COMPARISON OF DECENTRALISED AND CENTRALISED WASTEWATER SERVICING APPROACHES: PARK ORCHARDS CASE STUDY
|
|
- Hubert Mitchell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 COMPARISON OF DECENTRALISED AND CENTRALISED WASTEWATER SERVICING APPROACHES: PARK ORCHARDS CASE STUDY Ben Asquith 1, Joshua Eggleton 1, Glenn Wilson 2 1 BMT WBM, Newcastle, NSW, ben.asquith@bmtwbm.com.au 2 Yarra Valley Water, Melbourne, Vic ABSTRACT The evaluation of the relative benefits, costs and risks between centralised and decentralised wastewater servicing strategies can be challenging for water utilities. This paper presents one cost effective approach that has been tested by the authors on behalf of Yarra Valley Water through a case study for Park Orchards. The project involved development, testing and life cycle cost analysis of alternative long-term wastewater servicing strategies to conventional reticulated sewerage that involved the retention, upgrade and in some cases replacement of existing on-site systems. The case study identified that implementation of a series of practicable upgrades to existing on-site systems had the potential to achieve significant improvement in health and ecosystem protection. This has significant implications for the Victoria Sewerage Backlog Program given the rising costs to deliver reticulated sewerage to these areas. INTRODUCTION YVW are considering alternative approaches to provide a sustainable wastewater management service other than conventional reticulated sewerage. Ideally, these alternatives would deliver an equivalent level of ecosystem and health protection as reticulated sewerage. However, as a minimum YVW are considering the potential for lower cost solutions to deliver a satisfactory improvement in performance based on the legislative objectives set out in the State Environmental Protection Policy (SEPP) Waters of Victoria. Park Orchards was selected by YVW as a case study to evaluate the potential for alternative servicing scenarios based on community concern over the provision of reticulated sewerage and estimated capital costs. The project aimed to evaluate the potential to retain some level of on-site management of sewage from Sewerage Backlog Areas, using the Park Orchards Backlog area (RA39) as a case study. The project involved field and desktop evaluation of natural and built conditions within the Study Area and construction of numerical models to estimate the capability of existing on-site systems to meet ecosystem and health protection objectives. Following characterisation of existing conditions, the maximum receiving capacity (via land application) of lots within the Study Area was estimated through comprehensive spatial analysis and modelling. The outcomes of these tasks allowed a number of potential wastewater servicing scenarios to be examined to test the potential for long-term containment of wastewater on-site. These scenarios involved the hypothetical upgrade of existing on-site systems where on-site containment was considered possible. Sites not considered capable of full on-site containment were assessed under partial containment and connection to sewerage scenarios. The outcomes of this analysis were used to classify each lot in the Study Area based on the potential for full, partial or no on-site containment of wastewater. They also allowed consideration of the relative benefits of different upgrade scenarios in comparison to the existing case and full connection to sewerage. Finally consideration was given to the relative cumulative impacts of on-site systems both between servicing scenarios and compared to background (i.e. non-wastewater) loads. PARK ORCHARDS STUDY AREA The Park Orchards Backlog area contains approximately 1,25 existing on-site wastewater management system. The majority of Park Orchards is located within the Study Area along with a small part of Ringwood North and Warrandyte South. It is located on the north eastern fringes of Melbourne approximately 4 kilometres south of the Yarra River. The Park Orchards Study Area is located within the rolling hills of the Yarra hinterland at an elevation range of 6 15 metres AHD with local relief of 1-5 metres typical. Slopes on crests and ridges are typically 15% whilst mid to lower slopes are 1 5% creating significant constraints to the land application of effluent. Park Orchards has a temperate climate with warm summers and cool winters. Mean temperatures range between 6 and 26 degrees. Average annual rainfall and pan evaporation for the site are 832 and 125 mm respectively. The site experiences
2 moderate rainfall in Autumn and Spring, compounded by a significant drop in plant water demand. The climate does place limitations on the capacity for vegetation to utilise effluent from onsite systems, particularly from April to September. Soils are typical of those formed on uplifted Silurian sedimentary geology. Total soil depth is highly variable with the profile consisting of weak to moderately structured loams grading to clays to a depth of.5 1 metre common. Subsoils displayed some potential for sodicity. Phosphorus sorption capacity was moderate to very high. The Park Orchards Study Area contains a network of incised ephemeral watercourses (largely a result of the erosion of the sedimentary parent material) that eventually drain to the Yarra River via Andersons Creek and Mullum Mullum Creek. Beyond the study area both Mullum Mullum and Andersons Creek meander northward through the low hills and alluvial plain to the Yarra River. Existing water quality (summarised in Table 4) data was limited but indicated that nutrient and pathogenic indicator concentrations are elevated in comparison with Low Risk Trigger values and EPA Victoria Environmental Quality Objectives. METHODOLOGY This Study involved the use of GIS analysis and environmental modelling to evaluate the capacity for on-site containment of wastewater. BMT WBM has built a spatially and temporally varying model of the Park Orchards Study Area that takes into account; climate (rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration); topography (slope, elevation); soil characteristics (depth, hydraulic and chemical properties); vegetation (transpiration, nutrient uptake); hydrology (rainfall-runoff, soil water balance); background pollutant loads (stormwater quality); land use (imperviousness, background pollutant loads); wastewater generation (water use data); on-site system characteristics (for a limited number of typical system types); and catchment attenuation of pollutants (accounting to proximity to receiving waters). This model has the ability to continuously simulate the key processes governing the performance of on-site systems over extended periods (i.e. decades). As a result, information on containment of wastewater on-site and the proportional contribution of on-site systems to nutrient and pathogen loads was able to be estimated. Once the existing (or base) case was characterised, the model was used to test a number of hypothetical wastewater management scenarios to determine the relative change in on-site containment potential and off-site impacts. Information / Data Analysis A Geographical Information System (GIS) workspace was established that allowed the range of available data to be interrogated and used to broadly characterise the subject site. It also assisted in targeting the field investigation program towards critical information gaps. The key data gaps with the potential to influence study outcomes are as follows. It was originally thought that LiDAR data would be available to create a highly accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM). However, this proved unfeasible. As an alternative, a DEM was created from the 1 metre contour data and then refined to account for the influence of the reticulated stormwater system and roads. Published soil landscape mapping was not made available for this study. This did not prove to be a significant impediment to the accuracy of study outcomes. Local soil variation (not identifiable in broad scale mapping) was significant and little would be gained from the availability of landscape mapping. Similarly, field soil investigations involved a limited number of observation sites to assist with development of soil parameters. There will invariably be site to site variation in soil characteristics that have not been accounted for in this assessment. Limited site specific data on the nature and extent of existing on-site systems was available. A range of assumptions were made to enable the systems to be modelled. No suitable streamflow, water quality or wastewater discharge data was available that was suitable for full parameterisation / calibration of the models. Land Capability Assessment and Mapping BMT WBM has completed a Land Capability Assessment (LCA) for the Park Orchards Study Area. The purpose of the LCA was to collect a range of biophysical information for assessment of the potential for on site wastewater management. Site and soil characteristics were then used to identify and rate conditions with the potential to limit the performance of on site wastewater systems. The approach was comparable to the LCA procedures set out in the EPA Victoria Land Capability Assessment for On-site Domestic Wastewater Management, Publication (23). However given that this study involved consideration of land capability based on limited field data and broad scale spatial information, the approach was modified to account for the inherent
3 uncertainty associated with a broad scale (non site specific) assessment. The process, structure and rating system adopted for this LCA follows a slightly altered framework compared to that outlined in EPA Publication (23). Lots have been classified as Low, Medium, High or Very High Hazard. Lot Area Available for Effluent Management An evaluation of allotment area available for effluent management was required in order to estimate the capacity for on-site containment of wastewater. A statistical analysis has been undertaken of a representative sample of allotments from within Park Orchards to identify; the relationship between allotment size and proportion of lot available for effluent management; and the relationship between allotment land capability and the land capability of available area. Raw available area was considered to be the land remaining on each sample allotment, after subtracting the area occupied by development and required separation distances. An assessment was undertaken of a representative sample of allotments within the Study Area. A total of 139 allotments were assessed to determine the capacity to provide available area for on-site wastewater management. The assessment was undertaken through orthophoto investigations and GIS creation of buffers around the abovementioned objects. Statistics on the area of land and proportion of total lot area occupied by each component (inclusive of buffers) were recorded for analysis. Statistics obtained from this assessment were analysed to identify any patterns or relationships between lot size and area available for effluent Land Application Areas (LAA s). A scatter plot of lot size and the proportion of the lot unavailable for effluent management was created to determine an overall relationship that could be applied to the entire Study Area. Further statistical analysis was undertaken to determine the proportion of raw available area for each sample lot that was identified as Very High Hazard (VHH) through the Land Capability Mapping. For the 139 sample lots the ratio of VHH area to lot size was compared against the ratio of VHH area to the Raw Available Area polygon for that lot. The identified relationship was consequently applied to all study lots to calculate the VHH area present within the Raw Available Area. This VHH area was then excluded from the Raw Available Area to calculate the Final Available Area for each allotment in the Study Area. Background Pollutant Loads Stormwater quantity and quality modelling was completed in order to evaluate the relative contribution of on-site systems within the Study Area to catchment nutrient export. The Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation (MUSIC) was applied to estimate continuous hydrology and runoff water quality for the catchment. A MUSIC model was prepared for the existing catchment scenario. Stormwater quality modelling was undertaken to develop an appreciation of the catchment water balance and estimate stormwater pollutant loads for representative parameters. Estimation of runoff volumes and loads of common stormwater pollutants including Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN) was completed. The MUSIC modelling approach applied to assist in estimating existing background pollutant loads for the catchment is described in the following sections. Wastewater Management System Performance Water, nutrient and pathogen modelling has been undertaken using Decentralised Sewage Model (DSM). The Decentralised Sewage Model (DSM) is a GIS based decision support tool designed to assess and compare a range of wastewater servicing options from on-site sewage management to conventional gravity sewerage with central treatment and reuse/disposal. The DSM was developed jointly by BMT WBM and Whitehead & Associates Environmental Consultants. It has the capacity to rapidly assess the long-term environmental/human health performance of wastewater systems in addition to assisting in the concept design and costing of various servicing options. Adoption of a daily continuous water, nutrient and pathogen modelling approach is considered a superior approach to calculation of minimum land requirements using a lumped monthly water balance. Monthly water balances are a very conservative (but simple and quick) tool for sizing new effluent land application areas. They operate on the principle that a significant factor of safety is being built into the design to account for unforseen operational issues or short-term peak loading. When coupled with a design wastewater flow based on 5-6 persons (9 1,8 litres/day), the lumped monthly approach produces minimum land area sizes that are typically 2 4 times the required size under average conditions. Such an approach is neither realistic nor necessary when considering the potential for on-site containment in an existing area such as the Park Orchards Study Area.
