 flammable placard Copyright ERG 6

61 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 3-15 Transportation and Placarding Rail tanks identified similarly Pressure & vacuum relief devices same as currently found on gasoline-stylestyle transport tankers Bottom loaded & unloaded by standard 4-inch quick connect / direct connections 7 Transportation and Placarding Valving internal to tanks with breakaway piping & remote shut-off controls Vapor recovery systems same as currently found on gasoline tankers 8 Transportation and Placarding Most E-95 transported by rail: Some by waterway & very small amounts by pipeline Storage depots with no access to rail receive it by road tankers: Trans-loading 9

62 IG 3-16 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding NFPA 704 diamond: Uses colors, numbers, & special symbols to indicate presence of hazardous materials a Higher number = greater hazard 10 NFPA 704 Diamond Copyright 2008, TEEX/ESTI 11 Transportation and Placarding NFPA 704 diamond: Health: Blue Flammability: Red Reactivity: Yellow Special: White (special notice) 12

63 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 3-17 Transportation and Placarding NFPA diamond for E-100, E-95, E-85, & gasoline: 1: Blue health square: slight to moderate irritation 0: Reactivity yellow square 3: Flammability red square: high flammability with ignition likely under most conditions No commonly accepted special character (white) 13 NFPA Diamond for E-100, E-95, E-85, and Gasoline Copyright 2008, TEEX/ESTI 14 Transportation and Placarding Most hazardous materials incidents occur during transportation & transfer operations Be aware of areas / routes where large shipments of ethanol & ethanol-blended fuels routinely pass E-95 now leading single hazardous material transported by rail 15

64 IG 3-18 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Transportation and Placarding Most of Midwest & other ethanol production facilities have access to rail sidings, many bulk storage fuel depots do not have rail sidings: Much of E-95 off-loaded & transferred to tanker trucks for distribution to bulk storage facilities via highways 16 Transportation and Placarding Placards able to indicate high-concentration ethanol-blended fuels: Does not distinguish between gasoline & E-10 gasohol E-10 requires AR foam for emergency response TRANSCAER 17 Activity 3.1 Ethanol Spill Emergency Purpose: To allow participants to determine the hazards associated with an ethanol emergency. e 18

65 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels IG 3-19 Summary Variety of sources for information about chemicals involved in spill / fire incidents: MSDS UN numbers DOT placards NFPA 704 placards E-95 become leading hazardous material transported by rail: Transfer commonly occurs via highways 19

66 IG 3-20 Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels

67 Module Storage and Dispensing Locations Terminal Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to discuss common and unusual needs for storage and dispensing of ethanol-blended fuels. Enabling Objectives 1. Describe the three common types of storage tanks at tank farm facilities. 2. List potential benefits and challenges associated with fixed fire suppression systems at fuel storage facilities. 3. Prepare a list of agencies that may be called upon for support during an event at a fuel storage or dispensing location. Instructor Note: Module Time: 1 hour Materials: Worksheet 4.1

68 IG 4-2 Storage and Dispensing Locations

69 Introduction Storage and Dispensing Locations Introduction IG 4-3 Instructor Note: Ask participants if they know how many ethanol plants there are in the United States. Answer: As of April 2, 2008, there are 147 operational facilities, and 55 under construction. Source: Renewable Fuels Association. (2008). Retrieved May 5, 2008, from Often when the response community thinks of storing and dispensing ethanol-blended fuels we fail to think of the three-pump gas station on the corner. As a result, we can believe that if there is no bulk storage operation or production operation in our jurisdiction, we have little to worry about. This could not be further from the truth. Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels During 2008, the most common mixture of ethanol-blended fuels stored at terminal facilities is denatured E-95. Common consumer formulations, such as E-85 and E-10, are generally blended on site during the loading process for transport to distribution facilities or retail outlets. The blending process at a terminal commonly consists of bottom-loading unleaded gasoline and denatured ethanol in the correct proportions into the tank truck. The two-blend components may go through an in-line mixing system to ensure thorough blending from the outset. The components may also be batch loaded, whereby mixing occurs en route to its destination. Any large volume of denatured ethanol, or E-95, will typically be stored in conventional carbon steel storage tanks, such as those that are suitable for gasoline and other flammable fuels. A denatured ethanol tank may be smaller than other fuel storage tanks at a terminal. Yet as consumption increases, larger ethanol tanks will become increasingly prevalent. There are three general types of storage tanks at tank farm facilities: cone roof (closed-top) tanks (see Figure 4.1), external floating roof (EFR) tanks which have an open top with a floating pan, and internal floating roof (IFR) tanks with a closed top and an internal floating pan. The majority of existing EFR tanks have been converted to IFR in recent years. E-95 will typically be stored in one of these IFR tanks. E-95 is commonly delivered to a terminal by tank truck or rail car; it is also being transported by barge. At this writing, there is no common

70 IG 4-4 Storage and Dispensing Locations Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels pipeline delivery method for denatured ethanol, but efforts are underway to develop a commercially viable ethanol pipeline. Figure 4.1: Cone Roof Storage Tank Some larger facilities have built-in fire protection systems. Fixed systems are a combination of devices including foam concentrate storage, proportioning, and delivery devices that are permanently installed to provide fire protection to above-ground fuel storage tanks, manifolds, and loading/unloading racks. The systems can be activated manually or by a detection device. However, if tanks have been converted to store ethanol-blended fuels, the systems may no longer be appropriate. Topside application foam systems may require much higher application rates for ethanol-blended fuels than for previously stored fuels. Subsurface injection systems may not work at all with ethanol-blended fuels. Fire department personnel should be working closely with terminal operators to keep abreast of changes in fuel storage at tank farm facilities. More importantly, many built-in fire suppression systems are rendered inoperable at the onset or during a fire or explosion emergency involving bulk storage tanks. Emergency responders should be prepared for the likelihood of this situation. Preplanning for potential events at tank farm facilities is extremely important. Fire department personnel should develop good working relationships with the tank farm facility operators and should be very familiar with their operations. Fire departments that help provide protection to tank farm facilities should have access to high-flow fire fighting foam equipment and should have large supplies of compatible foam available on hand.

71 Storage and Dispensing Locations Bulk Plant and Distribution Facilities IG 4-5 In some areas this has been done by establishing caches of foam and equipment through consortiums organized between multiple tank farm operations and the fire department. Fire department personnel should also be aware that they may not be able to contend with a major tank farm fire operation and may need to contact outside resources for ultimate control of an emergency. Fire departments are encouraged to establish healthy working relations with these groups and with the storage facilities in their response area prior to an emergency arising. Instructor Note: Ask participants who these groups are. Answers will vary but could include mutual aid with industrial facilities or nearby jurisdictions As mentioned previously, built-in fire suppression systems may become inoperable or overtaxed during a large-scale emergency; however, they are currently the best protection for bulk storage tanks. Fire department personnel and government officials should strive to promote the use of these systems on existing bulk storage tanks and make sure facilities comply with current requirements on new installations. Fire department personnel should be extremely familiar with these systems and pre-calculate their required flow rates. They should also preplan operations supplying these systems. Practice exercises should be scheduled at least annually to make sure responders are familiar with the pre-established plans. Keep in mind that there are many different challenges involved in fire fighting operations at tank farms: Bulk storage tanks generally provide limited access for fire fighting equipment, there may be inadequate water supplies in the area, personnel may have to contend with containment dikes and their systems, there may be miles of exposed product piping involved, and there may be unprotected loading rack facilities (just to name a few). Tank farm operations can be very complicated, and responding to a fire emergency can be very dangerous to personnel. It is also not unusual for tank farm facilities that were originally built in remote areas to now be surrounded by commercial and residential growth. Again, pre-fire planning is extremely important, and pre-established working relations between the fire department and the facility operators cannot be over-emphasized. Bulk Plant and Distribution Facilities Smaller bulk distribution storage facilities may pose the greatest challenge to local fire departments. These facilities are located

