PROFITABILITY OF SMART GRID SOLUTIONS APPLIED IN POWER GRID

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1 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S371 Introducton PROFITABILITY OF SMART GRID SOLUTIONS APPLIED IN POWER GRID by Nenad A. KATI] * Faculty of Techncal Scences, Unversty of Nov Sad, Nov Sad, Serba Orgnal scentfc paper DOI: /TSCI K The dea of smart grd soluton has been developng for years, as a complete soluton for the power utlty, consstng of dfferent advanced technologes amed at mprovng the effcency of operaton. The trend of usng varous smart systems (such as mplementaton of energy management systems, grd automaton systems, advanced meterng nfrastructure, smart power equpment, dstrbuted energy resources, demand response systems, etc.) contnues to develop. In ths respect, emergng technologes (energy storages, electrcal vehcles or dstrbuted generators) become ntegrated n dstrbuton networks and systems. Nowadays, the dea of smart grd soluton becomes more realstc owng to full ntegraton of all advanced operaton technologes (OT) wthn IT envronment, provdng the complete utlty dgtalzaton (IT/OT ntegraton). The overvew of smart grd solutons, estmaton of nvestments, operaton costs and possble benefts are presented n ths artcle, wth dscusson about proftablty of such systems. Key words: smart grd, electrcty dstrbuton, dstrbuton management systems Power utltes apply varous advanced technologes for control of dfferent grd components, such as transmsson, generaton or dstrbuton. Ths paper s focused on smart grd solutons appled n dstrbuton utltes. Smart grd soluton (SGS), consdered as dfferent advanced technologes amed at mprovng the effcency of operaton, should sgnfcantly mprove relablty, qualty and effcency of power delvery and reduce costs of power network operaton. The challenge s quantfcaton of benefts provded by SGS and comparson wth related costs, to estmate the real proftablty of such nvestments. Such research was conducted on numerous real cases [1-5] to evaluate benefts and costs of SGS appled n electrcty dstrbuton networks (EDN). The evaluaton of SGS benefts and costs, as well as recent results are presented n ths artcle. Nowadays, utltes have the followng major expectatons of SGS: Improve performance ndces of the grd operaton, as they are often regulated by regulators, Improve relablty ndces of the operaton, also often regulated by regulators, Improve customer servces, as they drectly affect market poston n case of deregulated markets, where customers may choose the provder. * Author's e-mal: nenad.katc@schneder-electrc-dms.com

2 S372 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd The SGS encompass dfferent technologes amed to mprove effcency of EDN operaton, as presented n fg. 1, and they can be grouped n the followng areas: Smart network operaton: mplementaton of dstrbuton automaton systems (DAS) wth centralzed grd control and smart power equpment, Smart meterng: mplementaton of advanced meterng nfrastructure (AMI) wth automated (remote) meter readng (AMR), and meter data management (MDM), Smart consumpton: montorng and optmal management and control of demand demand response systems (DRS), Smart generaton: montorng and optmal management and control of dstrbuted energy resources (DER), Smart devces: modelng of electrcal vehcles, chargers of electrcal vehcles and energy storage devces n the dstrbuton network. Fgure 1. Smart grd technologes The hghest effcency s acheved when all modules are ntegrated wthn one ntegral soluton. DAS system n ths case operates as the central bran of the entre SGS system, overvewng and managng all modules. The DAS systems typcally nclude: Centralzed system control software, ncludng SCADA (Supervsory control and data acquston system), DMS/EMS (dstrbuton/energy management system), OMS (outage management system), operaton analyss, forecast and plannng, all ntegrated n one soluton advanced DMS (ADMS), Centralzed system control hardware, ncludng typcally prmary data center servers, dsaster recovery data center servers and user workstatons, Communcaton system to support hgh speed transfer of data over wde areas,

