PROFITABILITY OF SMART GRID SOLUTIONS APPLIED IN POWER GRID
|
|
- William McGee
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S371 Introducton PROFITABILITY OF SMART GRID SOLUTIONS APPLIED IN POWER GRID by Nenad A. KATI] * Faculty of Techncal Scences, Unversty of Nov Sad, Nov Sad, Serba Orgnal scentfc paper DOI: /TSCI K The dea of smart grd soluton has been developng for years, as a complete soluton for the power utlty, consstng of dfferent advanced technologes amed at mprovng the effcency of operaton. The trend of usng varous smart systems (such as mplementaton of energy management systems, grd automaton systems, advanced meterng nfrastructure, smart power equpment, dstrbuted energy resources, demand response systems, etc.) contnues to develop. In ths respect, emergng technologes (energy storages, electrcal vehcles or dstrbuted generators) become ntegrated n dstrbuton networks and systems. Nowadays, the dea of smart grd soluton becomes more realstc owng to full ntegraton of all advanced operaton technologes (OT) wthn IT envronment, provdng the complete utlty dgtalzaton (IT/OT ntegraton). The overvew of smart grd solutons, estmaton of nvestments, operaton costs and possble benefts are presented n ths artcle, wth dscusson about proftablty of such systems. Key words: smart grd, electrcty dstrbuton, dstrbuton management systems Power utltes apply varous advanced technologes for control of dfferent grd components, such as transmsson, generaton or dstrbuton. Ths paper s focused on smart grd solutons appled n dstrbuton utltes. Smart grd soluton (SGS), consdered as dfferent advanced technologes amed at mprovng the effcency of operaton, should sgnfcantly mprove relablty, qualty and effcency of power delvery and reduce costs of power network operaton. The challenge s quantfcaton of benefts provded by SGS and comparson wth related costs, to estmate the real proftablty of such nvestments. Such research was conducted on numerous real cases [1-5] to evaluate benefts and costs of SGS appled n electrcty dstrbuton networks (EDN). The evaluaton of SGS benefts and costs, as well as recent results are presented n ths artcle. Nowadays, utltes have the followng major expectatons of SGS: Improve performance ndces of the grd operaton, as they are often regulated by regulators, Improve relablty ndces of the operaton, also often regulated by regulators, Improve customer servces, as they drectly affect market poston n case of deregulated markets, where customers may choose the provder. * Author's e-mal: nenad.katc@schneder-electrc-dms.com
2 S372 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd The SGS encompass dfferent technologes amed to mprove effcency of EDN operaton, as presented n fg. 1, and they can be grouped n the followng areas: Smart network operaton: mplementaton of dstrbuton automaton systems (DAS) wth centralzed grd control and smart power equpment, Smart meterng: mplementaton of advanced meterng nfrastructure (AMI) wth automated (remote) meter readng (AMR), and meter data management (MDM), Smart consumpton: montorng and optmal management and control of demand demand response systems (DRS), Smart generaton: montorng and optmal management and control of dstrbuted energy resources (DER), Smart devces: modelng of electrcal vehcles, chargers of electrcal vehcles and energy storage devces n the dstrbuton network. Fgure 1. Smart grd technologes The hghest effcency s acheved when all modules are ntegrated wthn one ntegral soluton. DAS system n ths case operates as the central bran of the entre SGS system, overvewng and managng all modules. The DAS systems typcally nclude: Centralzed system control software, ncludng SCADA (Supervsory control and data acquston system), DMS/EMS (dstrbuton/energy management system), OMS (outage management system), operaton analyss, forecast and plannng, all ntegrated n one soluton advanced DMS (ADMS), Centralzed system control hardware, ncludng typcally prmary data center servers, dsaster recovery data center servers and user workstatons, Communcaton system to support hgh speed transfer of data over wde areas,
3 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S373 Remotely controlled feld power equpment n the grd (load breakng swtches, fault ndcators, voltage/capactors regulators wth motor drves), ncludng communcaton subsystems (remote termnal unts wth rado or lne communcaton modems). The ADMS s the central ntellgence of DAS provdng the full network control, mathematcal modelng and sngle graphcal nterface. The ADMS supports network vsualzaton (schematc and geographcal), network montorng and control, access to comprehensve techncal database, envronments for real-tme control and smulaton studes, hstorcal data access and storages, web technologes, as well as wde set of power analytcal functons: Core functons for calculaton of network operaton state and topology (state estmaton, power flow, topology analyzer, ), automatcally trggered by system, Operaton support functons for swtchng schedulng, ssung of commands, ncdent and work management, typcally used by operators n every day network operaton, Operaton optmzaton functons for optmzng grd operaton, power flow and voltages, typcally used by engneers for short-term operaton plannng. Recently, these functons have become avalable n automatc mode lkewse workng sequentally n a closed loop and automatcally ssung commands to feld equpment n real-tme, Network analyss and reportng functons to analyze short-crcuts, relay protecton settng, contngency problems, equpment ratng, harmonc polluton, and provde reports about outages, power losses, etc., typcally used by engneers n smulaton mode, Outage management applcatons for management of faults n automated way (fault locaton, solaton and supply restoraton self-healng), Network Development functons for mantenance plannng and long-term analyss of network desgn, constructon and development, typcally used by engneers n nvestment and plannng departments, Web applcatons allowng web access to corporate clents on portable devces. Smart meterng mples AMI mplementaton wth smart meters on customer sde, communcaton wth meters to upload data from meters, as well as modules for data processng (MDM), typcally ncludng the followng modules: Smart meters used for the measurng (recordng) of consumpton on customer sde, storng of data n meter, supportng two-way communcaton to provde (upload) data and accept data requests and commandng sgnals, Communcaton network used for data and sgnals transmsson between meters and communcaton nodes, wth dfferent technologes used (power lne carrer, prvate rado or wreless IP networks, prvate wre/fber optc IP networks or publc moble provders), Network management software AMI host system and meter data management system that manages data storage, pre-processng and analyss, to provde approprate data to dfferent users n utlty (Bllng system, ADMS, web servces, etc.). Smart consumpton mples DRS technologes to control consumpton of electrc energy on demand (customer) sde drectly or ndrectly, wth consent of the customers and wth ther partcpaton n a certan demand response programs. The DRS s amed at reducng the power system peak load or the local network overload, wthout sgnfcant volaton of supply qualty. In ths way, constructon of new and expensve peak-load generators can be avoded wth overall reducton of costs, as well as CO 2 polluton. The DRS typcally conssts of the followng modules: Demand response management system (DRMS) s software applcatons whch provde analyss of network operaton and creates schedules for executon of DRS programs. Nor-
4 S374 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd mally, such module s the part of ADMS, however, n some applcatons t s establshed as ndependent system, The DRS web portals, whch manage the partcpaton of customers, wth ther applcatons, sgnng n/contracts, trackng of DRS event results, compensatons, etc., The DRS master control system, whch convert DRMS programs to executon sgnals (e. g. control sgnals to local devces n drect control systems or notfcatons to customers n ndrect control systems), The DRS communcaton system (e. g. rado system, power network, AMI, prvate IP network or publc moble provder, etc.), The DRS local control devces (e. g. local PLC, home control systems, smart meters, load control swtches, programmable communcatng thermostats, etc.). Smart generaton mples technologes for DER montorng, modelng, control and management (DERM). Analyss of the new DER connectons and ther mpact on network operaton s necessary and possble wth DERM mathematcal and control engnes. Smart generaton ncludes: The DER local control devces wth remote communcaton, The DERM master system for remote montorng and control, The DERM applcatons for DER analyss, protecton settng, optmal dspatch and analyss of new DER connectons. Smart devces mply ntegraton/modellng of electrcal vehcles and energy storage devces n the dstrbuton network wthn ADMS. The growng number of these devces and hgher nterest of both utltes and personal users mply the need to model these devces and account for ther mpact on the network operaton. Furthermore, smart management and optmal utlzaton of ther capactes can reduce unnecessary costs, avod unexpected peaks and mbalances n the consumpton. Smart grd benefts Smart grd solutons predct entre dgtal automaton of dstrbuton power networks, from the entry pont on the transmsson network to the customer sde, wth am to mprove relablty and effcency of supply and reduce costs of operaton. Benefts acheved wth SGS mplementaton are comprehensve and the most mportant are lsted below: Improved network relablty and operaton n a real tme, Reducton of outage tme: self-healng sophstcated technologes, operatng n manual and/or automatc mode, sgnfcantly reducng outage tme to mnmal values and mprovng relablty of power supply. In cases when utltes pay penaltes for outages, ths means drect savngs for the utlty, Reducton of operaton and network constructon costs: wth hgher utlzaton of exstng/expensve power equpment and smart plannng of new facltes or customer connectons, Secured networks the development of new technologes enable effcent dentfcaton and response to natural dsasters and human ntrusons, Optmal management of dstrbuted generaton producton, by ntegratng DERM and DRS systems, Actve customers - partcpatng n demand response programs and havng possblty to self-control ther consumpton, Optmzng power flow n the dstrbuton network by controllng the mpact of electrcal vehcles, DER and energy storage devces.