72 IG 4-6 Storage and Dispensing Locations Retail Dispensing Stations throughout communities to better distribute fuel to end-users. Storage tanks in these facilities can be of a multitude of styles and layouts, depending on age and location. Storage tanks may be vertical, horizontal, or a combination of both. Normally the flammable liquid fuels, including gasoline and the ethanol-blended fuels, are stored at these facilities in any modest quantities, on the order of several tank trucks or rail cars. Bulk distributors are normally established to store and distribute heating fuel to local areas. Any gasoline or ethanol-blended fuels on site are for the distributors use in their vehicles or for some limited customers such as local farm operations. These fuels are normally stored in underground tanks or small volume above-ground steel tanks. These tanks may be vertical or horizontal in design. If ethanol-blended fuel is stored at these locations, it will most likely be an E-10 mixture. Most of these facilities do not have built-in fire protection systems. These facilities are normally designed with limited fuel spillage containment structures or areas. Spill diking is usually designed to contain as much volume as that of the largest tank in the facility. Incidents involving multiple tanks in the facility may overtax the designed containment area. It is important for local fire departments to be familiar with the facilities in their locations. Instructor Note: Ask participants if they are aware of any of these types of facilities in their jurisdictions. Answers will vary. Follow up by asking participants if they have planned their response to potential events at these facilities. Retail Dispensing Stations The majority of retail gas stations have underground storage tanks. These facilities are relatively small in terms of storage volume but very large in terms of their number throughout the country. Depending on location, they may or may not have vapor recovery systems associated with the sites. Some of the larger volume gas stations may have above-ground storage tanks similar to those at the bulk distributor. In most areas these gas stations are filled by tankers coming directly from tank farm facilities. Many of these facilities have multiple loads of fuel that are being delivered daily. As of early 2008, there were over 1,000 fueling sites handling E-85 throughout the country. The majority are located in the Midwest, but more sites are being developed daily. E-85 ethanol-blended fuel is normally stored in underground tanks and dispensed through standard fuel-dispensing equipment. There are

73 Storage and Dispensing Locations Summary IG 4-7 thousands more sites handling E-10 (reformulated gas), particularly in metropolitan non-attainment areas where reformulated fuels are required in order to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). As production and product acceptance increases, these sites and facilities are expected to increase in number. At retail sites the ethanol-fuel blends are stored in horizontal underground tanks (see Figure 4.2). The maximum pressure under which any underground tank is capable of holding its contents is 0.5 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). Tank capacities range from a few thousand gallons up to 20,000 gallons. These tanks are typically constructed of steel and are double walled. Emergency shut-off valves will vary for each container due to design and construction differences. Loading and unloading points will vary due to design and construction. Risers for multiple tanks will be color-coded or marked to identify the product. Figure 4.2: Underground Horizontal Tank Summary The most commonly found ethanol-blended fuel at terminal facilities is E-95. It is typically stored in carbon steel storage tanks that are suitable for the storage of gasoline. Although these bulk storage facilities will likely be equipped with fixed fire suppression systems, it is important to remember that these systems will often be rendered inoperable at the onset of an incident. Preplanning for potential events at tank farm facilities is extremely important. A significant piece of this preplanning must include consideration of sources of mutual aid. As the ethanol is

74 IG 4-8 Storage and Dispensing Locations Summary moved along its distribution route, the next stop will often be a regional bulk plant. These are smaller facilities that will often have underground storage in place without any fixed fire suppression system. They may rely more heavily on containment than suppression as a way to react to spills and leaks. Finally, the ethanol-blended fuel arrives at local gas stations. These stations will use underground storage and above-ground dispensing units. Although the amount of fuel stored at each station is small, especially when compared to bulk storage operations, the sheer number of them may be a cause for concern.

75 Storage and Dispensing Locations Activity 4.1 Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction IG 4-9 Activity 4.1 Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction Purpose To allow participants to determine the potential for ethanol emergency in their jurisdictions. Instructor Note: Time: minutes Materials: Worksheet 4.1 Instructor Directions: 1. Participants should work individually or in groups of two (if both are from the same jurisdiction). 2. Have participants read the items in Worksheet 4.1 and write down their answers. 3. After about 5 minutes call time and conduct a discussion covering each item. 4. As participants discuss the items, point out differences. Depending on the audience, it is likely that participants may have vastly different guesses for the number of retail stations in their jurisdictions. Participant Directions 1. For this activity you will work individually or in groups of two. 2. Read the items in Worksheet 4.1 and write down your answers. 3. Be prepared to discuss with the class.

76 IG 4-10 Storage and Dispensing Locations Activity 4.1 Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction Worksheet 4.1: Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction 1. Approximately how many people live in your jurisdiction? 2. How many retail gas stations are in your jurisdiction? 3. Do you have any industries that would use or store large quantities of ethanol or ethanol-fuel blends? 4. If so, how many are there? 5. What are the likely routes ethanol will be transported to or through your jurisdiction? 6. Compile a list of agencies in your jurisdiction that you can call upon during an emergency at a fuel storage or dispensing location.

77 Storage and Dispensing Locations Activity 4.1 Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction IG Based on all the information discussed in this class, what do you think would be the major concerns (logistical, mitigation, environmental, mutual aid, etc.) at an ethanol emergency at a retail gas station in your jurisdiction? At a storage facility in your jurisdiction?

78 IG 4-12 Storage and Dispensing Locations Module 4: Storage and Dispensing Locations Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to discuss common and unusual needs for storage and dispensing of ethanol-blended fuels. 2 Introduction Often fail to think of gas stations when thinking of ethanol-blended fuels Believe if there is no bulk storage operation / production operation in jurisdiction, have little to worry about 3

79 Storage and Dispensing Locations IG 4-13 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Denatured E-95 most common ethanol blend in storage in terminals & tank farms Other formulations blended during loading process for transport: Bottom-loading 2 components into tanker trucks Go through in-line mixing / static mixing systems prior to bottom loading process 4 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels E-95 typically stored in conventional carbon steel storage tanks: May be smaller than other tanks at terminal 3 general types of storage tanks: Cone roof (closed-top) tanks External floating roof (EFR) tanks have open top with a floating pan Internal floating roof (IFR) tanks with closed top & internal floating pan 5 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Commonly delivered via tank truck / rail car / barge: Currently no common pipeline delivery method E-95 normally stored in IFR tanks Copyright 2006, TEEX/ESTI 6

80 IG 4-14 Storage and Dispensing Locations Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Built-in fire protection systems: Fixed systems: Combination of devices permanently installed Provide fire protection Can be activated manually / by detection device 7 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Built-in fire protection systems: Systems may no longer be appropriate Rendered inoperable at onset / during fire or explosion emergency 8 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Preplanning for potential events at tank farm facilities extremely important Fire departments that help provide protection to tank farm facilities should have: Access to high-flow fire fighting foam equipment Large supplies of compatible foam available on hand 9

81 Storage and Dispensing Locations IG 4-15 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Consortiums between multiple tank farm operations & fire department Built-in fire suppression systems currently best protection for large storage tanks Fire department personnel should be familiar with systems & pre-calculate required flow rates Preplan operations supplying systems Practice exercise at least annually 10 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Challenges: Provide limited access for fire fighting equipment May be inadequate water supplies in area Personnel may have to contend with containment dikes & their systems May be miles of exposed product piping involved May be unprotected loading rack facilities 11 Terminal Storage of Ethanol-Blended Fuels Pre-fire planning extremely important Pre-established working relations between fire department & facility operators 12

82 IG 4-16 Storage and Dispensing Locations Bulk Plant and Distribution Facilities Smaller bulk distribution storage facilities may pose greatest challenge to local fire departments Flammable liquid fuels stored at facilities in modest quantities 13 Bulk Plant and Distribution Facilities Gasoline / Ethanol-blended fuel normally stored in underground tanks / small volume above-ground steel tanks Vertical / Horizontal design Most likely E-10 mixture Most do not have built-in fire protection systems 14 Bulk Plant and Distribution Facilities Spill diking usually designed to contain largest tank in facility Incidents involving multiple tanks in facility may overtax designed containment area 15