4 A total of five wastewater servicing scenarios were evaluated using the DSM; the existing case; Scenario 1A; Upgrade Existing Systems to Best Practicable Option (No Reticulated Sewerage); Scenario 1B; Upgrade Existing Systems to Best Practicable Option (with Reticulated Sewerage for lots with limited to no potential for onsite containment); Scenario 2A; Replace Existing Systems with Best Practice Option (No Reticulated Sewerage); and Scenario 2B; Replace Existing Systems with Best Practice Option (with Reticulated Sewerage for lots with limited to no potential for onsite containment). To allow construction of a DSM model for each of the alternative servicing scenarios, a logical set of upgrade rules were developed based on the experience of BMT WBM, liaison with YVW and MCC and the outcomes of field investigations. These rules considered the following factors in assigning an upgrade or replacement on-site system option to a site. A broad upgrade / replacement logic. Typical site and soil conditions, existing development conditions (house layouts etc) and other constraints to on-site system siting and construction. Logical and cost effective approaches to improve the performance of the existing systems (i.e. value for money). Avoiding alteration to systems likely to already be achieving full or high proportions of on-site containment. Minimising direct off-site discharge wherever possible. The key factor determining the nature of adopted upgrade / replacement options was the potential for on-site containment of wastewater. For the purposes of DSM modelling on-site containment was defined as follows: An on-site wastewater management system can be considered to be achieving full on-site containment where off-site discharge (overflow) or hydraulic failure (surcharge) of land application systems is calculated to be zero for the entire thirty year DSM simulation. Average annual flows and loads from DSM scenarios and MUSIC (background) loads were combined to generate an overall mass balance model for the Study Area for each scenario. Based on the average annual flows and loads the average annual pollutant concentrations exported from the Study Area under each scenario can also be calculated. Study Area Mass Balance and Risk Maps Average annual flows and loads from DSM scenarios and MUSIC (background) loads were combined to generate an overall mass balance model for the Study Area for each scenario. Based on the average annual flows and loads the average annual pollutant concentrations exported from the Study Area under each scenario can also be calculated. The frequency of overflow / surcharge is often used as a measure of performance for on-site systems. Based on the frequency of overflow / surcharge a series of on-site containment maps were produced for each scenario. The criteria for the on site containment maps is presented in Table 1. Table 1 Criteria for On-Site Maps Overflow / Surcharge (>) Frequency (% of years) >-5 5-<1 1 Potential for On-Site Potential for Full Potential for Partial to Full Limited Potential for Partial No Potential for RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Land Capability Assessment A summary of the breakdown of land capability for the Study Area is provided in Table 2 and Figure 1. It can be seen that the majority of the Study Area was classified as High to Very High Hazard with respect to land capability. The two dominant constraints across the Study Area were slope and the shallow, sodic Upper Slope soils. These constraints were compounded where a site was in close proximity to a watercourse or environmentally sensitive zone (ESO) such as the 1 Acres. Table 2 Land Capability for Park Orchards Hazard Class Number Land Area (ha) Low Hazard % Medium Hazard % High Hazard % Very High Hazard % Percentage
5 Background Pollutant Loads Annual stormwater flow and pollutant load estimates were obtained from the MUSIC modelling for existing development conditions. The results are summarised in Table 4 with modelled concentrations compared to recent mean water quality for Mullum Mullum and Andersons Creek. Table 4 Existing Scenario Modelling Results Load (ML or kg/yr) Flow 3,63 Mean Annual Concentration (mg/l) Mullum Mullum Creek (mg/l) Andersons Creek (mg/l) TP TN 7, Figure 1: Final Land Capability Map Lot Area Available for Effluent Management This assessment used allotment size and land capability as the determining factors in estimating available area. The results of the Final Available Area analysis (i.e. including consideration of land capability) are presented in Table 3. Table 3 Final Available Area Statistics for Park Orchards Range Number of Lots Percentage <1 m % 1 3 m % 3 6 m % >6 m % It is important to recognise the limitations of the available area assessment conducted as part of this Study. Results should only be considered an approximation of available area given the relatively poor correlation between allotment size and available area. Limited field and desktop groundtruthing of available area has been undertaken by BMT WBM. The groundtruthing found the predicted available area to be approximately correct in the majority of cases. There were however, allotments identified where Final Available Area was underestimated or overestimated. Overestimation of available area was less common, making the results relatively conservative. The result compare favourably to measured longterm water quality when consideration is given to broader land use and pollutant attenuation during streamflow. Mass Balance Modelling The results of DSM and Study Area mass balance modelling are summarised in Table 5 Table 6 and Figure 2 Figure 6. The focus of results is on longterm average conditions as they are most representative of long-term performance. Temporal variation in on-site system and background pollutant loads was evaluated and found to be limited. Table 5 summarises the key statistics relating to on-site containment for each scenario. It can be seen that even under existing conditions, approximately two thirds of allotments / exiting onsite systems are likely to meet the containment criteria or have potential to meet the criteria. However, this proportion increases to 96% under Scenario 1A (best practicable upgrades no reticulated sewerage). Results for Scenario 1B (where on-site systems were only retained where full containment under typical loading was achieved) suggest that sewerage connection would be required for approximately 27% of allotments. Scenario 2A (best practice upgrade no reticulated sewerage) produced a poorer performance in terms of on-site containment than 1A. This relates to the conservative nature of a soil moisture monitoring system being used to schedule effluent application where for sites where containment was not possible effluent (albeit highly treated) was directed to stormwater more often. Once these systems are removed (under Scenario 2B where approximately 21% of allotments are connected to sewer) a very high level of service is achieved based on results of the modelling.