3 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S373 Remotely controlled feld power equpment n the grd (load breakng swtches, fault ndcators, voltage/capactors regulators wth motor drves), ncludng communcaton subsystems (remote termnal unts wth rado or lne communcaton modems). The ADMS s the central ntellgence of DAS provdng the full network control, mathematcal modelng and sngle graphcal nterface. The ADMS supports network vsualzaton (schematc and geographcal), network montorng and control, access to comprehensve techncal database, envronments for real-tme control and smulaton studes, hstorcal data access and storages, web technologes, as well as wde set of power analytcal functons: Core functons for calculaton of network operaton state and topology (state estmaton, power flow, topology analyzer, ), automatcally trggered by system, Operaton support functons for swtchng schedulng, ssung of commands, ncdent and work management, typcally used by operators n every day network operaton, Operaton optmzaton functons for optmzng grd operaton, power flow and voltages, typcally used by engneers for short-term operaton plannng. Recently, these functons have become avalable n automatc mode lkewse workng sequentally n a closed loop and automatcally ssung commands to feld equpment n real-tme, Network analyss and reportng functons to analyze short-crcuts, relay protecton settng, contngency problems, equpment ratng, harmonc polluton, and provde reports about outages, power losses, etc., typcally used by engneers n smulaton mode, Outage management applcatons for management of faults n automated way (fault locaton, solaton and supply restoraton self-healng), Network Development functons for mantenance plannng and long-term analyss of network desgn, constructon and development, typcally used by engneers n nvestment and plannng departments, Web applcatons allowng web access to corporate clents on portable devces. Smart meterng mples AMI mplementaton wth smart meters on customer sde, communcaton wth meters to upload data from meters, as well as modules for data processng (MDM), typcally ncludng the followng modules: Smart meters used for the measurng (recordng) of consumpton on customer sde, storng of data n meter, supportng two-way communcaton to provde (upload) data and accept data requests and commandng sgnals, Communcaton network used for data and sgnals transmsson between meters and communcaton nodes, wth dfferent technologes used (power lne carrer, prvate rado or wreless IP networks, prvate wre/fber optc IP networks or publc moble provders), Network management software AMI host system and meter data management system that manages data storage, pre-processng and analyss, to provde approprate data to dfferent users n utlty (Bllng system, ADMS, web servces, etc.). Smart consumpton mples DRS technologes to control consumpton of electrc energy on demand (customer) sde drectly or ndrectly, wth consent of the customers and wth ther partcpaton n a certan demand response programs. The DRS s amed at reducng the power system peak load or the local network overload, wthout sgnfcant volaton of supply qualty. In ths way, constructon of new and expensve peak-load generators can be avoded wth overall reducton of costs, as well as CO 2 polluton. The DRS typcally conssts of the followng modules: Demand response management system (DRMS) s software applcatons whch provde analyss of network operaton and creates schedules for executon of DRS programs. Nor-

4 S374 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd mally, such module s the part of ADMS, however, n some applcatons t s establshed as ndependent system, The DRS web portals, whch manage the partcpaton of customers, wth ther applcatons, sgnng n/contracts, trackng of DRS event results, compensatons, etc., The DRS master control system, whch convert DRMS programs to executon sgnals (e. g. control sgnals to local devces n drect control systems or notfcatons to customers n ndrect control systems), The DRS communcaton system (e. g. rado system, power network, AMI, prvate IP network or publc moble provder, etc.), The DRS local control devces (e. g. local PLC, home control systems, smart meters, load control swtches, programmable communcatng thermostats, etc.). Smart generaton mples technologes for DER montorng, modelng, control and management (DERM). Analyss of the new DER connectons and ther mpact on network operaton s necessary and possble wth DERM mathematcal and control engnes. Smart generaton ncludes: The DER local control devces wth remote communcaton, The DERM master system for remote montorng and control, The DERM applcatons for DER analyss, protecton settng, optmal dspatch and analyss of new DER connectons. Smart devces mply ntegraton/modellng of electrcal vehcles and energy storage devces n the dstrbuton network wthn ADMS. The growng number of these devces and hgher nterest of both utltes and personal users mply the need to model these devces and account for ther mpact on the network operaton. Furthermore, smart management and optmal utlzaton of ther capactes can reduce unnecessary costs, avod unexpected peaks and mbalances n the consumpton. Smart grd benefts Smart grd solutons predct entre dgtal automaton of dstrbuton power networks, from the entry pont on the transmsson network to the customer sde, wth am to mprove relablty and effcency of supply and reduce costs of operaton. Benefts acheved wth SGS mplementaton are comprehensve and the most mportant are lsted below: Improved network relablty and operaton n a real tme, Reducton of outage tme: self-healng sophstcated technologes, operatng n manual and/or automatc mode, sgnfcantly reducng outage tme to mnmal values and mprovng relablty of power supply. In cases when utltes pay penaltes for outages, ths means drect savngs for the utlty, Reducton of operaton and network constructon costs: wth hgher utlzaton of exstng/expensve power equpment and smart plannng of new facltes or customer connectons, Secured networks the development of new technologes enable effcent dentfcaton and response to natural dsasters and human ntrusons, Optmal management of dstrbuted generaton producton, by ntegratng DERM and DRS systems, Actve customers - partcpatng n demand response programs and havng possblty to self-control ther consumpton, Optmzng power flow n the dstrbuton network by controllng the mpact of electrcal vehcles, DER and energy storage devces.