83 Storage and Dispensing Locations IG 4-17 Retail Dispensing Stations Majority have underground storage tanks Relatively small in storage volume, large in number throughout country May / May not have vapor recovery systems associated with sites Larger volume gas stations may have above-ground storage tanks 16 Retail Dispensing Stations Filled by tankers Early 2008: over 1,000 fueling sites handling E-85 Thousands more handling E-10 Number expected to increase 17 Retail Dispensing Stations Stored in horizontal underground tanks: Maximum pressure 0.5 psig Tank capacities Typically constructed of steel & double walled Property of Hildebrand and Noll, reprinted with permission 18

84 IG 4-18 Storage and Dispensing Locations Retail Dispensing Stations Stored in horizontal underground tanks: Emergency shut-off valves vary Loading & unloading points vary Risers for multiple tanks color-coded / marked to identify product 19 Summary Most commonly found ethanol-blended fuel at terminal facilities is E-95 Fixed fire suppression systems often rendered inoperable at onset of incident Preplanning for potential ti events at tank farm facilities extremely important: Sources of mutual aid Amount of fuel stored at each station small, sheer number may be cause for concern 20 Activity 4.1 Ethanol in Your Jurisdiction Purpose: To allow participants to determine the potential for ethanol emergency in their jurisdictions. s 21

85 Module Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Terminal Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to develop foam use strategies for controlling/fighting fires associated with ethanol-blended fuels. Enabling Objectives 1. Describe the manner in which foam applications can be used fight fuel fires. 2. List the ways in which foam applications suppress fire. 3. Predict when to fight fuel fires and when to simply protect surrounding areas. 4. State the generally accepted rule of thumb for the use of foam applications on ethanol-blended fuel fires. Instructor Note: Module Time: 1 hour Materials: Responding to Ethanol Incidents video

86 IG 5-2 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel

87 Introduction Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Introduction IG 5-3 As discussed previously, we have seen that the production of ethanol is quite large and likely to continue to increase. The predominate danger from ethanol emergencies is not from incidents involving cars and trucks running on ethanol-fuel blends, but instead from tanker trucks and rail cars carrying large amounts of ethanol, manufacturing facilities, and storage facilities. Responders need to be prepared for large-scale emergencies and prepared with the most effective techniques and extinguishing media. This module will focus on foam basics and then foam applied specifically to ethanol-related emergencies. Basic Foam Principles The following section (from Basic Foam Principles through Rain-Down) is property of the Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX). Reproduction of this section of the document, in whole or in part, requires written authorization from the Director, TEEX, The Texas A&M University System, unless such reproduction is authorized or executed by the United States Government. Instructor Note: Tell participants that this section covers basic principles of foam use. It is put here because not all participants will have this basic knowledge of foam. It also provides a bridge to the next section on specific foam use with ethanol and helps to broaden their understanding of why most foams are ineffective when used on ethanol emergencies. What is Foam? As defined in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 11, low-expansion foam is: an aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions which is lower in density than flammable liquids. It is used principally to form a cohesive floating blanket on flammable and combustible liquids, and prevents or extinguishes fire by excluding air and cooling the fuel. It also prevents reignition by suppressing formation of flammable vapors. It has the property of adhering to surfaces, which provides a degree of exposure protection from adjacent fires.

88 IG 5-4 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Why Use Foam? Many extinguishing agents are effective on flammable liquids. However, foam is the only agent capable of suppressing vapors and providing visible proof of security. Reasons to use foam include: A foam blanket on an unignited spill can prevent a fire. The suppression of vapors prevents them from finding an ignition source. Foam can provide post-fire security by protecting the hazard until it can be secured or removed. Foam can provide protection from flammable liquids for fire and rescue personnel during emergency operations. How Foam Works Foam can control and extinguish flammable liquid fires in a number of ways. Foam can: exclude oxygen from the fuel vapors and thus prevent a flammable mixture, cool the fuel surface with the water content of the foam, prevent the release of flammable vapors from the fuel surface, and emulsify the fuel (some environmental foams). Foam Tetrahedron Foams used today are primarily of the mechanical type. This means that before being used, they must be proportioned (mixed with water) and aerated (mixed with air). Four elements are necessary to produce a quality foam blanket. These elements include: foam concentrate, water, air, and aeration (mechanical agitation).

89 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles IG 5-5 All of these elements must be combined properly to produce a quality foam blanket (see Figure 5.1). Figure 5.1: Foam Production What is Foam Not Effective On? If any of these elements are missing or are not properly proportioned, the result is a poor-quality foam or no foam at all. Foam is not effective on all types of fires. It is important to know the type of fire and the fuel involved. Foam is not effective on: Class C fires, three-dimensional fires, pressurized gases, and Class D fires. Foam is Not Effective on Class C Electrical Fires Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment; water conducts electricity. Since foam contains percent water, it is not safe for use on this type of fire. In some cases, foam concentrate is even more conductive than water. Class C fires can be extinguished using nonconductive extinguishing agents such as a dry chemical, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), or halon. The safest procedure for this type of situation is to de-energize the equipment if possible and treat it as a Class A or Class B fire.

90 IG 5-6 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Foam is Not Effective on Three-Dimensional Fires A three-dimensional fire is a liquid-fuel fire in which the fuel is being discharged from an elevated or pressurized source, creating a pool of fuel on a lower surface. Foam is not effective at controlling three-dimensional flowing fires. It is recommended that firefighters control a three-dimensional flowing fire by first controlling the spill fire; then they may extinguish the flowing fire using a dry chemical agent. Foam is Not Effective on Pressurized Gases Foam is not effective on fires involving pressurized gases. These materials are usually stored as liquids, but are normally vapor at ambient temperature. The vapor pressure of these types of fuels is too high for foam to be effective. To be effective, foam must set up as a two-dimensional blanket on top of a pooled liquid. Examples of pressurized gases include: propane, butane, vinyl chloride, and butadiene. What is Foam Effective On? Foam is Not Effective on Combustible Metals Class D fires involve combustible metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, sodium, and potassium. Combustible metals usually react with water; therefore, foam is not an effective extinguishing agent. Fires involving combustible metals require specialized techniques and extinguishing agents that have been developed to deal with these types of fires. A Class D extinguisher or a Class D powder is the recommended choice for fires involving combustible metals. Foam is effective at suppressing vapors and extinguishing Class B fires. Class B fires are defined as fires involving flammable or combustible liquids. For the purposes of this discussion, Class B products are divided into two categories: hydrocarbons and polar solvents.

91 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles IG 5-7 Hydrocarbons Most hydrocarbons are byproducts of crude oil or have been extracted from vegetable fiber. Hydrocarbons have a specific gravity of less than 1.0 and therefore float on water. Examples of hydrocarbon fuels include: gasoline, diesel, jet propellant (JP4), heptane, kerosene, and naptha. Polar Solvents Polar solvents are products of distillation or products that have been synthetically produced. Polar solvent fuels are miscible, that is they will mix with water. Polar fuels have a varying attraction for water. For example, acetone has a stronger affinity for water than does rubbing alcohol. Polar solvent fuels are usually destructive to foams designed for use on hydrocarbons. Specially formulated foams have been developed for use on polar solvents. Some examples of polar solvent fuels include: ketones, esters, alcohol including ethyl-alcohol (ethanol), amine, methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), and acetone.