6 Table 5 Summary Statistics for On-site Capacity Classification Existing 1A 1B 2A 2B Full Partial / Full Partial / No 44% 59% 75% 74% 93% 21% 37% 25% 5% 7% 1% 1% 12% No 34% 3% 9% Note 1 Percentage of existing systems retaining some level of on-site effluent application under each scenario. Figure 3: Average Annual Phosphorus Export Table 6 Indicative Upgrade Program Scenario 1A Scenario 1B Scenario 2A No Change 423 (34%) 135 (11%) Retain ST/SSI 47 (38%) 456 (37%) Retain PT/LPED 64 (5%) AST/SSI 382 (31%) AST/LPED/OSD Retain ST/LPED/OSD 149 (12%) 123 (1%) Scenario 2B AST/SSI/OSD 81 (7%) Retain ST/SSI/OSD 171 (14%) AST/OSD 12 (1%) 16 (1%) Connect to Sewer 284 (23%) 268 (22%) PT: Primary Treatment, ST: Secondary Treatment, AST: Advanced Secondary Treatment, SSI: Subsurface Irrigation, LPED: Low Pressure Effluent Dosing, OSD: Off-site Discharge. Figure 4: Average Annual Virus Concentration Figure 2: Average Annual Nitrogen Export Figure 5: On-Site Map Existing
7 Figure 6: On-Site Map Scenario 1A OUTCOMES A number of useful outcomes have been obtained from this Study. An improved understanding of the constraints to sustainable on-site wastewater management has been gained through land capability mapping and an analysis of available area for effluent land application. The Park Orchards Study Area is highly constrained with respect to land capability with key issues being slope, shallow soil and sodic subsoils in the upper to mid slopes. This is further compounded by the small to medium allotment size and substantial existing development observed on some sites (tennis courts, swimming pools, large dwellings). Notwithstanding, the majority of existing allotments are likely to contain some suitable land for effluent land application (2 4 m2 typical). However, land capability restrictions along with the documented limitations to the available area analysis mean a more detailed Land Capability Assessment (LCA) should be completed for any site where long-term on-site sewage management is planned to be retained as an alternative servicing scenario. Existing on-site systems are a moderate to significant contributor to catchment nutrient loads and present a significant risk to human health. Systems that involve partial or full off-site discharge account for the majority of this impact. Removal of as many off-site discharges as possible is the single most effective management strategy for wastewater impacts. Opportunities to maximise the land application of effluent (at sustainable loading rates) should be identified on a lot by lot basis. Alternative Wastewater Servicing Scenario 1A (Best Practicable Option) has been identified as a highly effective approach to managing wastewater impacts. The approach does carry some potential risk with respect to the constructability of LPED trenches (slopes and shallow soil). Alternative Wastewater Servicing Scenario 2A (Best Practice Upgrades) is likely to offer limited benefit for almost double the capital cost. However, a higher number of best practice upgrades may be necessary should the construction of LPED systems prove not to be feasible for some sites. Alternative Wastewater Servicing Scenarios 1B and 2B (combined on-site and sewerage solutions) are not identified as cost effective management options. Limited additional benefit is provided with respect to ecosystem and health impacts. A choice between full reticulated sewer and total on-site wastewater management (with some on-going offsite discharge where necessary) is likely to be preferable. Existing on-site systems are a minor contributor to nitrogen and moderate contributor to phosphorus loads exported from the Study Area. A reduction in non-wastewater nutrient loads would be required to reduce average annual concentrations to a level comparable with EPA EQO s. There is a limit to the effectiveness of investment in improving on-site systems or in fact provision of sewerage services from a nutrient management perspective. A number of potential on-site wastewater management solutions have been considered as part of this Study. Concept drawings and descriptions are provided for further consideration of feasibility. Implementation of an Alternative Wastewater Servicing Scenario (Something between 1A and 2A) is likely to cost in the order of $6,5 $14,7 per lot. The framework for design, construction, ownership and operation of on-site systems under an alternative servicing scenario requires careful consideration. The outcomes of this Study are based on an assumption of centralised management and ownership. The definition and interpretation of on-site containment is complex and requires liaison with EPA Victoria. Requiring zero hydraulic failure of land application systems over their design life would be grossly conservative and inequitable with other regulatory targets for the frequency of pollutant or stormwater discharge to waterways. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BMT WBM wishes to thank Yarra Valley Water for allowing this case study to be published. We also thank Glenn Marriott from Landsafe Ag-Challenge for assistance with this project. REFERENCES EPA Victoria (23) Land Capability Assessment for On-site Domestic Wastewater Management, Publication
8 Table 7 Summary of Indicative Cost Estimates for Alternative Servicing Scenarios Scenario 1A Scenario 2A Reticulated Sewer Low High Low High Capital $8.1M $1.6M $13.9M $18.2M $32.4M Capital (per lot) $6,5 $8,57 $11,176 $14,691 $26,143 Operational (p.a.) $.7M $.7M $.814M $.814M $.21M 25yr NPV -$17.6M -$21.3M -$23.5M -$28.5M -$32.8M NPV (per lot) -$14,164 -$17,152 -$18,922 -$22,965 -$26,39 Costs as % of (NPV) Reticulated Sewer 54% 65% 72% 87% 1%
Appendix 12. Pollutant Load Estimates and Reductions
Appendix 12. Pollutant Load Estimates and Reductions A pollutant loading is a quantifiable amount of pollution that is being delivered to a water body. Pollutant load reductions can be calculated based
More informationTaking the pain out of the treatment train: continuous simulation modelling for integrated water management