5 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S375 Benefts, resultng from SGS mplementaton n dstrbuton networks, are analyzed, quantfed and compared wth the market value of electrc energy annually njected nto dstrbuton network (EEIA). Busness models appled n electrc sectors worldwde are dfferent, from monopoles to fully deregulated open economes. Snce utltes have dfferent busness models for generatng revenue, benefts and costs wll be compared wth EEIA, as well known parameter n each utlty [1, 2, 4]. The DAS benefts The central ntellgence of DAS s ADMS, whch ncludes (mathematcal) modelng of power network and set of calculaton engnes and algorthms to provde network operaton optmzaton, ncdent management, analyss, reportng and long-term plannng. ADMS calculaton results are appled n feld by SCADA and OMS modules, over communcaton and feld executon systems, to acheve optmzaton and control targets. DAS benefts [4] can be dfferentated as follows: Reducton of power losses: ADMS optmal network reconfguraton functon appled n network operaton may provde reducton of power losses [6-8]. Besdes, ADMS Volt/Var wll mprove voltage qualty and reduce losses [9-11], as well as energy audt wll help n tracng and reducng non-techncal losses. Co-ordnated mplementaton of ADMS results n network operaton, whch can be set n automated way nowadays, may brng 10-15% reducton of power losses, or beneft of approxmately 0.5-1% EEIA [2, 4]. Reducton of operaton costs: DAS wll sgnfcantly reduce outage tme, unnecessary swtchng operaton and mantenance costs, as well as non-delvered energy and penaltes eventually pad by utltes to customers. Drect costs for management of ncdents n power network wll reduce 0.4% EEIA [2, 4], whereas reduced penaltes, f pad to customers, can reach the value up to 4% EEIA [2, 4]. Reducton of network constructon costs: ADMS functons for power restoraton, network renforcement, analyss of new connectons and long-term plannng can mprove utlzaton of facltes and postponement of nvestments, provdng benefts 0,5-1% EEIA [2, 4]. The total benefts of DAS may be reached annually: Mnmum 2% of EEIA market value, f no compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty, Maxmum 6% of EEIA purchase value, f compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty for outages. The AMI benefts Applcaton of AMI system can brng benefts n several areas. Automated meter readng, data processng and bllng of customers wll reduce meter readng costs, mprove accuracy of consumpton data, as well as mprove remuneraton of electrcty blls. Tradtonal meter readngs were manual, wth hgh labor and feld costs, low accuracy and not synchronzed wth purchase sde. Automated meter readng wll avod labor and feld costs (approx. 2% EEIA, assumng approx. 1 Eur/meter readng costs n 4 tmes per year), whereas hgher accuracy and bllng of customers wll mprove fnancal ncome wth benefts n range 1-2% EEIA [2]. AMI consumpton data, now accurate and synchronzed wth power measurements and power flow calculatons, ntegrated wth DMS Energy Audt functonalty, wll accelerate theft detecton, provdng benefts n range 1-2% EEIA [2]. The AMI nfrastructure wll be used by outage management system to get status and measurements on customer sde n real-tme, or to receve trouble calls n case of nc-
6 S376 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd dents, sgnfcantly mprovng outage management process n Low Voltage networks and reducng outage tme. Smlarly to DAS fault management mprovements, benefts wll be n range from 0.5% EEIA for drect utlty costs, up to 4% EEIA f penaltes are pad by utlty to customers. The AMI nfrastructure wll support effcent communcaton between Demand Response Control system and controlled devces, reducng nvestments n DRS communcaton system. The total benefts of AMI may reach annually: Mnmum 5% EEIA market value, f no compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty, Maxmum 10% EEIA market value, f compensaton (penaltes) s pad by utlty for outages. The DRS benefts Demand response s used prmarly to reduce the peak load of the power system or on the local level, wth a goal to avod emergency stuaton because of non-suffcent power capacty n the producton or network sde. In ths analyss, DRS wll be consdered as utlty tool for peak load management, brngng the followng benefts. Peak load reducton on the network level, leadng drectly to reducton of power and energy costs n peak hours, whch are lastng 2-3 hours per day. DRS can reduce 5-10% of the peak power, dependng on technology appled and the number of partcpants. Snce the prce of the power/energy n peak hours s 5-10 tmes hgher than the prce n off-peak tmes, beneft usng DRS equals approx. 5-10% of EEIA market value. Increased network relablty network s not loaded up to maxmum and there s avalable capacty wthout exceedng operatonal margn. In case of large ds-balances of power or energy, DRS wll reduce black-outs, provdng benefts n range of 2% EEIA. The DRS wll provde better utlzaton of network facltes, postponng expensve nvestments n network constructon, provdng benefts n range of 1% EEIA. The total benefts of DRS may reach 8-10 % of EEIA market value annually. DER management benefts Smart management of DER capactes may brng reducton of power losses n dstrbuton network, reducton of overloads on the local level, and mprove power qualty. DERM applcaton performs optmal schedulng of resources, short-term plannng and balances of the energy flow, control of voltages and power qualty. The frst mplementatons have just started, and frst experences are provng possbltes to acheve benefts [12]. Investments n smart grd solutons The SGS nvestments encompass feld equpment, communcaton systems, computer hardware, software, mplementaton servces, tranngs and support. Investments n all groups of SGS concept are analyzed n ths chapter. The DAS nvestments encompass the followng sectors. The ADMS software and hardware, deployed n data server centers (man and back-up) and control centers (users workstatons), ncludng data engneerng, customzaton, delvery, tranng and testng of the system. Remote termnal unts (RTU) or substaton automaton systems, mplemented n hgh voltage substatons and on many locatons n medum voltage network (servce substatons or pole mounted swtches), ncludng equpment for sgnal converson (transducers, relays),