92 IG 5-8 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Foam Terminology Types of Foam Before discussing the types of foam and the foam making process, it is important to understand the following terms: Foam concentrate is the liquid substance purchased from a manufacturer in a container, pail, drum, or tote. Foam solution is the mixture obtained when foam concentrate is proportioned (mixed) with water prior to the addition of air. Finished foam is obtained by adding air to foam solution through either entrainment or mechanical agitation. Several foam types have been developed over the years, each with particular qualities: Protein foam, one of the earliest foams, is produced by the hydrolysis of protein material such as animal hoof and horn. Stabilizers and inhibitors are added to prevent corrosion, resist bacterial decomposition, and control viscosity. Fluoroprotein foams are formed by the addition to protein foam of special fluorochemical surfactants that reduce the surface tension of the protein-based concentrate and allow more fluid movement. Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) replaces protein-based foamers with synthetic foaming agents added to fluorochemical surfactants. Designed for rapid knockdown, AFFFs sacrifice heat resistance and long-term stability. Film-Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP) is a protein-based foam with the more advanced fluorochemical surfactants of AFFF. FFFPs combine the burnback resistance of fluoroprotein foam with the knockdown power of AFFF. Alcohol-Resistant (AR) foam is a combination of synthetic stabilizers, foaming agents, fluorochemicals, and synthetic polymers designed for use on polar solvents. The chemical makeup of these foams prevents the polar solvents from destroying them. Today s more modern AR foams can be used on both polar solvents and hydrocarbons.

93 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles IG 5-9 Foam Characteristics No single foam product performs the same for all classes of fires. Each foam type excels at different functions; however, performance in other areas is often diminished. Knockdown, heat resistance, fuel tolerance, vapor suppression, and alcohol tolerance are all characteristics of various foam types. Each property is explained in the text that follows. Knockdown Knockdown is the speed at which foam spreads across the surface of a fuel. Quick knockdown is achieved by allowing the solution contained in the bubbles to spread rapidly across the fuel surface. Extremely quick knockdown sacrifices good post-fire security, which is required for a stable, long-lasting foam blanket. Heat Resistance Heat resistance is the ability of a foam bubble to withstand direct flame impingement or contact with elevated temperature surfaces, with little or no destruction to the foam bubble. The heat resistance of a foam blanket is often called burnback resistance. Fuel Tolerance Fuel tolerance is the ability of the foam to enter the fuel and resurface with little or no pick up of fuel within the structure of the bubble. A foam bubble which picks up fuel while submerged would simply carry the fuel to the surface and feed the fire. Vapor Suppression Vapor suppression is the ability of the foam blanket to suppress flammable vapors and prevent their release. Vapor suppression is necessary to extinguish fires involving flammable liquids and to prevent ignition of unignited flammable liquid spills. Alcohol Tolerance Alcohol tolerance is the ability of the foam blanket to create a polymeric barrier between the fuel and the foam, thus preventing the absorption of the water from the foam bubbles. This absorption would result in the destruction of the foam blanket.

94 IG 5-10 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Table 5.1: Various Types of Foam Rated by Their Properties Property Protein Fluoroprotein AFFF FFFP AR-AFFF Knockdown Fair Good Excellent Good Excellent Heat Resistance Excellent Excellent Fair Good Good Fuel Tolerance Fair Excellent Moderate Good Good Vapor Suppression Excellent Excellent Good Good Good Alcohol Tolerance None None None None Excellent Source: National Foam Foam Proportioning and Delivery Systems The effectiveness of foam depends on proper proportioning and the ability to deliver finished foam to the spill or fire. Concentration Levels Foams are applied at various concentration levels depending on the fuel involved and the concentrate being used. Typically for hydrocarbons, foam is proportioned at 3 percent: that is three parts foam concentrate to ninety-seven parts water. For polar solvents, foam is usually proportioned at 6 percent: that is six parts foam concentrate to ninety-four parts water. Some concentrates allow for proportioning at 1 percent on hydrocarbons. Foam Proportioning Systems A number of ways exist to proportion foam. These include: line eductors, self-educting nozzles, pressure systems, and pump proportioning systems.

95 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles IG 5-11 This section will discuss the most common proportioning systems: line eductors and foam nozzle proportioners (foam nozzles with pickup tubes). Eductors Eductors use the venturi principle to pull foam into the water stream. The flow of water past the venturi opening creates a vacuum that draws the concentrate through the metering valve. The metering valve controls the amount of concentrate allowed to flow into the water stream. The ball check valve prevents water from flowing back into the pickup tube and the concentrate container. Major elements of the eductor setup include foam concentrate supply, water supply, eductor arrangement, metering valve, pickup tube, and foam solution discharge. Two common types of eductors are in-line eductors and bypass eductors. In-Line Eductors In-line eductors are some of the least expensive and simplest pieces of proportioning equipment available (see Figures 5.2 and 5.3). For this reason, they are perhaps the most common type of foam proportioner used in the fire service. Some advantages include: low cost, minimal maintenance, and simple operation.

96 IG 5-12 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Figure 5.2: In-Line Eductor Figure 5.3: In-Line Indicator Bypass Eductors Bypass eductors (see Figures 5.4 and 5.5) differ in that they have a ball valve to divert flow from foam to just water, allowing time for cooling without wasting foam and with less flow restriction.

97 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles IG 5-13 Figure 5.4: Bypass Eductor Figure 5.5: Bypass Indicator Common Eductor Failures The most common causes for eductor failure include: mismatched eductor and nozzle, air leaks in the pickup tube, improper flushing after use, kinked discharge hoseline, improper nozzle elevation,

98 IG 5-14 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles too much hose between eductor and nozzle, and incorrectly set nozzle flow. These may be eliminated by careful preparation, inspection, and use of the eductor, nozzle, and hose. Other eductor failures may be caused by: incorrect inlet pressure to eductor, partially closed nozzle shutoff, collapsed or obstructed pickup tube, and a pickup tube which is too long. Foam Nozzles Foam nozzles are either foam proportioning, air aspirating, or non-air aspirating. Foam Proportioning Nozzles Foam proportioning nozzles (see Figure 5.6) have built-in orifice plates and utilize the venturi principle of operation, producing a very effective foam. These monitor nozzles have the ability to deliver significant volumes of finished foam. Due to the insignificant pressure drop across the eductor, they are able to project foam over long distances. Figure 5.6: Foam Proportioning Nozzles With Air-Aspirator Advantages of foam proportioning nozzles include: they are easy to operate, they are easy to clean,

99 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles IG 5-15 there are no moving parts, and there is no additional foam equipment needed. Air Aspirating Nozzles Air aspirating nozzles are foam generating nozzles that mix air and atmospheric pressure with foam solution (see Figure 5.7). These nozzles produce an expansion ratio of between 8:1 and 10:1 and produce a good-quality, low-expansion foam. Figure 5.7: Air Aspirating Nozzles Non-Air Aspirating Nozzles Fog nozzles are an example of non-air aspirating nozzles (see Figure 5.8). Non-air aspirating nozzles produce an expansion ratio of between 3:1 and 5:1. This expansion ratio is not as good as that of air aspirating nozzles, but these nozzles often add some versatility which can be beneficial in various fire attack situations. Versatility includes the ability to switch from a foam solution to water in order to protect personnel and provide area cooling. Air aspirating nozzles do not offer this advantage.

100 IG 5-16 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Figure 5.8: Non-Air Aspirating Nozzles Application Techniques A disadvantage of aspirating and non-air aspirating nozzles is that you must have additional equipment in order to generate foam. In addition, the gallonage setting on the nozzle must match the set flow for the eductor. It is important to understand the benefits of both types of nozzles in order to select the most appropriate one. Proper application is critical for foam. The key to foam application is to apply the foam as gently as possible to minimize agitation of the fuel and creation of additional vapors. The most important thing to remember is to never plunge the foam directly into the fuel. This will agitate the fuel and create additional vapors. Bounce-Off The bounce-off method is effective if there is an object in or behind the spill area. The foam stream can be directed at the object, which will break the force of the stream, allowing the foam to gently flow onto the fuel surface. Bank-In When no obstacles exist to bounce the foam off, firefighters should attempt to roll the foam onto the fire. By hitting the ground in front of the fire, the foam will pile up and roll into the spill area. This technique is particularly effective with non-air aspirating fog nozzles. The mechanical agitation of the foam hitting the ground will help to aerate the foam.