Engineers & Consultants Taking the pain out of the treatment train: continuous simulation modelling for integrated water management Stu Farrant & Reuben Ferguson, Morphum Environmental Limited Abstract
More informationMANAGEMENT/MONITORING OF IRRIGATION REUSE. Anna Kelliher. Rendell McGuckian
MANAGEMENT/MONITORING OF IRRIGATION REUSE Paper Presented by : Anna Kelliher Authors: Anna Kelliher, Consultant, Rob Rendell, Principal Consultant, Rendell McGuckian 65 th Annual Water Industry Engineers
More informationPennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual. Chapter 3. Stormwater Management Principles and Recommended Control Guidelines
Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual Chapter 3 Stormwater Management Principles and Recommended Control Guidelines 363-0300-002 / December 30, 2006 Chapter 3 Stormwater Management Principles
More informationEvaluation methods for total water cycle management plans
Fact Sheet January 2013 Evaluation methods for total water cycle management plans Total water cycle management (TWCM) is an important part of water policy in South East Queensland (SEQ). Research conducted
More informationIntegrated Urban Water Cycle
Integrated Urban Water Cycle Andrew Speers 1,2, Grace Mitchell 1,3 1: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) 2: 14 Julius Ave, North Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia 3: P.O. Box
More informationOn-site Wastewater Groundwater Quality Risk. July 2013
On-site Wastewater Groundwater Quality Risk July 2013 by Hamish Ogilvie, Clinton Rissmann, Brydon Hughes and George Ledgard Environment Southland is the brand name of Southland Regional Council Community
More information6.0 Runoff. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Flood Control Design Runoff
October 2003, Revised February 2005 Chapter 6.0, Runoff Page 1 6.1 Introduction 6.0 Runoff The timing, peak rates of discharge, and volume of stormwater runoff are the primary considerations in the design
More informationPhysiographic zones. and water quality
Southland Physiographic zones Central Plains Technical information Physiographic zones are part of the Water and Land 2020 & Beyond project that aims to maintain and improve water quality in the Southland
More informationRural Living Environment
1 RLE.1 Rural Living Environment RLE.1.1 Description & Expectations The Rural Living Environment (RLE) covers rural areas within the District that are either already characterised by lifestyle activities
More information6. Pollutant Sources in
6. Pollutant Sources in 45 6. Pollutant Sources in the Plum Creek Watershed The LDC analysis for Plum Creek indicates that both point and nonpoint sources contribute pollutants in the watershed. Identifying
More informationChapter 6. Hydrology. 6.0 Introduction. 6.1 Design Rainfall
6.0 Introduction This chapter summarizes methodology for determining rainfall and runoff information for the design of stormwater management facilities in the City. The methodology is based on the procedures
More informationSaturated Buffer. Subsurface Drainage PURPOSE N REDUCTION LOCATION COST BARRIERS
Saturated Buffer To intercept tile drainage prior to discharging to surface waters and redistribute the water laterally in the soil profile of the streamside buffer. Subsurface drainage, also known as
More informationAdvice to decision maker on coal mining project
. Advice to decision maker on coal mining project IESC 2015-063: West Muswellbrook Project New Development Requesting agency The New South Wales Mining and Petroleum Gateway Panel Date of request 27 January
More informationTools Quantifying the Benefits and Life Cycle Costs of Green Infrastructure Sakshi Saini
Tools Quantifying the Benefits and Life Cycle Costs of Green Infrastructure Sakshi Saini Latornell Conference November 17, 2016 Outline Background Tools: 1. Low Impact Development Treatment Train Tool
More informationStormwater Treatment Wetlands
Florida Chamber Summer School July, 2014 Stormwater Treatment Wetlands Chris Keller, P.E. Wetland Solutions, Inc. Why Wetlands? Wetlands are the natural stormwater management systems in the landscape Wetlands
More informationAppendix A Literature Review - Septic System Performance Criteria, Technologies, and Cost Factors
Appendix A Literature Review - Septic System Performance Criteria, Technologies, and Cost Factors TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM Appendix A - Literature Review Septic System Performance Criteria, Technologies,
More informationUrbanSAT- Urban System Analysis Tool : For delivering urban water balancing and reporting
19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Perth, Australia, 12 16 December 2011 http://mssanz.org.au/modsim2011 UrbanSAT- Urban System Analysis Tool : For delivering urban water balancing
More informationAttachment 12 Stage 1 Flood Risk Assessment (IE RP-0001)
IE0311133-22-RP-0001, Issue A 17/10/2013 Attachment 12 Stage 1 Flood Risk Assessment (IE0311133-30-RP-0001) IE0311133-22-RP-0001_A_02.DOC Flood Risk Assessment Celebrating 40 Years in Business Jazz Pharmaceuticals
More informationSTORMWATER RUNOFF AND WATER QUALITY IMPACT REVIEW
SUBCHAPTER 8 STORMWATER RUNOFF AND WATER QUALITY IMPACT REVIEW 7:45-8.1 Purpose and scope of review Except for those projects expressly exempted by this chapter or waived by the Commission, the Commission
More informationAssessing Integrated Water Management Options for Urban Developments - Canberra Case Study
Assessing Integrated Water Management Options for Urban Developments - Canberra Case Study Ashok Sharma 1*, Stephen Gray 2, Clare Diaper 1, Peter Liston 3 and Carol Howe 1 1 CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box
More informationThe Neutral or Beneficial Effect on Water Quality Assessment Tool
The Neutral or Beneficial Effect on Water Quality Assessment Tool Author(s): Alison Kniha, Greg Greene Organisation: WaterNSW Country: Australia Email: alison.kniha@waternsw.com.au Paper: INTRODUCTION
More informationMURPHY DRAIN CATCHMENT