7 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S377 ancllary equpment and servces (power supply, assemblng), testng and commssonng of the system. Communcaton systems (rado, fber-optc, moble provders), ncludng system desgn, lcenses, delver, tranng, testng and commssonng of the system. Power equpment capable for remote control actons (rng man unts n servce substatons, motorzed power swtches on poles, voltage regulators, etc.) Dstrbuton network has to be automated up to the certan level, to be capable for effcent remote control and executon of ADMS optmzaton steps n a real tme or closed loop, whch mples automaton of all substatons and certan number of crtcal dstrbuton ponts (3-4 automated ponts per dstrbuton feeder). Consderng all necessary nvestments, usng several examples and real cases, the DAS nvestment costs can be estmated on 12% of EEIA market value [2, 4]. The AMI nvestments nclude: Smart meters wth communcaton modules, ncludng delvery, nstallaton and testng on customer connectons stes, The AMI communcaton system, ncludng system desgn, lcenses, delvery and nstallaton of communcaton equpment, testng and commssonng of the system, Network management software, mplemented n data server centers, ncludng software and hardware, delvery and testng. Typcal AMI nvestments are n range of Eur/meter or approxmately 40% of EEIA. The DRS nvestments nclude: The DRS Management Software, mplemented n Data Server Centers, ncludng Software and Hardware, delvery and testng, The DRS communcaton system, ncludng system desgn, lcenses, delvery and nstallaton of communcaton equpment, testng and commssonng of the system. Nowadays, AMI nfrastructure s often used as communcaton system between DRS center and end consumers n case of drect load control. Recently, web-portal and nternet s used for exchange of nformaton. The DRS local devces on consumer sde, dfferent knd of sgnal recevers and meters, control swtches, home automaton technology, AMI meters, etc. The DRS nvestments wth drect load control appled n wde areas are n range of 20% of EEIA. Cost beneft analyss The cost/beneft analyss consders all costs and benefts n the lfe tme of SGS systems. Analyss s appled on example of a large utlty supplyng 1,000,000 meters, wth1500 MW peak load, 5000 hours duraton, havng EEIA of 7500 GWh/year. The market value of EEIA s approxmately 225 Mllon Euro (MEur), usng average market wholesale prce of 30 Eur/MWh. Estmaton of costs The frst step of cost/beneft analyss s to estmate the full cost of usng SGS system: Consderng all SGS soluton, the total ntal nvestment costs (I 0 ) would be approx. 72% of EEIA, as analyzed n Investments n smart grd solutons, or 162 MEur n example of a large utlty. Apart from ntal nvestment cost, SGS would have certan annual cost durng the operaton durng the lfe tme (T). The lfe tme of SGS solutons s typcally 10 years
8 S378 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd (combnaton of computer, telecommuncaton, automaton, and electronc equpment). SGS annual cost can be presented: C 0 ( d% m% nt %)I, 1,...T, (1) d% average depretaton of SGS system (1/T), t s 10% n case of 10 years lfetme, m% - mantenance and operaton cost typcally 2%, nt% - nterest rate, typcally 6%. The SGS system annual costs would be 18% of ntal nvestment costs, or approx. 29 MEur/year. The total cost of ownershp (TCO) s consderng the total cost over the lfetme of the system, usng weghted average cost of captal (wacc%) as a dscountng factor: ( d% m% nt %)I 0 TCO (2) (1 wacc%) T 1 If the amount of annual depretaton, mantenance cost and nterest cost s constant over tme, the eq. (2) can be expressed wth dscountng total factor (DTF): T 1 TCO ( d% m% nt %)I 0 ( d% m% nt %) I ( 1 wacc%) 1 0 DTF Usng the current wacc% value of 6%, DTF has the value of 7.36, and we can calculate TCO: TCO 18% I (4) 0 DTF 18% Io I0 In the example of a large utlty, wth Io of 162 MEur, the TCO would be 215 MEur. Estmaton of benefts The second step n cost/beneft analyss s to estnmate the full beneft of usng SGS. The annual beneft of usng SGS systems, as dscussed n the secton Smart grd benefts, wll nclude benefts of applyng DAS systems, AMI, DRS, and/or DERM systems. In case the utlty s not payng any compensatons or penaltes due to ncdents and outages n the power grd, whch s very unlkely, the annual beneft would be approx. 15% of EEIA. However, due to regulaton polcy, utltes are oblgated to compensate certan amount of damages to consumers n case of outages, or they are exposed to penaltes, when benefts are hgher and may go up to 25% of EEIA. The SGS benefts senstvty on the level of compensaton pad to customers wll be consdered. The annual beneft can be presented by: B (15% 25%) EEIA, 1,... T (5) In the example of a large utlty, wth EEIA of 225 MEur, the annual beneft wll be n the range MEur. In the lfe tme of the system, benefts wll be dscounted wth the same dscountng factor (wacc%), gvng the total beneft of ownershp (TBO): T (15% 25%) EEIA TBO (6) 1 (1 wacc%) In case EEIA s the same every year, the eq. (6) can be smplfed usng the dscountng total factor (DTF): (3)
9 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S379 TBO (15% 25%) EEIA T 1 1 (15% 25%) EEIA DTF (1 wacc %) (7) In the exampe of a large utlty wth EEIA of 225 MEur, we can calculate TBO: TBO ( 15% 25%) EEIA 7.36 ( ) EEIA ( ) 225 MEur MEur Cost-beneft analyss The four economc factors are consdered n the cost/beneft analyss: TBO P (8) TCO Proftablty (P), as rato between total benefts and costs durng the lfetme of the system, f P > 1, the project s proftable. T Payback (9) P Payback Payback perod, or the perod of tme necessary for return of nvestment. If the project s proftable then payback perod wll be less than the lfetme, and project wll produce proft. TBO TCO ROI (10) TCO Return on nvestments (ROI), the factor showng added beneft after the return of nvestment durng the lfetme of the system. T 0 B C I (11) 0 (1 IRR) Internal rate of return (IRR), the dscountng factor whch would dscount annual profts on the amount equal ntal nvestment. The IRR s showng f and how much the nvestment s proftable, comparng wth the average rate of the captal. Snce benefts may have dfferent amounts, as presented n eqs. (5) and (7), whch has sgnfcant mpact on all four economc factors, senstvty analyss was made n ths beneft range. The beneft was vared n the range between 15% and 25% n steps of 2.5%: If utlty s not payng any compensaton (penaltes) for power outages, the annual beneft s 15% EEIA; f payng 25%, the beneft s 17.5%; f payng 50%, the beneft s 20%; f payng 75%, the beneft s 22.5% and f payng 100% or the full compensaton (penaltes) for power outages, the annual beneft s 25% of EEIA. The results of senstvty analyss are presented n tab. 1 and fgs Table 1. Cost beneft senstvty analyss for dfferent penaltes rates TCO TBO Penalty rate P ROI IRR Payback 214,620, ,402,938 0% % 14% ,803,428 25% % 18% ,203,917 50% % 22% ,604,407 75% % 26% ,004, % % 30% 5.2 1
10 S380 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd 2,500 Proftablty 2,000 1,500 1,000 Proftablty 0,500 0,000 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 2. Proftablty of SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% ROI ROI 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 3. Return on nvestments for SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates. 35% IRR 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% IRR 5% 0% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 4. Internal rate of return for SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates.