101 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Foam and Ethanol and Ethanol-Fuel Blends IG 5-17 Rain-Down An alternative application technique is the rain-down method. The nozzle is elevated and the foam is allowed to fall over the spill as gently as possible. Warning! Never plunge a stream of foam directly into fuel! This is the end of the section that is the property of TEEX. Foam and Ethanol and Ethanol-Fuel Blends Some of the foams mentioned in the previous sections have been around for over fifty years and have proven to be very effective on hydrocarbon fuels. However, these foams that were not developed for application on alcohol- or ethanol-blended fuels are simply ineffective on fuels containing alcohols or ethanol. This is because the alcohol or ethanol content of the blended fuel literally attacks the foam solution, absorbing the foam solution into the ethanol-blended fuel. Foam that is designed to be alcohol resistant forms a tough membrane between the foam blanket and the alcohol-type fuel. It is crucial that these AR foams are used in combating ethanol-blended fuel fires, including E-10. This is an important point. Additionally, to be effective, these foams must be applied gently to the surface of the alcohol- or ethanol-blended fuels. Otherwise, the foam is absorbed into the fuel and will not resurface to form an encapsulating blanket. Extensive testing done at the Ansul Fire Technology Center indicated that even at low-level blends of ethanol with gasoline, as low as E-10, there is a major effect on foam performance. The testing also indicated that with high-level blends of ethanol with gasoline, even AR foams required careful application methodology and techniques to controls fires. AR-type foams must be applied to ethyl alcohol fires using Type II gentle application techniques. For responding emergency services, this will mean directing the foam stream onto a vertical surface and allowing it to run down onto the fuel. Direct application to the fuel surface will likely be ineffective unless the fuel depth is very shallow (i.e., 0.25 inches or less). Type III application (fixed and handline nozzle application) is prone to failure in ethanol-blended fuels of any substantial depth. The only time it is effective is when it is deflected off surfaces, such as tank walls, to create a gentle style application. It has also been found that even with indirect application off surfaces, it may require substantial increases in flow rate to accomplish extinguishments. Therefore, in situations where AR foam cannot be applied indirectly by deflection of the foam off tank walls or other surfaces or there is no built-in application device to provide gentle application, the best option may be to protect surrounding exposures.

102 IG 5-18 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments Another property of alcohol- or ethanol-type fuel fires is that they require a higher flow rate (application rate) of foam to extinguish fires. AFFF-type foams require approximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm) foam solution flow for every 10 square feet of burning surface on a hydrocarbon-type fuel. Ethanol-blended fuels require approximately double that flow (2 gpm/10 square feet) of an AR-type foam solution. As with all types of foam, mixing percentage is dependent upon the type and design of the foam concentrate. Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments Departments that are subject to incidents involving the various blends of fuels found on highway incidents or at storage facilities should strongly consider converting to AR foam concentrates or develop a means of having a cache of AR foam readily available. If a department has a specific hazard that only involves nonalcohol or nonethanol blended fuels, they may want to consider non-ar foam for that specific hazard. However, for over-the-road incidents they should have AR foam readily available. Keep in mind that AR foams are effective on both alcohol fires and hydrocarbon fires. As a matter of fact, some of the AR foams have quicker knockdown abilities and longer foam retention times than some of the traditional protein-based hydrocarbon foams. It is also recommended that a thermal imaging camera be used to more accurately determine if a fire is completely extinguished, especially during sunlight hours. With the present placarding and labeling of fuels in transport, it may not be easy to identify the various fuel blends when involved in an incident (see Figures ). Instructor Note: Ask participants to offer a rule of thumb for foam use. Answer: Use AR foam at double the normal flow rate for all gasoline/gasoline-blend fires. Refer participants to Figures for images of placards United Nations (UN) 1203 (for E-10), UN 3475 (for E-85),and North American (NA) 1987 (for E-95). Ask participants why current placarding policies can make identification of ethanol-blended fuels difficult. Answer: Most current placarding systems do not differentiate between gasoline and ethanol-blends. Also mention that a new placard was just adopted for ethanol-blends

103 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments IG 5-19 Figure 5.9: United Nations (UN) 1203 Placard for E-10 or Gasoline Figure 5.10: UN 3475 Placard for E-85 Figure 5.11: North American (NA) 1987 Placard for E-85, E-95, or E-100 Instructor Note: Ask participants how multiple placards for fuels like E-85 can cause confusion and problems in mitigating emergencies.

104 IG 5-20 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments UN 1993, which is for diesel, kerosene, and other similar fuels, has also been used (though not recommended) for ethanol-blended fuels. Responders should always use their judgment when responding based on placarded information. Since AR foams are universally effective on both ethanol-blended fuels and nonethanol-blended fuels, they would be the foam of choice. When uncertain as to whether the fire encountered is an alcohol- or ethanol-blended fuel, fire departments may want to consider doubling their application rate (gpm) ability since ethanol-blended fuels require a higher rate of flow, keeping in mind that increasing the flow rate also increases water requirements. Instructor Note: To reinforce what was discussed in this module, show the segment from 6:12 to 10:45 from the video Responding to Ethanol Incidents. This segment deals with the use of Type II and Type III foam application. Source: Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition (EERC). (2007). Responding to Ethanol Incidents [Video]. After the video ask and discuss the following: What is the purpose of the burnback test? Answer: To evaluate a foam s resistance to fire In Type II application with 95 percent ethanol, which foam was most effective? Answer: AR-AFFF How did the AR-AFFF perform in the Type II test with 95 percent ethanol? Answer: It extinguished the fire but failed the burnback test. Which was the only foam to pass the sprinkler test in a 95 percent ethanol fire? Answer: AR-AFFF In the Type III test with 10 percent ethanol, did the AR-AFFF pass the test at the normal usage rate? Answer: No, only at an increased usage rate Based on what we discussed in the module and what we saw in the video, what would be the best foam application method for Type III applications? Why? Answer: Banking, because this method directs the foam stream toward a structure or object adjacent to the burning fuel to create a cascading effect that introduces the foam into the burning surface more gently then plunging or direct application. Why should direct application or plunging be avoided in ethanol or ethanol-fuel blend fires? Answer: Plunging disturbs the polymers in the foam and prevents proper mixing with the polar solvent.

105 Summary Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Summary IG 5-21 Foam is accepted as the best fire suppression/fire fighting agent for use in incidents involving hydrocarbons and ethanol-blended fuels. Because of its ability to maintain a protective layer on ethanol-blended fuels, AR foam is the best choice for incidents involving these types of fuel. Because AR foam also works well on gasoline fires, it is the recommended choice for all fuel fires involving either gasoline- or ethanol-blended fuels. AR foam does perform on hydrocarbon fires as well, so if it is unclear the nature of the burning fuel, AR is the preferred choice from a response standpoint.

106 IG 5-22 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel References References NFPA. (2005). NFPA 11: Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam. Quincy, MA: NFPA.