The RVCA produces individual reports for 16 catchments in the Lower Rideau subwatershed. Using data collected and analysed by the RVCA through its watershed monitoring and land cover classification programs,
More informationTraining Course Brochure Building Capacity in Rural & Urban Water Management
Training Course Brochure 2015 Building Capacity in Rural & Urban Water Management Introduction The WastePro Academy seeks to encourage the use of desktop software applications in the water and environmental
More informationThe City of Cocoa (City) is located in east
FWRJ Reclaimed Water and Stormwater: A Perfect Pair to Meet Total Maximum Daily Load Wasteload Allocations? Danielle Honour, James Wittig, John A. Walsh, and Don Stevens Danielle Honour, P.E., D.WRE, and
More informationCouncil of Governments
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Anne Arundel County Draft Phase II Watershed Implementation Plan January 18, 2011 Chesapeake Bay TMDL Pollutants of Concern Nitrogen Phosphorus Sediment 2
More informationSWMM5 LID Control for Green Infrastructure Modeling
SWMM5 LID Control for Green Infrastructure Modeling Ohio Water Environment Association Collection Systems Workshop Matt McCutcheon, E.I. Water Resources Engineer CDM Smith May 9, 2013 11:15 AM 11:45 AM
More informationEmission accounts. Julian Chow United Nations Statistics Division September 2016 Putrajaya, Malaysia
Emission accounts Julian Chow United Nations Statistics Division 26-30 September 2016 Putrajaya, Malaysia SEEA Conceptual Framework Types of physical flows accounts in SEEA-CF Physical flow accounts Topics
More informationENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN. Environment Protection Authority, ACT May 2009
ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN Environment Protection Authority, ACT May 2009 ISBN-13: 978-0-642-60494-1 ISBN-10: 0-642-60494-0 Australian Capital Territory,
More informationModeling Nutrient and Sediment Losses from Cropland D. J. Mulla Dept. Soil, Water, & Climate University of Minnesota
Modeling Nutrient and Sediment Losses from Cropland D. J. Mulla Dept. Soil, Water, & Climate University of Minnesota Watershed Management Framework Identify the problems and their extent Monitor water
More informationThe hydrologic and hydraulic study of the behaviour of the Nyl River floodplain
River Basin Management IV 149 The hydrologic and hydraulic study of the behaviour of the Nyl River floodplain C. F. B. Havenga 1, A. Jeleni 1, W. V. Pitman 2 & A. K. Bailey 2 1 Department of Water Affairs
More informationUrban Water Security Research Alliance
Urban Water Security Research Alliance Cost of Pollution and Options Evaluation Case Study of Moreton Bay Regional Council Total Water Cycle Management Plan Murray Hall Total Water Cycle Management Planning
More informationAquaculture Effluents and the Environment. CS Tucker, Mississippi State University
Aquaculture Effluents and the Environment CS Tucker, Mississippi State University Characteristics of catfish pond effluents Impacts of catfish pond effluents Ways to reduce impacts of effluents What is
More informationWastewater Treatment & Water Supply Alternatives Analysis
Wastewater Treatment & Water Supply Alternatives Analysis Lake Sallie & Lake Melissa Chain of Lakes Prepared for Pelican River Watershed District February 2008 Table of Contents 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...
More informationFlood risk management and land use planning in changing climate conditions Mikko Huokuna Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE
10th International Drainage Workshop of ICID 06.-11. July 2008 Flood risk management and land use planning in changing climate conditions Mikko Huokuna Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE Background hydrological
More informationREALISING THE VALUE OF REMNANT FARM WETLANDS AS ATTENUATION ASSETS
REALISING THE VALUE OF REMNANT FARM WETLANDS AS ATTENUATION ASSETS Chris C. Tanner 1, James Sukias 1 and David F. Burger 2 1 NIWA, PO Box 11-115 Hamilton Email: c.tanner@niwa.co.nz 2 DairyNZ, Newstead,
More informationfinal report Water quality improvement strategy for a processing site
final report Project title: Water Quality Improvement Strategy Project code: P.PSH.0449 Prepared by: GHD Date published: July 2010 PUBLISHED BY Meat & Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 991 NORTH SYDNEY
More informationMODELING SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS YIELDS USING THE HSPF MODEL IN THE DEEP HOLLOW WATERSHED, MISSISSIPPI
MODELING SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS YIELDS USING THE HSPF MODEL IN THE DEEP HOLLOW WATERSHED, MISSISSIPPI Jairo Diaz-Ramirez, James Martin, William McAnally, and Richard A. Rebich Outline Background Objectives
More information3 Objectives 3 Ob jec tives
3 Objectives 3 Objectives 3 Objectives 3 Objectives contents Objective number Page 3.1 Ki uta ki tai: mountains to the sea O1-O5 37 3.2 Beneficial use and development O6-O13 38 3.3 Māori relationships
More informationYIR01WQ2 Total oxygen in river stations by river size
YIR01WQ2 Total oxygen in river stations by river size Figure 1 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg O 2 /l) at stations in different sized rivers between 1993 and 1998 11.0 mg O2/l 10.5 10.0
More informationThe national-level nutrient loading estimation tool for Finland: Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System WSFS-Vemala
The national-level nutrient loading estimation tool for Finland: Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System WSFS-Vemala Markus Huttunen, Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, HELCOM workshop on transboundary
More informationStormwater Attenuation Systems Sustainable Drainage Solutions for Domestic & Commercial Applications
Environmental Stormwater Attenuation Systems Sustainable Drainage Solutions for Domestic & Commercial Applications Sustainable, Reliable, Affordable Stormwater Attenuation Systems Sustainable Drainage
More informationFlood Forecasting - What Can You Do With Your Data?