5 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S375 Benefts, resultng from SGS mplementaton n dstrbuton networks, are analyzed, quantfed and compared wth the market value of electrc energy annually njected nto dstrbuton network (EEIA). Busness models appled n electrc sectors worldwde are dfferent, from monopoles to fully deregulated open economes. Snce utltes have dfferent busness models for generatng revenue, benefts and costs wll be compared wth EEIA, as well known parameter n each utlty [1, 2, 4]. The DAS benefts The central ntellgence of DAS s ADMS, whch ncludes (mathematcal) modelng of power network and set of calculaton engnes and algorthms to provde network operaton optmzaton, ncdent management, analyss, reportng and long-term plannng. ADMS calculaton results are appled n feld by SCADA and OMS modules, over communcaton and feld executon systems, to acheve optmzaton and control targets. DAS benefts [4] can be dfferentated as follows: Reducton of power losses: ADMS optmal network reconfguraton functon appled n network operaton may provde reducton of power losses [6-8]. Besdes, ADMS Volt/Var wll mprove voltage qualty and reduce losses [9-11], as well as energy audt wll help n tracng and reducng non-techncal losses. Co-ordnated mplementaton of ADMS results n network operaton, whch can be set n automated way nowadays, may brng 10-15% reducton of power losses, or beneft of approxmately 0.5-1% EEIA [2, 4]. Reducton of operaton costs: DAS wll sgnfcantly reduce outage tme, unnecessary swtchng operaton and mantenance costs, as well as non-delvered energy and penaltes eventually pad by utltes to customers. Drect costs for management of ncdents n power network wll reduce 0.4% EEIA [2, 4], whereas reduced penaltes, f pad to customers, can reach the value up to 4% EEIA [2, 4]. Reducton of network constructon costs: ADMS functons for power restoraton, network renforcement, analyss of new connectons and long-term plannng can mprove utlzaton of facltes and postponement of nvestments, provdng benefts 0,5-1% EEIA [2, 4]. The total benefts of DAS may be reached annually: Mnmum 2% of EEIA market value, f no compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty, Maxmum 6% of EEIA purchase value, f compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty for outages. The AMI benefts Applcaton of AMI system can brng benefts n several areas. Automated meter readng, data processng and bllng of customers wll reduce meter readng costs, mprove accuracy of consumpton data, as well as mprove remuneraton of electrcty blls. Tradtonal meter readngs were manual, wth hgh labor and feld costs, low accuracy and not synchronzed wth purchase sde. Automated meter readng wll avod labor and feld costs (approx. 2% EEIA, assumng approx. 1 Eur/meter readng costs n 4 tmes per year), whereas hgher accuracy and bllng of customers wll mprove fnancal ncome wth benefts n range 1-2% EEIA [2]. AMI consumpton data, now accurate and synchronzed wth power measurements and power flow calculatons, ntegrated wth DMS Energy Audt functonalty, wll accelerate theft detecton, provdng benefts n range 1-2% EEIA [2]. The AMI nfrastructure wll be used by outage management system to get status and measurements on customer sde n real-tme, or to receve trouble calls n case of nc-