107 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel IG 5-23 Module 5: Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to develop foam use strategies for controlling / fighting fires associated with ethanol-blended fuels. 2 Introduction Production of ethanol large & likely to continue to increase Predominate danger from tanker trucks & rail cars carrying large amounts of ethanol, manufacturing facilities, & storage facilities Responders need to be prepared for large-scale emergencies & prepared with most effective techniques & extinguishing media 3

108 IG 5-24 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles What is foam? an aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions which is lower in density than flammable liquids. It is used principally to form a cohesive floating blanket on flammable and combustible liquids, and prevents or extinguishes fire by excluding air and cooling the fuel. It also prevents reignition by suppressing formation of flammable vapors. It has the property of adhering to surfaces, which provides a degree of exposure protection from adjacent fires (NFPA 11). 4 Basic Foam Principles Why use foam? Only agent capable of suppressing vapors & providing visible proof of security Foam blanket on unignited spill can prevent fire Suppression of vapors prevents them from finding ignition source 5 Basic Foam Principles Why use foam? Can provide post-fire security by protecting hazard until it can be secured ed / removed ed Can provide protection from flammable liquids for fire & rescue personnel during emergency operations 6

109 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel IG 5-25 Basic Foam Principles How foam works: Foam can: Exclude oxygen from fuel vapors Cool fuel surface with water content of foam Prevent release of flammable vapors from fuel surface Emulsify fuel 7 Basic Foam Principles How foam works: Foam tetrahedron: Before being used must be proportioned & aerated 4 elements: Foam concentrate Water Air Aeration Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI 8 Basic Foam Principles What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on Class C electrical fires: Foam contains 94 97% 97% water & water conducts electricity Class C fires can be extinguished using nonconductive extinguishing agents 9

110 IG 5-26 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on 3-dimensional fires: Recommended to first control spill fire Extinguish flowing fire using dry chemical agent 10 Basic Foam Principles What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on pressurized gases: Vapor pressure too high for foam to be effective Examples: Propane Butane Vinyl chloride Butadiene 11 Basic Foam Principles What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on combustible metals: Combustible metals usually react with water Fires involving combustible metals require specialized techniques & extinguishing agents 12

111 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel IG 5-27 Basic Foam Principles What is foam effective on? Effective at suppressing vapors & extinguishing Class B fires 2 categories of Class B products: Hydrocarbons Polar solvents Hydrocarbons Polar solvents 13 Basic Foam Principles Foam terminology: Foam concentrate Foam solution Finished foam 14 Basic Foam Principles Types of foam: Protein foam Fluoroprotein foams AFFF FFFP AR foam 15

112 IG 5-28 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Foam characteristics: Knockdown Heat resistance Fuel tolerance Vapor suppression Alcohol tolerance 16 Foam Characteristics Property Protein Fluoroprotein AFFF FFFP AR-AFFF Knockdown Fair Good Excellent Good Excellent Heat Resistance Excellent Excellent Fair Good Good Fuel Tolerance Fair Excellent Moderate Good Good Vapor Suppression Excellent Excellent Good Good Good Alcohol Tolerance None None None None Excellent Source: National Foam 17 Basic Foam Principles Foam proportioning & delivery systems: Concentration levels: Hydrocarbons: 3% Polar solvents: 6% Foam proportioning systems: Eductors: In-line eductors: Advantages Property of Chauncey Naylor, reprinted with permission Property of Chauncey Naylor, reprinted with permission 18

113 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel IG 5-29 Basic Foam Principles Foam proportioning & delivery systems: Foam proportioning systems: Eductors: Bypass eductors Common eductor failures Property of Chauncey Naylor, reprinted with permission Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI 19 Basic Foam Principles Foam proportioning & delivery systems: Foam proportioning systems: Foam nozzles: Foam proportioning nozzles: Advantages Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI 20 Basic Foam Principles Foam proportioning & delivery systems: Foam proportioning systems: Air aspirating nozzles Non-air aspirating nozzles Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI 21

114 IG 5-30 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Basic Foam Principles Application techniques: Never plunge foam directly into the fuel Bounce-off: Effective if there is an object in / behind spill area Bank-in: Particularly effective with non-air aspirating fog nozzles 22 Basic Foam Principles Application techniques: Rain-down: Nozzle elevated & foam allowed to fall over spill as gently as possible 23 Foam and Ethanol and Ethanol-Fuel Blends Foams not developed for application on alcohol- / ethanol-blended fuels: Ineffective on fuels containing alcohols / ethanol: Alcohol / Ethanol attacks & absorbs foam solution 24

115 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel IG 5-31 Foam and Ethanol and Ethanol-Fuel Blends AR foams: Forms tough membrane between foam blanket & alcohol-type fuel Crucial to use in combating ethanol-blended fuel fires Apply gently to surface of alcohol- / ethanol-blended fuels 25 Foam and Ethanol and Ethanol-Fuel Blends AR foams: Use Type II application techniques: Apply indirectly to fire Type III application: Effective only when deflected off surfaces Best option may be to protect surrounding exposures 26 Foam and Ethanol and Ethanol-Fuel Blends Require higher flow rate of foam to extinguish fires: AFFF-type: 1 gpm foam / 10 ft 2 burning surface on hydrocarbon-type fuel Ethanol-blended fuels: 2 gpm foam / 10 ft 2 of AR type foam 27

116 IG 5-32 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments Consider converting to AR foam concentrates Develop means of having cache of AR foam readily available 28 Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments AR foams effective on both alcohol & hydrocarbon fires: Some have quicker knockdown abilities & longer foam retention times than protein-based hydrocarbon foams Thermal imaging camera recommended 29 Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments Copyright ERG 30

117 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel IG 5-33 Foam Recommendations for Fire Departments AR foams effective on both alcohol & hydrocarbon fires: Uncertain if fire is alcohol- / ethanol-blended: Consider doubling application rate Foam of choice 31 Summary AR foam best choice for incidents AR foam recommended choice for all fuel fires involving gasoline- / ethanol-blended fuels AR foam performs on hydrocarbon fires as well: Preferred choice from response standpoint if nature of burning fuel is unclear 32

118 IG 5-34 Fire Fighting Foam Principles and Ethanol-Blended Fuel

119 Module Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Terminal Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to determine a method for cleaning up blended fuel spills at specific locations. Enabling Objectives 1. Discuss the possible combinations of fuel/blended fuel spills. 2. Determine the tools/personnel/steps necessary to clean up spills of various fuels. Instructor Note: Module Time: 1 hour Materials: Flip chart or white board Worksheets 6.1 and 6.2

120 IG 6-2 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies

121 Introduction Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Introduction IG 6-3 Instructor Note: The video mentioned that dilution with water was not an effective tactic for ethanol and ethanol-fuel blend fires. Why is this true? Answer: Ethanol diluted up to 500 percent with water will still burn. Detection and Monitoring Understanding the properties and characteristics of both gasoline and ethanol will help emergency responders mitigate incidents involving ethanol-blended fuels. By doing some simple tests it has been shown when ethanol is blended with gasoline, even at high mix ratios like E-85, the ethanol develops a bond to the gasoline. With this bond, the ethanol-blended fuel retains hydrocarbon/gasoline characteristics. Absorbents and booms that are designed to pick up oil-type substances will pick up the ethanol-blended fuel. As long as no water is present, the ethanol stays bonded to the gasoline and absorbs into the booms and absorbents. However, if water is introduced, even at low quantities, it will more readily attract the ethanol and form a water/ethanol solution that drains to the bottom of the fuel mix. In this situation, an oil-type boom or absorbent will pick up the remaining gasoline on top leaving the water/ethanol solution. The water/ethanol solution can then be picked up with a water absorbing boom or absorbent. Keep in mind that depending on the water-to-ethanol ratio, the solution may still be flammable. Also remember that if foam is used to contain the ethanol-blended fuel vapor, a portion of the foam solution will absorb into the ethanol-blended fuel, forming a solution that sinks below the gasoline level. This solution again will have water/ethanol properties, which will require a water-type boom or absorbent. The ethanol-blended fuel located just below the foam membrane will require an oil-type absorbent since the ethanol/gasoline blend will still maintain hydrocarbon characteristics. Detection and identification of hazardous materials using monitoring equipment is normally performed by responders at the technician level. Monitoring equipment is a crucial resource for responders to use in the incident assessment and during mitigation. Monitoring equipment will help responders determine the concentration levels of hazardous materials and make response decisions based on these readings.