Flood Forecasting - What Can You Do With Your Data? C Druery 1, D McConnell,2 1 WorleyParsons, Sydney, NSW 2 WorleyParsons, Sydney, NSW Abstract Driven by the large scale flooding over the past several
More informationHydrology and Water Quality. Water. Water 9/13/2016. Molecular Water a great solvent. Molecular Water
Hydrology and Water Quality Water Molecular Water Exists as an equilibrium But equilibrium altered by what is dissolved in it Water Molecular Water a great solvent In reality, water in the environment
More informationChapter 7 : Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 7 : Conclusions and recommendations 7.1 Conclusions The main goal of this research was to investigate the modelling and rainfall data requirements for the design of combined sewer systems and the
More informationSuspended Sediment Discharges in Streams
US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center Suspended Sediment Discharges in Streams April 1969 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-19 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved
More informationAlternative Approaches to Water Resource System Simulation
US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center Alternative Approaches to Water Resource System Simulation May 1972 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-32 REPORT DOCUMENTATION
More informationM.L. Kavvas, Z. Q. Chen, M. Anderson, L. Liang, N. Ohara Hydrologic Research Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Davis
Assessment of the Restoration Activities on Water Balance and Water Quality at Last Chance Creek Watershed Using Watershed Environmental Hydrology (WEHY) Model M.L. Kavvas, Z. Q. Chen, M. Anderson, L.
More informationNutrient Management in. A presentation to the West Metro Water Alliance
Nutrient Management in Developing and Agricultural Areas A presentation to the West Metro Water Alliance Chris Meehan, P.E. May 25, 2011 Agenda Physical Improvements Planning Improvements How to get it
More informationOPTIMISATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE DOSING FACILITIES. Keith McCarthy. Yarra Valley Water
OPTIMISATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE DOSING FACILITIES Paper Presented by: Keith McCarthy Author: Keith McCarthy, Sewer Optimisation Technician, Yarra Valley Water 79 th Annual WIOA Victorian Water Industry
More informationUse of SWAT for Urban Water Management Projects in Texas
Use of SWAT for Urban Water Management Projects in Texas Jaehak Jeong and Allan Jones Texas AgriLife Research Presentation Outline Modeling of Urban Watersheds and Stormwater Best Management Practices
More informationIssue paper: Aquifer Water Balance
Issue paper: Aquifer Water Balance 1. Introduction And Background 1.1. Purpose and Scope The population in Kitsap County has grown rapidly in recent years and is expected to increase substantially in the
More informationE. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
E. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT 1. Existing Conditions The Project Site is located within the Lower Hudson Watershed. According to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), Lower Hudson
More informationInitial Application of a Landscape Evolution Model to a Louisiana Wetland
Initial Application of a Landscape Evolution Model to a Louisiana Wetland by Carl F. Cerco PURPOSE: Corps planning projects encompass a wide variety of restoration goals. These include wetland restoration,
More informationSimulation of Climate Change Impact on Runoff Using Rainfall Scenarios that Consider Daily Patterns of Change from GCMs
Simulation of Climate Change Impact on Runoff Using Rainfall Scenarios that Consider Daily Patterns of Change from GCMs F.H.S. Chiew a,b, T.I. Harrold c, L. Siriwardena b, R.N. Jones d and R. Srikanthan
More informationThe Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental
Hydrologic Characterization of the Koshi Basin and the Impact of Climate Change Luna Bharati, Pabitra Gurung and Priyantha Jayakody Luna Bharati Pabitra Gurung Priyantha Jayakody Abstract: Assessment of
More informationDRAINAGE PLAN OF NAU S EASTBURN EDUCATION AND GAMMAGE BUILDINGS FINAL PROPOSAL
MAY 10, 2016 DRAINAGE PLAN OF NAU S EASTBURN EDUCATION AND GAMMAGE BUILDINGS FINAL PROPOSAL Connor Klein, Jiangnan Yi, Yuzhi Zhang, Yi Yang NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY NAU Water Buffalo Engineering Table
More informationLecture 9A: Drainage Basins
GEOG415 Lecture 9A: Drainage Basins 9-1 Drainage basin (watershed, catchment) -Drains surfacewater to a common outlet Drainage divide - how is it defined? Scale effects? - Represents a hydrologic cycle
More informationFactsheet: Town of Deep River Water Quality and Stormwater Summary
79 Elm Street Hartford, CT 06106-5127 www.ct.gov/deep Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer Factsheet: Town of Deep River Water Quality and Stormwater Summary This document was created for each
More informationModelling Climate Change and Urbanization Impacts on Urban Stormwater and Adaptation Capacity
9th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling, Belgrade 2012 C4. Climate change impacts, pp.287-288 Modelling Climate Change and Urbanization Impacts on Urban Stormwater and Adaptation Capacity
More informationI/I Analysis & Water Balance Modelling. Presented by Paul Edwards
I/I Analysis & Water Balance Modelling Presented by Paul Edwards Contents Background Wet Weather Model Calibration Inflow / Infiltration Assessment Flow Containment Options Water Balance Model 20 Year
More informationPA Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) TMDL Plan
PA Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) TMDL Plan Instructor: Bryan Seipp, Watershed Manager- CWP Lee Epstein, Director, Lands Program- CBF 1 To Adjust How the Slides Appear on Your Screen To make
More informationWater Quality Study In the Streams of Flint Creek and Flint River Watersheds For TMDL Development
Water Quality Study In the Streams of Flint Creek and Flint River Watersheds For TMDL Development Idris Abdi Doctoral Dissertation Presentation Major Advisor: Dr. Teferi Tsegaye April 18, 2005 Alabama
More information1. Introduction. Keywords Groundwater, Vulbnerability, Aquifer, Aquitard, Vadose zone. Alsharifa Hind Mohammad
World Environment 2014, 4(1): 22-32 DOI: 10.5923/j.env.20140401.03 New Groundwater Vulnerability Index for the Main Aquifers in Central Catchment Area in Jordan and Validation of the Results Using NO 3
More informationFlood hazard assessment in the Raval District of Barcelona using a 1D/2D coupled model
9 th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012 Flood hazard assessment in the Raval District of Barcelona using a 1D/2D coupled model Beniamino Russo, David Suñer, Marc Velasco,
More informationPhase 1 Part 2 CSO Control Plan Wellington Avenue CSO Facility. Hydraulic Modeling Software Selection
DRAFT Technical Memorandum Phase 1 Part 2 CSO Control Plan Wellington Avenue CSO Facility Hydraulic Modeling Software Selection Prepared for: City of Newport Public Works Department 70 Halsey Street Newport,
More informationTHE NEUTRAL OR BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT TOOL.