11 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd S381 Years 10,0 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 Payback tme Payback 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Penalty rate Fgure 5. Payback tme for SGS projects wth dfferent penaltes rates. Cost-beneft analyss results are showng that SGS projects are always proftable, whereas proftablty depends on the level of compensaton to customers for outages, or penaltes to whch utltes are exposed. Conclusons Smart grd solutons can sgnfcantly mprove power network operaton, ncrease relablty, safety and qualty of supply. Regardng quantfcaton of SGS benefts and comparson wth related costs, the bggest challenge facng utltes today s to estmate real proftablty of such nvestments. Accordng to cost/beneft analyss presented n ths artcle, t can be concluded that SGS projects are proftable nvestments. Proftablty depends on the level of compensaton pad by utlty to customers for outages n power network operaton, or on the level of regulatory penaltes to whch utlty s exposed. Consderng ten years lfetme of operaton, the followng conclusons can be made for a large utlty. If utlty s not payng any compensaton (penaltes) for outages, whch s unlkely, SGS projects wll stll be proftable, wth lower proftablty of 1.1, payback perod of eght years, 16% ROI and 14% IRR, whch stll may be attractve for nvestors. If utlty s payng certan compensaton (penaltes) for outages, SGS projects wll be more proftable, wth proftablty up to 1.9, payback perod down to fve years, ROI up to 93% and IRR up to 30%, whch makes SGS projects very attractve to nvestors. Takng nto account that ths cost/beneft analyss s consderng only SGS benefts whch can be fnancally evaluated, but not all possble benefts whch cannot be precsely calculated (e.g. customer satsfacton, reducng CO 2 polluton, safety on work, etc.), SGS proftablty s even better then calculated. In general, takng nto account all benefts, t can be concluded that SGS are very proftable nvestments, wth almost double proftablty and quck return of nvestments n fve years. In short, on every nvested Euro, double wll be returned durng the lfetme of the system. References [1] Katc, N., et. al., Busness Benefts of DMS Software Applcaton n Compettve Dstrbuton, Proceedngs, CIRED 17 th Conference Barcelona, Sesson 6, Barcelona, Span, 2003
12 S382 Kat}, N. A.: Proftablty of Smart Grd Solutons Appled n Power Grd [2] Katc, N., et. al., Smart Grd Solutons n Dstrbuton Networks Cost/Beneft Analyss, Proceedngs, CICED CIRED Chna Internatonal Conference on Electrcty Dstrbuton, Shangha, Chna, 2010 [3] Katć, N., et. al., Power System Economcs, EU project Cost Effectve and Envronmental Frendly Energy Systems CEFES TEMPUS Programme CD_JEP , Nov Sad, Serba, 2007 [4] Katć, N., Benefts of Smart Grd Solutons n Open Electrcty Market, Acta Polytechnca Hungarca, 10 (2013), 2, pp [5] Katć, N., et. al., Smart Grd Solutons n Power Grd, Costs and Benefts, Proceedngs ICET, Invted paper, Nov Sad, Serba, 2013 [6] Roytelman, I., et. al., Mult-objectve Feeder Reconfguraton by Dstrbuton Management System, IEEE Trans. on Power System, 11 (1996), 2, pp [7] Baran, M. E., Wu, F.F., Network Reconfguraton n Dstrbuton Systems for Loss Reducton and Load Balancng, IEEE Trans. on Power Delvery, 4 (1989), 2, pp [8] D Lembo, G., et. al., Reducton of Power Losses and CO 2 Emsson: Accurate Network Data to Obtan Good Performances of DMS Systems, Proceedngs, CIRED 20 th Conference Prague, Prague, Czech Republc, 2009 [9] Roytelman, I., et. al., Volt/Var Control for Modern Dstrbuton Management System, IEEE Trans. on Power System, 10 (1995), 3, pp [10] Roytelman, I., et. al., Plot Project to Estmate the Centralzed Volt/Var Control Effectveness, IEEE Trans. on Power System, 13 (1998), 3, pp [11] Strezosk, V. et. al., Voltage Control Integrated n Dstrbuton Management Systems, Electrc Power Systems Research, 60 (2001), 2, pp [12] Romero, F., Katc, N., How to Manage the Impact of Dstrbuted Generators n the Grd, Proceedngs, AEE, Smart Grd Prospects for Dstrbutors and Customers, Mlan, Italy, 2012 Paper submtted: October 5, 2015 Paper revsed: December 4, 2015 Paper accepted: December 26, 2015
Supplier selection and evaluation using multicriteria decision analysis
Suppler selecton and evaluaton usng multcrtera decson analyss Stratos Kartsonaks 1, Evangelos Grgorouds 2, Mchals Neofytou 3 1 School of Producton Engneerng and Management, Techncal Unversty of Crete,
More informationThe Study on Evaluation Module Architecture of ERP for Chemical Enterprises Yongbin Qin 1, 2, a, Jiayin Wei 1, b
Internatonal Conference on Educaton Technology and Informaton System (ICETIS 2013) The Study on Evaluaton Module Archtecture of ERP for Chemcal Enterprses Yongbn Qn 1, 2, a, Jayn We 1, b 1 College of Computer
More informationTHE FEASIBILITY OF HYDROGEN STORAGE FOR MIXED WIND-NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
THE FEASIBILITY OF HYDROGEN STORAGE FOR MIXED WIND-NUCLEAR OWER LANTS G. Taljan, Student Member, IEEE, C. Cañzares, Fello IEEE, M. Fowler, G. erbč, Member, IEEE Abstract A novel methodology for economc
More informationCalculation and Prediction of Energy Consumption for Highway Transportation
Calculaton and Predcton of Energy Consumpton for Hghway Transportaton Feng Qu, Wenquan L *, Qufeng Xe, Peng Zhang, Yueyng Huo School of Transportaton, Southeast Unversty, Nanjng 210096, Chna; *E-mal: wenql@seu.edu.cn
More informationStudy on construction of information service platform for pharmaceutical enterprises based on virtual cloud environment
Avalable onlne www.ocpr.com Journal of Chemcal and Pharmaceutcal Research, 2014, 6(6):1004-1010 Research Artcle ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Study on constructon of nformaton servce platform for
More informationDevelopment of Investment Strategies for Wind Power Generation
Development of Investment Strateges for Wnd Power Generaton Chanapan Kongnam, Student Member, IEEE, and Somboon uchprayoon, Member, IEEE Abstract--Ths paper develops nvestment strateges for wnd power generaton
More informationDriving Factors of SO 2 Emissions in 13 Cities, Jiangsu, China
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com ScenceDrect Energy Proceda 88 (2016 ) 182 186 CUE2015-Appled Energy Symposum and Summt 2015: Low carbon ctes and urban energy systems Drvng Factors of SO 2 Emssons
More informationemissions in the Indonesian manufacturing sector Rislima F. Sitompul and Anthony D. Owen
Mtgaton optons for energy-related CO 2 emssons n the Indonesan manufacturng sector Rslma F. Stompul and Anthony D. Owen School of Economcs, The Unversty of New South Wales, Sydney, Australa Why mtgaton
More informationA SIMULATION STUDY OF QUALITY INDEX IN MACHINE-COMPONF~T GROUPING
A SMULATON STUDY OF QUALTY NDEX N MACHNE-COMPONF~T GROUPNG By Hamd Sefoddn Assocate Professor ndustral and Manufacturng Engneerng Department Unversty of Wsconsn-Mlwaukee Manocher Djassem Assstant Professor
More informationSmart Grid Analysis of Centralized Cooling for an Urban Community
Smart Grd Analyss of Centralzed Coolng for an Urban Communty Francne Vera, Jéssca Henrques, Larssa Soares, Leandro Rezende, Moses Soares Martns, Ramundo R. Melo Neto and Donald J. Chmelews* Department
More information1. A conceptual approach of customer lifetime value and customer equity
THE MEASUREMENT OF CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE AND CUSTOMER EQUITY Auhor: Balan Carmen Balan Insttuton: Academy of Economc Studes of Bucharest, Faculty of Marketng, Department of Marketng,. Address: Pata Romana
More informationNumerical Analysis about Urban Climate Change by Urbanization in Shanghai