6 S376 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd dents, sgnfcantly mprovng outage management process n Low Voltage networks and reducng outage tme. Smlarly to DAS fault management mprovements, benefts wll be n range from 0.5% EEIA for drect utlty costs, up to 4% EEIA f penaltes are pad by utlty to customers. The AMI nfrastructure wll support effcent communcaton between Demand Response Control system and controlled devces, reducng nvestments n DRS communcaton system. The total benefts of AMI may reach annually: Mnmum 5% EEIA market value, f no compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty, Maxmum 10% EEIA market value, f compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty for outages. The DRS benefts Demand response s used prmarly to reduce the peak load of the power system or on the local level, wth a goal to avod emergency stuaton because of non-suffcent power capacty n the producton or network sde. In ths analyss, DRS wll be consdered as utlty tool for peak load management, brngng the followng benefts. Peak load reducton on the network level, leadng drectly to reducton of power and energy costs n peak hours, whch are lastng 2-3 hours per day. DRS can reduce 5-10% of the peak power, dependng on technology appled and the number of partcpants. Snce the prce of the power/energy n peak hours s 5-10 tmes hgher than the prce n off-peak tmes, beneft usng DRS equals approx. 5-10% of EEIA market value. Increased network relablty network s not loaded up to maxmum and there s avalable capacty wthout exceedng operatonal margn. In case of large ds-balances of power or energy, DRS wll reduce black-outs, provdng benefts n range of 2% EEIA. The DRS wll provde better utlzaton of network facltes, postponng expensve nvestments n network constructon, provdng benefts n range of 1% EEIA. The total benefts of DRS may reach 8-10 % of EEIA market value annually. DER management benefts Smart management of DER capactes may brng reducton of power losses n dstrbuton network, reducton of overloads on the local level, and mprove power qualty. DERM applcaton performs optmal schedulng of resources, short-term plannng and balances of the energy flow, control of voltages and power qualty. The frst mplementatons have just started, and frst experences are provng possbltes to acheve benefts [12]. Investments n smart grd solutons The SGS nvestments encompass feld equpment, communcaton systems, computer hardware, software, mplementaton servces, tranngs and support. Investments n all groups of SGS concept are analyzed n ths chapter. The DAS nvestments encompass the followng sectors. The ADMS software and hardware, deployed n data server centers (man and back-up) and control centers (users workstatons), ncludng data engneerng, customzaton, delvery, tranng and testng of the system. Remote termnal unts (RTU) or substaton automaton systems, mplemented n hgh voltage substatons and on many locatons n medum voltage network (servce substatons or pole mounted swtches), ncludng equpment for sgnal converson (transducers, relays),

7 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S377 ancllary equpment and servces (power supply, assemblng), testng and commssonng of the system. Communcaton systems (rado, fber-optc, moble provders), ncludng system desgn, lcenses, delver, tranng, testng and commssonng of the system. Power equpment capable for remote control actons (rng man unts n servce substatons, motorzed power swtches on poles, voltage regulators, etc.) Dstrbuton network has to be automated up to the certan level, to be capable for effcent remote control and executon of ADMS optmzaton steps n a real tme or closed loop, whch mples automaton of all substatons and certan number of crtcal dstrbuton ponts (3-4 automated ponts per dstrbuton feeder). Consderng all necessary nvestments, usng several examples and real cases, the DAS nvestment costs can be estmated on 12% of EEIA market value [2, 4]. The AMI nvestments nclude: Smart meters wth communcaton modules, ncludng delvery, nstallaton and testng on customer connectons stes, The AMI communcaton system, ncludng system desgn, lcenses, delvery and nstallaton of communcaton equpment, testng and commssonng of the system, Network management software, mplemented n data server centers, ncludng software and hardware, delvery and testng. Typcal AMI nvestments are n range of Eur/meter or approxmately 40% of EEIA. The DRS nvestments nclude: The DRS Management Software, mplemented n Data Server Centers, ncludng Software and Hardware, delvery and testng, The DRS communcaton system, ncludng system desgn, lcenses, delvery and nstallaton of communcaton equpment, testng and commssonng of the system. Nowadays, AMI nfrastructure s often used as communcaton system between DRS center and end consumers n case of drect load control. Recently, web-portal and nternet s used for exchange of nformaton. The DRS local devces on consumer sde, dfferent knd of sgnal recevers and meters, control swtches, home automaton technology, AMI meters, etc. The DRS nvestments wth drect load control appled n wde areas are n range of 20% of EEIA. Cost beneft analyss The cost/beneft analyss consders all costs and benefts n the lfe tme of SGS systems. Analyss s appled on example of a large utlty supplyng 1,000,000 meters, wth1500 MW peak load, 5000 hours duraton, havng EEIA of 7500 GWh/year. The market value of EEIA s approxmately 225 Mllon Euro (MEur), usng average market wholesale prce of 30 Eur/MWh. Estmaton of costs The frst step of cost/beneft analyss s to estmate the full cost of usng SGS system: Consderng all SGS soluton, the total ntal nvestment costs (I 0 ) would be approx. 72% of EEIA, as analyzed n Investments n smart grd solutons, or 162 MEur n example of a large utlty. Apart from ntal nvestment cost, SGS would have certan annual cost durng the operaton durng the lfe tme (T). The lfe tme of SGS solutons s typcally 10 years

