Measuring & Quantifying CH 4 from MSW Landfills
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1 Bryan Staley, PhD, PE President & CEO Measuring & Quantifying CH 4 from MSW Landfills Prepared for the National Academy of Sciences June 1, 2017
2 EREF History & Mission Mission: To fund and direct scientific research & educational initiatives for sustainable waste management practices to benefit the solid waste field and the communities it serves. 501(c)3 charity began in 1992 Non-lobbying, non-advocacy organization Not a membership organization
3 MSW Management in the U.S.
4 MSW Managed in the U.S. Tonnages Methodology used a facility-based, bottom up approach 347 million tons MSW managed (2013) 6.8 lbs/person-day Majority is landfilled
5 EREF & US EPA Difference by End Point Type of Facility EREF Estimate (million tons) 1 EPA Estimate (million tons) Percent Difference Landfills % Recycling % Waste-to % Energy Composting % TOTAL % Difference for landfill tonnage also observed by: Biocycle State of Garbage reports: state-provided statistics Powell et. al. (2015): facility data from GHG reporting tool This is not all the tonnage that goes to MSW landfills More tonnage (non-msw) also goes to MSW landfills (~1/3 more)
6 MSW Organics Tonnage Total MSW Managed = 347 million tons Organic fraction = 48.8% Facility Type Million Tons MSW Organics Managed % Landfills Composting Waste-to-Energy Mulching Anaerobic Digestion Tons MSW Organics Managed Mulching tonnage based EPA estimates Re-use/On-site management tonnage is unknown
7 Organics in Landfilled MSW
8 Organics Composition MSW organics managed (2013): million tons
9 Food Waste in Landfilled MSW
10 Landfill Gas Emissions
11 Research Focus Areas Emissions quantification done via: Modeling Direct measurement on the landfill Modeling Use of guideline values Estimating Degradable Organic Carbon Decay rates (k value) [research not described here] Methane Oxidation through Soil Covers Direct Measurement Best measurement technique Accurate data under varying field conditions
12 Modeling Landfill Gas Emissions
13 GHG Inventory Models Based on Simplified Mass Balance: Source: University of Illinois-Chicago
14 Recovered Methane
15 Recovered CH 4 (based on tonnage) 89% ~84% of tonnage goes to LFs that flare or beneficially use generated methane 77% Roughly 80 million more tons goes to private vs public LFs
16 Methane Generation
17 Importance of Degradable Organic Carbon in Estimating Emissions Landfill Gas (LFG) generation is estimated, in part, using the Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) content of the waste materials entering LF. Input to the First-Order Decay (FOD) model Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides recommended values and methodologies USEPA uses FOD calculations for 2 key efforts: 1) Facility GHG Reporting Program (Subpart HH) 2) U.S. Inventory of Sources and Sinks (to IPCC)
18 Degradable Organics Carbon and the Impact on Emissions Estimates Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) A fixed amount enters the landfill but it is based on waste composition Biogas from DOC, beneficially used or as emissions Non-MSW in 45 states DOC f Only a fraction of DOC degrades, the remainder is sequestered Remaining Carbon
19 Estimating DOC: EPA Guidelines and Project Goals 1. EPA default value DOC = 0.31 for MSW-only waste Is this representative of MSWLFs accepting only MSW (DOC MSW )? Assess using waste composition data from 16 studies, conducted in 13 states ( ) 2. EPA default value DOC = 0.2 for MSW LFs (bulk method) Is this representative of MSWLFs accepting other Subtitle D wastes (DOC SubD )? Assess using 2013 reporting data from MSWLFs in 14 states
20 Estimating LFG: EPA vs. State Studies EPA x = 0.13 Calculated DOC values are lower than respective EPA guidelines for both waste streams; especially MSWonly waste streams. EPA x = 0.05 In 2014, 919 MSWLFs used 0.31 or 0.20 when completing the mandatory GHG reporting (Subpart HH)
21 Methane Oxidation
22 CH 4 Oxidation Across Multiple Sites % Oxidation with diffusion correction surface CH Arid Mediterranean Humid cont cool Humid cont warm Humid Sub trop EPA Oxidation Guideline 28-43% (mean) 21-40% (median) Suggested value = 30%
23 CH 4 Oxidation: Validation from UIC Project % oxidation California monthly landfill CH4 oxidation (372 sites) EPA Guideline Month 30 cm IC 45 cm IC 50 cm IC
24 Direct Measurement of Emissions
25 Direct Emissions Measurement: Methods Evaluation Tracer Correlation Technique most accurate EPA s OTM-10 Method Emissions Measurement Method Study re-defined EPAs perspective on measuring fugitive emissions Help industry improve gas collection efficiency, reduce emissions, refine carbon footprint estimates
26 Quantifiable Results for Whole Landfill Emissions Using Tracer Correlation Technique
27 Measured CH 4 Emissions from New Waste Cell Southeastern US Landfill
28 Comparison of Direct Measure vs. GHG Reporting Southeastern US Landfill Comparison to Mandatory GHG Reporting Calculations (2012) 1 st order decay model HH-1 = 1,954 metric tons CH 4 /yr HH-5 = 1,759 metric tons CH 4 /yr or 3,346 g CH 4 /min Measured values for 2012 ranged from g CH 4 /min
29 Summary Organics diversion trends will likely significantly impact emissions from landfills over the next 1-2 decades Data Inventories (developed/in progress) Landfilled Tonnage Waste Composition Landfill gas collected/beneficial use Research Funded (completed/underway) Methane oxidation Improving models Direct measurements of emissions
30 EREF Funded Landfill Emissions Research Development and Application of a Tracer Gas Correlation (FSU) Assessing Accuracy of Tracer Dilution Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills with Wind Modeling (U. Delaware) Assessing Accuracy of Tracer Dilution Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills with Wind Modeling (U. Delaware) Constraining the Effects of Secondary Porosity on CH 4 Oxidation (FSU) Joint Air Emissions Testing Development (SCS Engineers)
31 EREF Funded Landfill Emissions Research International Field Validation of a New IPCC Tier IV Inventory Model for Landfill Methane (CH 4 ) Emissions (U. Illinois-Chicago) Modernizing Models and Data on Methane Production from Landfills (NC State) Quantifying Capture Efficiency of Gas Collection Systems with Gas Tracers (U. Delaware) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management (URS) Landfill Gas Management: A Roadmap for EREF Directed Research (NC Stae/U. Central Florida)
32 EREF Funded Landfill Emissions Research Updating EPA's Landfill Gas Emission Factors (EPA) Field Test Measurements at Five MSW Landfills with Landfill Gas (EPA) Moisture Consumption During Gas Production in Landfills: Implications to Permitting ET Caps (Mich. State/NC State) Evaluation of a Biologically Active Cover for Mitigation of Landfill Gas Emissions (SCS) Field-Scale Assessment of Evapotranspirative Methane Oxidation (ETMO) Caps for Sustainable Management of MSW Landfills in Sub-Humid Climates (Mich. State) Methane Oxidation: Field-Scale Test Sections Experiment (FSU)
33 Future Considerations Impact of organics diversion Minimizing estimates via guideline values and instead using site specific values Use of tech to advance inventories/measurements Drones to measure emissions
34 Questions? Contact Info Bryan Staley, PhD, PE
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