Numercal Analyss about Urban Clmate Change by Urbanzaton n Shangha Hafeng L 1, Wejun Gao 2 and Tosho Ojma 3 1 Research Assocate, School of Scence and Engneerng, Waseda Unversty, Japan 2 Assocate Professor,
More informationCost and Benefit Analysis for E-Service Applications
Cost and Beneft Analyss for E-Servce Applcatons Je Lu and Guangquan Zhang Faculty of Informaton Technology Unversty of Technology, Sydney POBox 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australa {jelu, zhangg}@t.uts.edu.au
More informationBuilding Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions in China
Buldng Energy Consumpton and CO 2 Emssons n Chna ZHOU WEI, MI HONG 2,2 Supervser of Admnstraton School Zhejang Unversty CHINA ttomcc@gmal.com 2 spsswork@63.com(correspondng author) Abstract: - Based on
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 178 (2017 )
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com ScenceDrect Proceda Engneerng 178 (2017 ) 278 288 16 th Conference on Relablty and Statstcs n Transportaton and Communcaton, RelStat 2016, 19-22 October, 2016, Rga,
More informationPower Distribution System Planning Evaluation by a Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Group Decision Support System
Internatonal Journal of Computatonal Intellgence Systems, Vol.3, No. 4 (October, 2010), 474-485 Power Dstrbuton System Plannng Evaluaton by a Fuzzy Mult-Crtera Group Decson Support System Tefeng ZHANG
More informationMODERN PRICING STRATEGIES IN THE INTERNET MARKET
The 11 th Internatonal Days of Statstcs and Economcs, Prague, September 14-16, 2017 MODERN PRICING STRATEGIES IN THE INTERNET MARKET Maksm Patshn Sergey Kulpn Abstract The artcle provdes an overvew of
More informationModeling and Simulation for a Fossil Power Plant
Modelng and Smulaton for a Fossl Power Plant KWANG-HUN JEONG *, WOO-WON JEON, YOUNG-HOON BAE AND KI-HYUN LEE Corporate R&D Insttute Doosan Heavy Industres and Constructon Co., Ltd 555, Gwgo-dong, Changwon,
More informationCustomer segmentation, return and risk management: An emprical analysis based on BP neural network
Avalable onlne www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemcal and Pharmaceutcal Research, 204, 6(6):698-703 Research Artcle ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Customer segmentaton, return and rsk management: An emprcal
More informationAN ITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR PROFIT MAXIMIZATION BY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM CONSTRAINTS
AN ITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR PROFIT MAXIMIZATION BY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM CONSTRAINTS Andrés Ramos Marano Ventosa Mchel Rver Abel Santamaría Unversdad Pontfca Comllas IBERDROLA DISTRIBUCIÓN S.A.U. Alberto Agulera
More informationSporlan Valve Company
F21O-10-12 LMTED: M & W What s a TEV Settng? For years Sporlan and every other manufacturer oftevs has used regulated arflow and controlled temperature baths to establsh a "factory" settng. Typcally the
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS Asta Raupelene, asta@eko.lzuu.lt - Lnas Stabngs, lnas@nfo.lzuu.lt Lthuanan Unversty of Agrculture The mplementaton
More informationComputational Solution to Economic Operation of Power Plants
Electrcal and Electronc Engneerng 013, 3(6): 139-148 DOI: 10.593/j.eee.0130306.01 Computatonal Soluton to Economc Operaton of ower lants Temtope Adefarat 1,*, Ayodele Sunday Oluwole 1, Mufutau Adewolu
More informationStudy on Solar-Assisted Cascade Refrigeration System
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com Energy Proceda 16 (2012) 1503 1509 2012 Internatonal Conference on Future Energy, Envronment, and Materals Study on Solar-Asssted Cascade Refrgeraton System Ln Wang,
More information720 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 6, NO. 3, JULY k 1,k 2. p min. i p max. t m. u it. e c t g it s t
720 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 6, NO. 3, JULY 2015 Generaton Dspatch Technques for Remote Communtes Wth Flexble Demand Juan Claver, Franços Bouffard, Senor Member, IEEE, Dmtry Rmorov,
More informationRobert Kappel GIGA, Hamburg Global Change and SME Development
Robert Kappel GIGA, Hamburg Global Change and SME Development November 2012 Lepzg Introducton Globalsaton has changed North-South and South South trade relatons Exports growng faster than GDP Emergng economes
More informationRULEBOOK on the manner of determining environmental flow of surface water
Pursuant to Artcle 54 paragraph 2 of the Law on Waters (Offcal Gazette of the Republc of Montenegro 27/07 and Offcal Gazette of Montenegro 32/11 and 48/15), the Mnstry of Agrculture and Rural Development
More informationSupplier Quality Performance Measurement System*
Suppler Qualty Performance Measurement System* LIU Yumn School of Busness, Zhengzhou Unversty, P.R.Chna, 45000 Abstract Qualty performance s excellent performance that organzatons reach to hgh qualty at
More informationThe Spatial Equilibrium Monopoly Models of the Steamcoal Market
Advances n Management & Appled Economcs, vol.2, no.3, 2012, 125-132 ISSN: 1792-7544 (prnt verson), 1792-7552 (onlne) Scenpress Ltd, 2012 The Spatal Equlbrum Monopoly Models of the Steamcoal Maret Hu Wen
More informationHow to book Sixt in the travel agency login
How to book Sxt n the travel agency logn What s the Sxt agency logn? A quck and easy onlne bookng portal customzed for travel agences Where you can book all relevant Sxt products (no matter f prepad or
More informationThe 27th Annual Conference of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, Shu-Chen Cheng Guan-Yu Chen I-Chun Pan
2C4-IOS-3c-6 An estmaton method of tem dffculty ndex combned wth the partcle swarm optmzaton algorthm for the computerzed adaptve testng Shu-Chen Cheng Guan-Yu Chen I-Chun Pan Department of Computer Scence
More informationRIGOROUS MODELING OF A HIGH PRESSURE ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) COPOLYMERIZATION AUTOCLAVE REACTOR. I-Lung Chien, Tze Wei Kan and Bo-Shuo Chen
RIGOROUS MODELING OF A HIGH PRESSURE ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) COPOLYMERIZATION AUTOCLAVE REACTOR I-Lung Chen, Tze We an and Bo-Shuo Chen Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Natonal Tawan Unversty of Scence
More informationEVALUATE THE IMPACT OF CONTEMPORARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE INTERNET ON IMPROVING BANKING PERFORMANCE
VOLUME 2, 2011 EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF CONTEMPORARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE INTERNET ON IMPROVING BANKING PERFORMANCE Akram Jalal Karm, Allam M. Hamdan Ahla Unversty, Kngdom of Bahran Ths paper examnes
More informationAssessment of energy consumption and carbon footprint in urban water systems: two case studies from Portugal
Assessment of energy consumpton and carbon footprnt n urban water systems: two case studes from Portugal Asha Mamade 1,2, Dála Lourero 1, Helena Alegre 1, Dída Covas 2 1 CERIS, Insttuto Superor Técnco,
More informationReprint from "MPT-Metallurgical P(ant and Technology International" issue No. 2/1990, pages Optimization of. Tempcore installations for
Reprnt from "MPT-Metallurgcal P(ant and Technology nternatonal" ssue No. 2/990, pages 6-69 (Ç 990, Verlag StahlesenmbH, Düsseldorf Optmzaton of. Tempcore nstallatons for rebars Perre Smon, Centre de Recherches
More informationA Hybrid Model for Congestion Management with Real and Reactive Power Transaction
A Hybrd Model for Congeston Management wth Real and Reactve Power Transacton Narayana Prasad Padhy Yog Ra Sood Abdel Moamen. M. A. Maruth Kumar H. O. Gupta Abstract-- In ths paper, an effcent and practcal
More informationKey Words: dairy; profitability; rbst; recombinant bovine Somatotropin.