8 S378 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd (combnaton of computer, telecommuncaton, automaton, and electronc equpment). SGS annual cost can be presented: C 0 ( d% m% nt %)I, 1,...T, (1) d% average depretaton of SGS system (1/T), t s 10% n case of 10 years lfetme, m% - mantenance and operaton cost typcally 2%, nt% - nterest rate, typcally 6%. The SGS system annual costs would be 18% of ntal nvestment costs, or approx. 29 MEur/year. The total cost of ownershp (TCO) s consderng the total cost over the lfetme of the system, usng weghted average cost of captal (wacc%) as a dscountng factor: ( d% m% nt %)I 0 TCO (2) (1 wacc%) T 1 If the amount of annual depretaton, mantenance cost and nterest cost s constant over tme, the eq. (2) can be expressed wth dscountng total factor (DTF): T 1 TCO ( d% m% nt %)I 0 ( d% m% nt %) I ( 1 wacc%) 1 0 DTF Usng the current wacc% value of 6%, DTF has the value of 7.36, and we can calculate TCO: TCO 18% I (4) 0 DTF 18% Io I0 In the example of a large utlty, wth Io of 162 MEur, the TCO would be 215 MEur. Estmaton of benefts The second step n cost/beneft analyss s to estnmate the full beneft of usng SGS. The annual beneft of usng SGS systems, as dscussed n the secton Smart grd benefts, wll nclude benefts of applyng DAS systems, AMI, DRS, and/or DERM systems. In case the utlty s not payng any compensatons or penaltes due to ncdents and outages n the power grd, whch s very unlkely, the annual beneft would be approx. 15% of EEIA. However, due to regulaton polcy, utltes are oblgated to compensate certan amount of damages to consumers n case of outages, or they are exposed to penaltes, when benefts are hgher and may go up to 25% of EEIA. The SGS benefts senstvty on the level of compensaton pad to customers wll be consdered. The annual beneft can be presented by: B (15% 25%) EEIA, 1,... T (5) In the example of a large utlty, wth EEIA of 225 MEur, the annual beneft wll be n the range MEur. In the lfe tme of the system, benefts wll be dscounted wth the same dscountng factor (wacc%), gvng the total beneft of ownershp (TBO): T (15% 25%) EEIA TBO (6) 1 (1 wacc%) In case EEIA s the same every year, the eq. (6) can be smplfed usng the dscountng total factor (DTF): (3)

9 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S379 TBO (15% 25%) EEIA T 1 1 (15% 25%) EEIA DTF (1 wacc %) (7) In the exampe of a large utlty wth EEIA of 225 MEur, we can calculate TBO: TBO ( 15% 25%) EEIA 7.36 ( ) EEIA ( ) 225 MEur MEur Cost-beneft analyss The four economc factors are consdered n the cost/beneft analyss: TBO P (8) TCO Proftablty (P), as rato between total benefts and costs durng the lfetme of the system, f P > 1, the project s proftable. T Payback (9) P Payback Payback perod, or the perod of tme necessary for return of nvestment. If the project s proftable then payback perod wll be less than the lfetme, and project wll produce proft. TBO TCO ROI (10) TCO Return on nvestments (ROI), the factor showng added beneft after the return of nvestment durng the lfetme of the system. T 0 B C I (11) 0 (1 IRR) Internal rate of return (IRR), the dscountng factor whch would dscount annual profts on the amount equal ntal nvestment. The IRR s showng f and how much the nvestment s proftable, comparng wth the average rate of the captal. Snce benefts may have dfferent amounts, as presented n eqs. (5) and (7), whch has sgnfcant mpact on all four economc factors, senstvty analyss was made n ths beneft range. The beneft was vared n the range between 15% and 25% n steps of 2.5%: If utlty s not payng any compensaton (penaltes) for power outages, the annual beneft s 15% EEIA; f payng 25%, the beneft s 17.5%; f payng 50%, the beneft s 20%; f payng 75%, the beneft s 22.5% and f payng 100% or the full compensaton (penaltes) for power outages, the annual beneft s 25% of EEIA. The results of senstvty analyss are presented n tab. 1 and fgs Table 1. Cost beneft senstvty analyss for dfferent penaltes rates TCO TBO Penalty rate P ROI IRR Payback 214,620, ,402,938 0% % 14% ,803,428 25% % 18% ,203,917 50% % 22% ,604,407 75% % 26% ,004, % % 30% 5.2 1

10 S380 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd 2,500 Proftablty 2,000 1,500 1,000 Proftablty 0,500 0,000 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 2. Proftablty of SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% ROI ROI 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 3. Return on nvestments for SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates. 35% IRR 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% IRR 5% 0% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 4. Internal rate of return for SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates.