122 IG 6-4 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Readings will help responders determine how best to protect themselves and others from the effects of the material and how far the public should be removed from the contaminated area. Work zones are the areas established around a hazardous materials incident and indicate the safety level and degree of hazard in that particular zone. There are three work zones that must be established: hot, warm, and cold. The hot zone is located immediately around the release of a material. This area encompasses materials that are hazards. It is the area of greatest danger and contamination. The warm zone is located immediately outside of the hot zone and is the area where decontamination takes place. The cold zone begins where the warm zone ends. The command post, as well as other support functions, is located in the cold zone. Personal protective clothing in this area may be limited to safety equipment and normal working clothes. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Instructor Note: Ask participants if they can list the health hazards of ethanol. Put them on a flip chart or white board. Typical hazards include: Irritation to the eyes and skin Swallowing: Abdominal irritation Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Possibly death

123 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) IG 6-5 Instructor Note (continued): Typical hazards include: Inhalation: Central nervous system depression Irritation Nausea Vomiting Long-term exposure: Liver damage Kidney damage Ask participants what they consider the most important type of PPE when responding to ethanol emergencies including spills, releases, and fires. Remind participants that we often think of the dangers of materials when they are involved in a fire, however, it is just as important to consider PPE and in particular respiratory protection for materials involved in spills and releases. The PPE section is property of the Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX). Reproduction of this section of the document, in whole or in part, requires written authorization from the Director, TEEX, The Texas A&M University System, unless such reproduction is authorized or executed by the United States Government. Instructor Note: Remind participants that this is an awareness course on ethanol and ethanol-fuel blends. However, it is always critical to stress the importance of proper PPE. This course is not designed to provide instruction in the use or selection of PPE, but this section is presented as a reminder of its importance. Ethanol and ethanol-fuel blends will burn somewhat similarly to gasoline fires; therefore, it is critical that all responders wear appropriate PPE. Protective clothing is designed to protect the wearer from head to toe and has proven to reduce the severity of injuries as well as save the lives of many firefighters. The following components constitute a generic set of PPE: a helmet with either a face shield or eye protection that meets American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z87.1 standard, a protective hood,

124 IG 6-6 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) a turnout coat, turnout pants, gloves, boots, and respiratory protection. Respiratory protection is especially critical since the respiratory system is the primary route of exposure into the body for hazardous chemicals. There are three types of respiratory protection: Air-Purifying Respirators (APR) and Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPR); Supplied Air Respirators (SAR); and Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Remember that all personnel responding to a spill or fire must wear and be trained in the use of the specific PPE required for a given emergency situation (see Figure 6.1).

125 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) IG 6-7 Figure 6.1: Firefighter Wearing Full Set of Protective Clothing This is the end of the section that is the property of TEEX.

126 IG 6-8 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Activity 6.1 Incident Procedures Activity 6.1 Incident Procedures Purpose To become familiar with the correct order of steps in the following procedures and the rationales behind them. Instructor Note: Time: 15 minutes Materials: Worksheets 6.1 and 6.2 Instructor Directions: 1. Have participants attempt to properly order the steps in the following procedures. 2. Participants can work individually or in groups. 3. Use Worksheets 6.1 and After participants have put the procedures in order, go over the correct order and then discuss the rationales behind each. Participant Directions 1. Use Worksheets 6.1 and 6.2 to properly order the steps in the procedures. 2. You can work individually or in groups. 3. Be prepared to discuss the correct order and the rationales behind each step.

127 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Activity 6.1 Incident Procedures IG 6-9 Worksheet 6.1: Non-Fire Spill and Leak Procedures A. Establish a safety zone using conventional detection devices. Normal gas detection meters will still detect the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of the gasoline component since the gasoline has a lower LEL than ethanol. Since both the gasoline component and the ethanol component are heavier than air, predict the vapor travel to be down and to lower levels of elevation. B. Determine which approach to use: If the ethanol-blended fuel is spilled on dry surface, oil only absorbents, pads, and booms will contain the product. Plugging containers or over-packing may also be considerations. If the ethanol-blended fuel is spilled into waterway, the ethanol will precipitate out of the fuel mixture and blend with the water. Depending on water to ethanol quantities, the water/ethanol solution will become non-flammable at high water ratios. The ethanol will become essentially inseparable from the water in field conditions. The remaining gasoline components will remain on the surface of the water and can be contained with normal oil only booms or underflow dam systems. If vapors present a problem at the spill location, covering the spill with foam should be a consideration. Foam, however, can make remediation and cleanup more difficult. C. Cleanup and remediation can be accomplished with standard booms, absorbents, and pads keeping in mind that if water or foam is present, it will take a two-step process. D. Attempt to identify the product by placards, labels, shipping documents, and other identifying factors, staying upwind and uphill and using appropriate PPE. Physical properties will also aid in identification. High concentrations of ethanol will give the fuel a lighter color and a sweeter odor. Answer: D A B C

128 IG 6-10 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Activity 6.1 Incident Procedures Worksheet 6.2: Fire Incident Procedures With Ethanol-Blended Fuel Spills Instructor Note: Using the video Responding to Ethanol Incidents, show the segment from 10:50 to 13:53. After the clip ask the following questions: In the table-top demonstration, why were most of the foams ineffective on polar solvent fuels? Answer: Because ethyl alcohol and water mix together and foam bubbles are mostly water. What was in the two Alcohol-Resistant (AR) foams that allowed them to create the foam blanket? Answer: Polymers Why is dilution with water not an effective mitigation technique for polar solvent fires? Answer: Even at 500 percent ethanol will still burn. A. Monitor and contain run-off from foam application. B. Attempt to identify the burning product by placards, labels, shipping documents, and other identifying factors, staying upwind and uphill using appropriate PPE. The absence of black smoke and reduced visible flames will give visual indicators of the presence of ethanol. Heat intensity may appear greater than normal gasoline as a result of the presence of ethanol. C. Apply foam from upwind and uphill, banking or deflecting foam off tanks, objects, structures, or ground ahead of the spill to accomplish gentle application with Alcohol-Resistant (AR) type foam. Backup lines should be in place to protect personnel operating hoselines. When possible, application by unmanned devices and Airport Rescue Fire Fighting (ARFF) type vehicles should be considered. Make sure only AR foam is used and there is no application of water in the foam area. D. Attempt to provide containment of any flowing fuel. Protect exposures as needed depending on location and situation, and use extreme caution around any exposed containers or pressure vessels. E. Evaluate the burning fuel area to determine appropriate flow or application rate for the foam solution. Minimal rate of application should be 0.2 gallons per minute (gpm)/square foot (example: 1,000 square feet of burning ethanol-blended fuel will require 0.2 1,000 = 200 gpm foam solution). Before beginning foam application, adequate supply of foam concentrate and water should be secured and on site. At least a 10-minute supply of foam and water should be available for suppression operations and an additional 10 minutes reserve for maintaining scene. F. Maintain stable conditions until full cleanup and remediation can be completed. G. Maintain a good blanket of foam on the spilled fuel, and monitor vapor release after the fire has been extinguished. When using the foam blanket to maintain vapor suppression, a full visible blanket should be kept on the fuel surface at all times. Do not rely on film formation or membrane formation.

129 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Activity 6.1 Incident Procedures IG 6-11 Answer: B D E C A G F Instructor Note: Ask participants what emergency personnel, in addition to cleanup personnel, they would like to have on stand-by as they conduct their cleanups. Why?

130 IG 6-12 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Summary Summary Regardless whether you are confronted with a spill or a fire, there are certain procedures that must be followed in order to ensure safe incident management. Knowing the type of fuel that has spilled or is burning is essential to the success of your operation. In addition, you should take steps to contain the event and appropriately distribute the proper foam.