AgBoForum Volume 4, Number 2 2001 Pages 115-123 THE ESTIMATED PROFIT IMPACT OF RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN ON NEW YORK DAIRY FARMS FOR THE YEARS 1994 THROUGH 1997 Loren W. Tauer 1 Data from New York
More informationTools for Sustainable Energy Engineering
Tools for Sustanable Energy Engneerng Göran Wall Department of Culture, Energy and Envronment, Gotland Unversty, Vsby, Sweden Tel: +46(0)498299131, Fax: +46(0)498299962 Abstract: Exergy concepts and exergy
More informationA Modelling Framework for the Acquisition and Remanufacturing of Used Products
A Modellng Framework for the Acquston and Remanufacturng of Used Products Yanns Nkolads Department of Technology Management Unversty of Macedona, 5900 Naoussa, Greece tel: +30 330 5460 e-mal address: nkolads@uowm.gr
More informationTowards the Interactive Effects of Demand Response Participation on Electricity Spot Market Price
Towards the Interactve Effects of Demand Response Partcpaton on Electrcty Spot Market Prce Saeed Mohajeryam, Mlad Doostan, Seyedmahd Moghadas Energy Producton and Infrastructure Center (EPIC) Electrcal
More informationRantai Pasok Global The Challenges of Tomorrow
KPAII WORKSHOP, 11 DESEMBER 2017 Ranta Pasok Global The Challenges of Tomorrow DRADJAD IRIANTO Manufacturng Systems Research Group ITB 2 OUTLINE PENDAHULUAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 COLLABORATIVE
More informationTHE ESTIMATION OF AN AVERAGE COST FRONTIER TO CALCULATE BENCHMARK TARIFFS FOR ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
THE ESTIMATION OF AN AVERAGE COST FRONTIER TO CALCULATE BENCHMARK TARIFFS FOR ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION AEA Internatonal Conference on Modellng Energy Markets Techncal Unversty of Berln, September 10-11,
More informationAdvanced HVAC Control: Theory vs. Reality
Advanced HVAC Control: Theory vs. Realty Karel Mařík* Jří Rojíček* Petr Stluka* Jří Vass* *Honeywell Prague Laboratory, Prague, Czech Republc e-mals: karel.mark, jr.rojcek, petr.stluka, jr.vass{@honeywell.com}
More informationInternational Trade and California s Economy: Summary of the Data
Internatonal Trade and Calforna s Economy: Summary of the Data by Professor Dwght M. Jaffee Fsher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economcs Haas School of Busness Unversty of Calforna Berkeley CA 94720-1900
More informationA Quantitative Approach to IT Investment Allocation to Improve Business Results
A Quanttatve Approach to IT Investment Allocaton to Improve Busness Results Antão Moura, Jacques Sauvé Departamento de Sstemas e Computação Unversdade Federal de Campna Grande Campna Grande, Brazl {antao,jacques}@dsc.ufcg.edu.br
More informationSimulation of the Cooling Circuit with an Electrically Operated Water Pump
Smulaton of the Coolng Crcut wth an Electrcally Operated Water Pump Dragan Smc, Chrstan Kral, Franz Prker Arsenal Research Faradaygasse 3, Object 1 A 1030 Venna, Austra phone: + 43 (0) 50 550-6347 fax:
More informationA Real-time Planning and Scheduling Model in RFID-enabled Manufacturing
Proceedngs of the 2014 Internatonal Conference on Industral Engneerng and Operatons Management Bal, Indonesa, January 7 9, 2014 A Real-tme Plannng and Schedulng Model n RFID-enabled Manufacturng Ray Y.
More informationInterplay of Gas and Electricity Systems at Distribution Level
Interplay of Gas and Electrcty Systems at Dstrbuton Level Karen Tapa-Ahumada & Pablo Duenas (December 14th, 2016) Utlty of the Future Workng Paper Table of Contents 1. Introducton... 2 2. Technology descrpton...
More informationOpen Access Optimal Configuration Algorithm for Mechanical Products Based on the Constraint of Carbon Footprint
Send Orders for Reprnts to reprnts@benthamscence.ae 32 The Open Mechancal Engneerng Journal, 2, 9, 32-39 Open Access Optmal Confguraton Algorthm for Mechancal Products Based on the Constrant of Carbon
More informationDevelopment of Decision Support System for Optimal Site Selection of Desalination Plants
IOSR Journal of Mechancal and Cvl Engneerng (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 78-184,p-ISSN: 30-334X, Volume 11, Issue Ver. III (Nov- Dec. 014), PP 84-90 Development of Decson Support System for Optmal Ste Selecton
More informationFinite Element Analysis and Optimization for the Multi- Stage Deep Drawing of Molybdenum Sheet
Fnte Element Analyss and Optmzaton for the Mult- Deep of Molybdenum Sheet Heung-Kyu Km a,*, Seok Kwan Hong a, Jong-Kl Lee b, Byung-Hee Jeon c, Jeong Jn Kang a, and Young-moo Heo a a Precson Molds and Des
More informationSTRUCTURE OF DLR PRICES
Chapter Three STRUCTURE OF DLR PRICES A sale taes place when mantenance personnel draw a DLR from supply. Dependng on the nature of the transacton, customers face three dfferent prces for DLRs: standard
More informationIncorporating TCSC into the Voltage Stability Constrained OPF Formulation
1 Incorporatng nto the Stablty Constraned OF Formulaton Garng. M. Huang, Senor Member, IEEE, and Nrmal-Kumar C Nar, Student Member, IEEE Abstract--Ths paper nvestgates the effect of Thyrstor Controlled
More informationIncluding the Behavioral Aspects of Customers in Demand Response Model: Real Time Pricing Versus Peak Time Rebate
Includng the Behavoral Aspects of Customers n Demand Response Model: Real Tme Prcng Versus Peak Tme Rebate Saeed Mohajeryam, Peter Schwarz Unversty of North Carolna at Charlotte Charlotte, NC 83, USA Emal:
More informationA Virtual Microgrid Platform for the Efficient Orchestration of Multiple Energy Prosumers
A Vrtual Mcrogrd Platform for the Effcent Orchestraton of Multple Energy Prosumers Ioanns Mamounaks Computer Technology Insttute 26504, Ro Patras, Greece mamounaks@ced.upatras.gr Dmtros J. Vergados Computer
More informationA traffic emission-saving signal timing model for urban isolated intersections
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com ScenceDrect Proceda - Socal and Behavoral Scences 96 ( 2013 ) 2404 2413 13th COTA Internatonal Conference of Transportaton Professonals (CICTP 2013) A traffc emsson-savng
More informationMinimization of transportation, installation and maintenance operations costs for offshore wind turbines
Lousana State Unversty LSU Dgtal Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 204 Mnmzaton of transportaton, nstallaton and mantenance operatons costs for offshore wnd turbnes Tasnm Ibn Faz Lousana State
More informationAN HYBRID TECHNOLOGY IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR HOUSEHOLD DEMAND WITH STORAGE CAPACITY