11 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S381 Years 10,0 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 Payback tme Payback 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 5. Payback tme for SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates. Cost-beneft analyss results are showng that SGS projects are always proftable, whereas proftablty depends on the level of compensaton to customers for outages, or penaltes to whch utltes are exposed. Conclusons Smart grd solutons can sgnfcantly mprove power network operaton, ncrease relablty, safety and qualty of supply. Regardng quantfcaton of SGS benefts and comparson wth related costs, the bggest challenge facng utltes today s to estmate real proftablty of such nvestments. Accordng to cost/beneft analyss presented n ths artcle, t can be concluded that SGS projects are proftable nvestments. Proftablty depends on the level of compensaton pad by utlty to customers for outages n power network operaton, or on the level of regulatory penaltes to whch utlty s exposed. Consderng ten years lfetme of operaton, the followng conclusons can be made for a large utlty. If utlty s not payng any compensaton (penaltes) for outages, whch s unlkely, SGS projects wll stll be proftable, wth lower proftablty of 1.1, payback perod of eght years, 16% ROI and 14% IRR, whch stll may be attractve for nvestors. If utlty s payng certan compensaton (penaltes) for outages, SGS projects wll be more proftable, wth proftablty up to 1.9, payback perod down to fve years, ROI up to 93% and IRR up to 30%, whch makes SGS projects very attractve to nvestors. Takng nto account that ths cost/beneft analyss s consderng only SGS benefts whch can be fnancally evaluated, but not all possble benefts whch cannot be precsely calculated (e.g. customer satsfacton, reducng CO 2 polluton, safety on work, etc.), SGS proftablty s even better then calculated. In general, takng nto account all benefts, t can be concluded that SGS are very proftable nvestments, wth almost double proftablty and quck return of nvestments n fve years. In short, on every nvested Euro, double wll be returned durng the lfetme of the system. References [1] Katc, N., et. al., Busness Benefts of DMS Software Applcaton n Compettve Dstrbuton, Proceedngs, CIRED 17 th Conference Barcelona, Sesson 6, Barcelona, Span, 2003

12 S382 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd [2] Katc, N., et. al., Smart Grd Solutons n Dstrbuton Networks Cost/Beneft Analyss, Proceedngs, CICED CIRED Chna Internatonal Conference on Electrcty Dstrbuton, Shangha, Chna, 2010 [3] Katć, N., et. al., Power System Economcs, EU project Cost Effectve and Envronmental Frendly Energy Systems CEFES TEMPUS Programme CD_JEP , Nov Sad, Serba, 2007 [4] Katć, N., Benefts of Smart Grd Solutons n Open Electrcty Market, Acta Polytechnca Hungarca, 10 (2013), 2, pp [5] Katć, N., et. al., Smart Grd Solutons n Power Grd, Costs and Benefts, Proceedngs ICET, Invted paper, Nov Sad, Serba, 2013 [6] Roytelman, I., et. al., Mult-objectve Feeder Reconfguraton by Dstrbuton Management System, IEEE Trans. on Power System, 11 (1996), 2, pp [7] Baran, M. E., Wu, F.F., Network Reconfguraton n Dstrbuton Systems for Loss Reducton and Load Balancng, IEEE Trans. on Power Delvery, 4 (1989), 2, pp [8] D Lembo, G., et. al., Reducton of Power Losses and CO 2 Emsson: Accurate Network Data to Obtan Good Performances of DMS Systems, Proceedngs, CIRED 20 th Conference Prague, Prague, Czech Republc, 2009 [9] Roytelman, I., et. al., Volt/Var Control for Modern Dstrbuton Management System, IEEE Trans. on Power System, 10 (1995), 3, pp [10] Roytelman, I., et. al., Plot Project to Estmate the Centralzed Volt/Var Control Effectveness, IEEE Trans. on Power System, 13 (1998), 3, pp [11] Strezosk, V. et. al., Voltage Control Integrated n Dstrbuton Management Systems, Electrc Power Systems Research, 60 (2001), 2, pp [12] Romero, F., Katc, N., How to Manage the Impact of Dstrbuted Generators n the Grd, Proceedngs, AEE, Smart Grd Prospects for Dstrbutors and Customers, Mlan, Italy, 2012 Paper submtted: October 5, 2015 Paper revsed: December 4, 2015 Paper accepted: December 26, 2015

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