131 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies IG 6-13 Module 6: Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to determine a method for cleaning up specific blended fuel spills at specific locations. 2 Introduction Ethanol develops bond with gasoline when blended: Retains hydrocarbon / gasoline characteristics Absorbents & booms pick up ethanol-blended fuel Water introduced: Forms water / ethanol solution that drains to bottom of fuel mix Oil-type boom / absorbent will pick up gasoline leaving water / ethanol solution 3

132 IG 6-14 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Introduction Water / Ethanol solution picked up with water absorbing boom / absorbent: May be flammable If foam used to contain ethanol-blended fuel vapor: Portion of foam solution absorbs into ethanol-blended fuel 4 Detection and Monitoring Normally performed by technician-level responders Monitoring equipment crucial resource for responders during assessment & mitigation 5 Detection and Monitoring Help determine: Concentration levels of hazardous materials How best to protect everyone from effects of material How far public should be removed from contaminated area 6

133 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies IG 6-15 Detection and Monitoring Work zones: Hot zone Warm zone Cold zone 7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Critical that all responders wear appropriate PPE Components of generic PPE: Helmet with face shield / eye protection meeting ANSI Z87.1 Protective hood Turnout coat Turnout pants Gloves Boots Respiratory protection 8 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Respiratory protection especially critical: Respiratory system primary route of exposure into body for hazardous chemicals 3 types: APR & PAPR SAR SCBA Copyright 2007, TEEX/ESTI 9

134 IG 6-16 Ethanol-Blended Fuel Emergencies Activity 6.1 Incident Procedures Purpose: To become familiar with the correct order of steps in the following procedures es & the rationales a behind them. 10 Summary Procedures to ensure safe incident management for spill / fire Knowing type of fuel spilled / burning essential to success of operation Take steps to contain event & appropriately distribute proper foam 11

135 Module Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Terminal Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to develop plans to fight or contain fires at tank farms and bulk storage facilities. Enabling Objectives 1. List the major concerns associated with fighting fires at tank farm and bulk storage facilities. 2. Describe the components of preplanning. 3. Develop methods to mitigate each of the concerns associated with fighting fires at tank farms and bulk storage facilities. Instructor Note: Module Time: 30 minutes Materials: None

136 IG 7-2 Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents

137 Introduction Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Introduction IG 7-3 Tank farm and bulk storage fire operations can be extremely dangerous and require an extremely advanced technical knowledge of flammable liquids fire fighting and fire protection. Because of the amount of time to set up operations and contain such a fire and the number of resources necessary to handle an incident and defend against a reflash or reignition, they can become very tedious operations. Departments that are responsible for these installations should establish extensive pre-fire plans and schedule drills and walk-throughs on a regular basis. It is imperative that the departments have good relations and cooperation with the facility operators and staff. In most cases it will require additional special equipment and apparatus for these facilities. In many cases a major fire incident at one of these facilities will be beyond the capabilities of the department. It may be prudent to contract outside services for these incidents depending on magnitude and location. The best single avenue of defense for these installations is prevention. Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Operations The following are some considerations for fire incidents at major facilities: Pre-fire plans with predetermined flow rates should be established and reviewed regularly. Mutual aid and second-in companies should also be included in planning and drills. Storage tanks containing ethanol-blended fuels should be identified and known by the fire department personnel well in advance of any incident. If tanks are provided with pre-piped foam systems, connection locations and required pressures and flows should be identified. Personnel should be aware of the potential danger that systems installed on tanks that previously contained regular gasoline may not work or be appropriate for ethanol-blended fuels being stored in those tanks. Greater flow capacities may be required, and subsurface systems do not work with ethanol components. Fires in storage tanks where no fixed systems are available or usable or in cases where fixed systems are rendered inoperable may not be extinguishable with non-fixed appliances. Lowering the fuel

138 IG 7-4 Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Preplanning level and protecting exposures may be the only options for reducing the overall impact of the event. Preplanning Preplanning is a vital factor in the strategy of controlling an emergency situation. The amount of success obtained in resolving an emergency can, in most cases, be determined by the amount of advance preparation made by fire fighting personnel. The purpose of pre-incident planning is to enable attack preparations and fire-fighting operations to be carried out at the scene of an emergency as efficiently and effectively as possible. The incident management attack operation can begin more quickly if details about the incident site are known prior to the arrival of the firefighters and if positions of equipment and possible hose layouts have been predetermined. When effective pre-incident plans have been made, less time needs to be spent on making decisions concerning the incident site during and after the size-up process. Steps involved in the preplanning process include: Information gathering: Collecting pertinent information at the selected site that might affect incident management operations, such as construction features, exposures, utility disconnects, fire hydrant location, water main sizes, and anything else that would affect response operations if an emergency should occur. Instructor Note: Ask participants to list items they would look for when conducting an exterior survey at a tank farm or bulk storage facility. Answers should include: Facility dimensions Fire hydrant locations Fire Department Connection (FDC) locations Utility shut-offs Fences Power lines locations and sizes of tanks or other storage containers Landscaping Obstructions Exposures Doors, windows, and fire escapes

139 Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Summary IG 7-5 Information analysis: The information gathered must be analyzed in terms of what is pertinent and vital to incident suppression operations. An operable pre-incident plan must then be formulated and put into a usable format that can be used at the incident site. Information distribution: All parties that will help to solve the problem should receive copies of the plan so that they become familiar with both the plan and pertinent factors relating to it. Summary In the event of a major incident at a fuel storage facility, you will be better positioned to respond if you have done your homework in advance. You should have an incident plan in place and be in the habit of maintaining good relationships with the agencies that can offer support in your time of crisis. Drills and walk-throughs are essential parts of planning for major incidents and should be conducted on a regular basis. A final note: Sometimes all you can safely do is contain the incident and let the fire run its course. Knowing when to let this happen is an important component of safety.

140 IG 7-6 Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Activity 7.1 Ethanol Emergency Procedures Activity 7.1 Ethanol Emergency Procedures Purpose To allow participants to utilize all the information discussed in the course to determine the appropriate procedures for fire and non-fire ethanol emergencies. Instructor Note: Time: 15 minutes Materials: None Instructor Directions: 1. Allow the participants to work in groups of two to three for this activity. 2. Assign either scenario #1 or #2 to each group. 3. Participants should determine appropriate procedures based on their scenario. 4. After 10 minutes call time and randomly call on groups to provide their answers. 5. Participants should mention the following: methods to identify the product; what potential dangers need to be considered based on the chemical and physical properties of the E-85; establishing a safety zone; spill containment; environmental issues; fire suppression methods, techniques, and considerations; and cleanup considerations. Participant Directions 1. For this activity you will work in groups of two to three. 2. For your scenario you will determine appropriate containment, mitigation, and cleanup procedures including: methods to identify the product; what potential dangers need to be considered based on the chemical and physical properties of the E-85; establishing a safety zone; spill containment; environmental issues;

141 Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Activity 7.1 Ethanol Emergency Procedures IG 7-7 fire suppression methods, techniques, and considerations; and cleanup considerations. 3. Be prepared to share you findings with the class. Scenario #1 A transport vehicle carrying 8,500 gallons of E-85 fuel to a retailer is involved in an accident at an intersection. A passenger car ran a red light hitting the trailer in the side rupturing one tank holding 3,200 gallons of E-85 fuel and causing the fuel to leak from the trailer. The fuel is running downhill into a creek which runs next to the street toward an entrance to a shopping center. Scenario #2 A transport vehicle carrying 8,500 gallons of E-85 fuel to a retailer is involved in an accident at an intersection. A passenger car ran a red light hitting the trailer in the side rupturing one tank holding 3,200 gallons of E-85 fuel and causing the fuel to leak from the trailer. The fuel is running downhill into a dry ditch which runs next to the street toward an entrance to a shopping center. After approximately 12 minutes the spilled fuel on the ground near the tanker catches fire.

142 IG 7-8 Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Module 7: Tank Farm and Bulk Storage Fire Incidents Objective Upon the successful completion of this module, participants will be able to develop plans to fight or contain fires at tank farms and bulk storage facilities. 2 Introduction Departments responsible: Establish extensive pre-fire plans Schedule drills & walk-throughs on regular basis Departments must have good relations & cooperation with facility operators & staff Require special equipment & apparatus: Contract outside services for incidents depending on magnitude & location Best defense is prevention 3