AN HYBRID TECHNOLOGY IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR HOUSEHOLD DEMAND WITH STORAGE CAPACITY Ms. P. Prya, PG Scholar, Ms. N. Kavthaman PG Scholar, Prof. N. R. Nagaraj Assocate professor, Electrcal and Electroncs
More informationAn Analysis of the Impact of ICT Investment on Productivity in Developing Countries: Evidence from Cameroon
Afrca Development, Vol. XXXIX, No. 4, 2014, pp. 117 132 Councl for the Development of Socal Scence Research n Afrca, 2015 (ISSN 0850-3907) An Analyss of the Impact of ICT Investment on Productvty n Developng
More informationStudy on the Coupling Development between Urbanization and Ecosystem-- The Comparative Analysis Based on Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Zhejiang Province
Study on the Couplng Development between Urbanzaton and Ecosystem-- The Comparatve Analyss Based on Guzhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Zheang Provnce Lngyun Luo 1,*,Chenggang L 1,Jue Hu 2,Bng Yang 1 and Kang Pan
More informationTHE BIOMASS-COAL CO-FIRING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ENERGY PRODUCTION
THE BIOMASS-COAL CO-FIRING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ENERGY PRODUCTION Conf. dr. ng. Ionel PISA, Prof.dr.ng. Lucan MIHAESCU, Prof.dr.ng. Tudor PRISECARU, Prof. dr. ng. Ion OPREA, Conf. dr.ng. Gabrel NEGREANU,
More informationElastic Lateral Features of a New Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Wall
Vol:, No:3, Elastc Lateral Features of a New Glass Fber Renforced Gypsum Wall Zhengyong Lu, Huqng Yng Internatonal Scence Index, Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng Vol:, No:3, waset.org/publcaton/67 Abstract
More informationOptimization of the north Europe H2 distribution pipeline
Optmzaton of the north Europe H2 dstrbuton ppelne Florence Boutemy a, Benjamn Grandgeorge b, Sona Garca Del Cerro c, Stéphane Houyou b, Bors Pachany d (a) AIR LIUIDE R&D, 1 chemn de la Porte des Loges,
More informationObjectives Definition
Pod Product, Servces, and ng Strateges Chapter 9 Objectves Be able to defne product and dk know the major classfcatons of products and servces. Understand the decsons companes make regardng ther ndvdual
More informationA DISTRIBUTION COMPANY ENERGY ACQUISITION MARKET MODEL WITH INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND LOAD CURTAILMENT OPTIONS
A DISTRIBUTION COMPANY ENERGY ACUISITION MARKET MODEL WITH INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND LOAD CURTAILMENT OPTIONS Rodrgo Palma-Behnke rodpalma@cec.uchle.cl José Lus Cerda A. oselus@chle.com
More informationA Vehicle Routing Optimization Method with Constraints Condition based on Max-Min Ant Colony Algorithm
Appl. Math. Inf. Sc. 8, No. 1L, 239-243 (2014) 239 Appled Mathematcs & Informaton Scences An Internatonal Journal http://dx.do.org/10.12785/ams/081l30 A Vehcle Routng Optmzaton Method wth Constrants Condton
More informationMode Change Protocols for Predictable Contract-Based Resource Management in Embedded Multimedia Systems
Mode Change Protocols for Predctable Contract-Based Resource Management n Embedded Multmeda Systems Marsol García Valls Department of Telematcs Engneerng Unversdad Carlos III de Madrd Avda. de la Unversdad
More informationAdaptive Noise Reduction for Engineering Drawings Based on Primitives and Noise Assessment
Adaptve ose Reducton for Engneerng Drawngs Based on Prmtves and ose Assessment Jng Zhang Wan Zhang Lu Wenyn Department of Computer Scence, Cty Unversty of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR Chna {jzhang,wanzhang,
More informationMathematical models of air-cooled condensers for thermoelectric units
Energy and Sustanablty II 399 Mathematcal models of ar-cooled condensers for thermoelectrc unts S. Bracco 1, O. Calgars 2 & A. Trucco 1 1 Department of Machnery, Energy Systems and Transportaton, Genoa
More informationCCDEA: Consumer and Cloud DEA Based Trust Assessment Model for the Adoption of Cloud Services
BULGAIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CYBENETICS AND INFOMATION TECHNOLOGIES Volume 16, No 3 Sofa 2016 Prnt ISSN: 1311-9702; Onlne ISSN: 1314-4081 DOI: 10.1515/cat-2016-0034 CCDEA: Consumer and Cloud DEA Based
More informationEarly warning models of financial distress. Case study of the Romanian firms listed on RASDAQ
Theoretcal and Appled Economcs Volume XX (2013), No. 5(582), pp. 7-14 Early warnng models of fnancal dstress. Case study of the Romanan frms lsted on RASDAQ Mădălna Ecaterna ANDREICA The Bucharest Unversty
More informationLOGISTICAL SYSTEM FORTSCHRITTZAHLEN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF A MULTI-FUNCTIO- NAL GRAIN COOPERATIVE
Velychko, O. (2015), Logstcal system Fortschrttzahlen n the management of the supply chan of a mult-functonal gran cooperatve, Economcs and Socology, Vol. 8, No 1, pp. 127-146. DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2015/8-1/10
More informationGenetic Algorithm based Modification of Production Schedule for Variance Minimisation of Energy Consumption
, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francsco, USA Genetc Algorthm based Modfcaton of Producton Schedule for Varance Mnmsaton of Energy Consumpton C. Duerden, L.-K. Shark, G. Hall, J. Howe Abstract Typcal manufacturng
More informationCRYOGENIC RECOVERY OF VOC EMISSIONS
CRYOGENC RECOVERY OF VOC EMSSONS G. T. Sameshma J. D. Esenwasser Lqud Carbonc ndustres Corporaton Chcago, L. Presented at TheU.S. Department of Energy, Offce of ndustral Technologes ndustral Solvent Recyclng
More informationWater Poverty Index: a Tool for Integrated Water Management
Water Poverty Index: a Tool for Integrated Water Management Steven D. M. Mlote 1, Carolne Sullvan 2a and Jeremy Megh 2b 1 Tanzana Commsson for Scence and Technology, P. O. Box 4302, Dar es Salaam, Tanzana
More informationThe Impact of Intellectual Capital on the Financial Performance of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Vol. 4, No.1, January 2014, pp. 119 127 E-ISSN: 2225-8329, P-ISSN: 2308-0337 2014 HRMARS www.hrmars.com The Impact of Intellectual Captal on the Fnancal Performance of Lsted Companes n Tehran Stock Exchange
More informationOn Advantages of Scheduling using Genetic Fuzzy Systems
On Advantages of Schedulng usng Genetc Fuzzy Systems Carsten Franke, Joachm Leppng, and Uwe Schwegelshohn Computer Engneerng Insttute, Dortmund Unversty, 44221 Dortmund, Germany (emal: {carsten.franke,
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering & Technology Sciences Volume 03, Issue 06, Pages , 2015
Internatonal Journal of Engneerng & Technology Scences Volume 03, Issue 06, Pages 372-381, 2015 ISSN: 2289-4152 Evaluaton of Intensty and Structural Effects on Energy Consumpton Trend n Ngera Usng the
More informationPROCUREMENT IN MANUFACTURING ORGANISATION: PORTFOLIO AND THE USE OF THE INTERNET
PROCUREMENT IN MANUFACTURING ORGANISATION: PORTFOLIO AND THE USE OF THE INTERNET I Nyoman Pujawan Department of Industral Engneerng, Sepuluh Nopember Insttute of Technology, Surabaya Manchester Busness
More informationChurn Analysis of a Product of Application Search in Mobile Platform
Economy Informatcs vol. 13, no. 1/2013 5 Churn Analyss of a Product of Applcaton Search n Moble Platform Gábor SZŰCS, Attla KISS Inter-Unversty Centre for Telecommuncatons and Informatcs, H-4028 Kassa
More informationDynamic Economic Dispatch for Combined Heat and Power Units using Particle Swarm Algorithms
Internatonal Journal of Energy and Power Engneerng 2015; 4(2): 84-93 Publshed onlne March 19, 2015 (http://www.scencepublshnggroup.com/j/jepe) do: 10.11648/j.jepe.20150402.19 ISSN: 2326-957X (Prnt); ISSN:
More informationWHEC 16 / June 2006 Lyon France. 1. Introduction
1. Introducton Hgh-temperature steam electrolyss (HTE) s an alternatve to the conventonal electrolyss process. Some of the energy requred to splt the water molecule s provded as heat nstead of electrcty,
More informationA Numerical Study on the Estimation of Heat Release Rate Based on the Flow Field through the Doorway
A Numercal Study on the Estmaton of Heat Release Rate Based on the Flow Feld through the Doorway SUNG CHAN KIM School of Fre and Dsaster Preventon Kyung Il Unversty 33, Buho-r, Hayang-eup, Gyungsan-s,
More informationAN ACTOR-BASED SIMULATION FOR STUDYING UAV COORDINATION
AN ACTOR-BASED SIMULATION FOR STUDYING UAV COORDINATION Myeong-Wuk Jang, Smtha Reddy, Predrag Tosc, Lpng Chen, Gul Agha Department of Computer Scence Unversty of Illnos at Urbana-Champagn Urbana, IL 61801,
More informationBulletin of Energy Economics.
Bulletn of Energy Economcs http://www.tesdo.org/journaldetal.aspx?id=4 Energy Intensty and Technology Sourcng: A Study of Manufacturng Frms n Inda Santosh Kumar Sahu a,, K. Narayanan b a Madras School
More informationapplying the priority distribution method for Jonas Žaptorius
Busness, Management and Educaton ISSN 2029-7491 prnt / ISSN 2029-6169 onlne 2013, 11(2): 256 280 do:10.3846/bme.2013.15 applyng the prorty dstrbuton method for EMPLOYEE motvaton Jonas Žaptorus Vlnus Gedmnas
More informationApplication of SCOR Model in an Oil- producing Company
Journal of Industral Engneerng 4 (2009) 59-69 Applcaton of SCOR Model n an Ol- producng Company Mazyar Golparvar a, Mehd Sefbarghy a,* a Department of Industral and Mechancal Engneerng, Islamc Azad Unversty,
More informationLLFpi : Schedulability-Improved LLF Algorithm in Multiprocessor Real-Time Embedded Systems
Internatonal Journal of Appled Engneerng Research ISSN 9-46 Volume, Number 6 (6) pp 89-898 LLFp : Schedulablty-Improved LLF Algorthm n Multprocessor Real-Tme Embedded Systems Sangchul Han, Jnsoo Km, Junghwan
More informationEconomic aspects of component importance analysis for complex marine systems
Scentfc Journals of the Martme Unversty of Szczecn Zeszyty Naukowe Akadem Morskej w Szczecne 2017, 51 (123), 59 65 ISSN 1733-8670 (Prnted) Receved: 19.07.2017 ISSN 2392-0378 (Onlne) Accepted: 04.08.2017
More informationPeak Load Shifting in the Internet of Energy with Energy Trading among End-users
1 Peak Load Shftng n the Internet of Energy wth Energy Tradng among End-sers Chn-Cheng Ln, Member, IEEE, Der-Jnn Deng *, Member, IEEE, Wan-Y L, and Lnnan Chen Abstract Recent advances n renewable energy
More informationRELIABILITY-BASED OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS OF EL-MOSTAKBAL CITY, EGYPT (CASE STUDY)
Twelfth Internatonal Water Technology Conference, IWTC12 2008 Alexandra, Egypt 1 RELIABILITY-BASED OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS OF EL-MOSTAKBAL CITY, EGYPT (CASE STUDY) Rham Ezzeldn *,
More informationWelfare Gains under Tradable CO 2 Permits * Larry Karp and Xuemei Liu
January 18, 2001 Welfare Gans under Tradable CO 2 Permts Larry Karp and Xueme Lu Ths research was partally funded by a grant from the Insttute on Global Conflct and Cooperaton. Introducton It s easy to
More informationLong term performance of continuous wood-concrete-composite systems
Long term performance of contnuous wood-concrete-composte systems Leander A. Bathon Professor, Dept. of Archtecture and Cvl Engneerng, FH Wesbaden Unversty of Appled Scences, Wesbaden, Germany, bathon@t-onlne.de
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 63 (2014 ) GHGT-12
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com ScenceDrect Energy Proceda 63 (2014 ) 6792 6799 GHGT-12 Energy for CO 2 capture: use of an auxlary bomass combned heat and power unt Zakeh Khorshd a,b, Mnh T. Ho a,b,
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL SECONDARY RAW MATERIAL MARKET AS A FACTOR OF DIVERSIFICATION OF KAZAKHSTAN'S EXPORT POTENTIAL
ISSN 1728-2667. 11(152)/2013 ~ 49 ~ 12. Renhar C.The aftermath of fnancal crses / C. Renhar, K. Rogoff. [Electronc source] // Natonal Bureau of Economc Research. Workng Paper 14656 Access at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14656.
More informationEco-efficiency optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicle based on response surface method and genetic algorithm
Eco-effcency optmzaton of Hybrd Electrc Vehcle based on response surface method and genetc algorthm J. Nzsabra, P. Duysnx, Y. Louvgny LTAS - Automotve Engneerng, Unversty of Lege, B52, Chemns des Chevreuls,
More informationScienceDirect. Influence of outdoor air conditions on the air source heat pumps performance. Pamela Vocale a, *, Gian Luca Morini b, Marco Spiga a
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com ScenceDrect Energy Proceda 45 ( 214 ) 653 662 68th Conference of the Italan Thermal Machnes Engneerng Assocaton, ATI213 Influence of outdoor ar condtons on the ar
More informationA Two Ways Communication-Based Distributed Control for Direct Load Control in Smart Distribution System
Mad BIABANI 1, Amrhossen SAJADI 2, Masoud Alakbar GOLKAR 1, Potr BICZEL 2 K. N.Toos Unversty of Technology (1), Warsaw Unversty of Technology (2) A Two Ways Communcaton-Based Dstrbuted Control for Drect
More informationResearch on the Resource Sharing Among Hierarchically Distributed Virtual Enterprises Based on Grid System
Send Orders for Reprnts to reprnts@benthamscence.ae The Open Cybernetcs & Systemcs Journal, 204, 8, 385-392 385 Open Access Research on the Resource Sharng Among Herarchcally Dstrbuted Vrtual Enterprses
More information