THE EUTRAL OR BEEFICIAL EFFECT O WATER QUALIT ASSESSMET TOOL Greg Greene 1, Malcolm Hughes 1,2, Alison Kniha 1 1 Sydney Catchment Authority, Penrith AUSTRALIA 2 MPIA CPP Greg.Greene@sca.nsw.gov.au Paper
More informationRelationships between low-flow characteristics of South African streams
Relationships between low-flow characteristics of South African streams VY Smakhtin * and M Toulouse Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 64, South Africa Ecole Nationale
More informationSABI Code of Practice for On-farm Irrigation Design
SABI Code of Practice for On-farm Irrigation Design This code was developed to provide guidelines for irrigators and those servicing irrigators on developing a new irrigation system or upgrading an existing
More informationAnalysis of Residential Subsurface. SF constructed wetlands. Performance in Northern Alabama
Analysis of Residential Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Performance in Northern Alabama CONTRIBUTING WRITER Kathleen M. Leonard Ph.D., P.E. ABSTRACT Constructed wetlands are becoming increasingly
More informationCharacteristics of Land Resources
Chapter Chapter 1 Characteristics of Land Resources The geology, soils and topography of Woodford County T he geology, soils and topography of an area are important to the community planning process for
More informationGI BMP Training Program Review Worksheets
GI BMP Training Program Review Worksheets 2/7/2013 Version 1 ANSWER KEY Instructions: Use the worksheets as a guide to review key learning points and information provided during the training program. Depending
More informationGUIDE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MINING AND RECLAMATION PLAN IN NEW BRUNSWICK
PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Minerals and Petroleum Development Branch GUIDE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MINING AND RECLAMATION PLAN IN NEW BRUNSWICK Guide to the
More informationRunoff and soil loss. (Quantification and modeling of watershed discharge and sediment yield) Kassa Tadele (Dr.Ing) Arba Minch University
Runoff and soil loss (Quantification and modeling of watershed discharge and sediment yield) Kassa Tadele (Dr.Ing) Arba Minch University Part I. Runoff Contents 1. Fundamental Concepts 2. Generation of
More informationLessons learnt: summary of experiences and further recommendations
In: Prediction and Reduction of Diffuse Pollution, Solid Emission and Extreme Flows from Rural Areas case study of small agricultural catchment (ed. by K. Banasik, L. Øygarden & L. Hejduk), 233 243. Wydawnictwo
More informationLEED-2009 Green Building Rating System. New Construction & Major Renovations
LEED-2009 Green Building Rating System New Construction & Major Renovations 1 The following pages are designed to assist Engineers acquire LEED Credits in the design of Green Sustainable building utilizing
More informationStreamlines V2, n2 (May 1997) A Newsletter for North Carolina Water Supply Watershed Administrators
Page 1 of 5 STREAMLINES A Newsletter for North Carolina Water Supply Watershed Administrators Volume 2, Number 2 May 1997 Non-Point Source (NPS) Pollution This issue of Streamlines provides basic information
More informationSection 8: Amended Soil Mounds. 8. Amended Soil Mounds
Section 8: Amended Soil Mounds 8. Amended Soil Mounds 8. Amended Soil Mounds 8.1 Design...95 8.2 Installation...96 8.3 Inspection...101 8.4 Operation...101 8.5 Common technical issues...105 8.6 Case study...105
More information(1) Site Suitability PURPOSE
3.3 Code for Development and Use of Rural Service Industries PURPOSE This purpose of this code is to encourage the development and use of suitable rural service industries on rural, industrial or suitable
More informationProducer Statement. Design: On-Site Effluent Disposal Systems (AS/NZS 1547:2000)
Updated 04/09/13 Producer Statement Design: On-Site Effluent Disposal Systems (AS/NZS 1547:2000) Issued by : To : To be supplied to: Property Location:. (approved qualified design professional) (owner)
More information126 Sutopo Purwo Nugroho
Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins: integrating Methods and Techniques (Proceedings of symposium I1S01 held during IUGG2003 at Sapporo, July 2003). IAHS Publ. no. 279, 2003. 1 OS 1ZD Application of
More informationSection 600 Runoff Table of Contents
Section 600 Runoff Table of Contents 601 INTRODUCTION...600-1 602 RATIONAL METHOD...600-1 602.1 Rational Method Formula...600-2 602.2 Time of Concentration...600-2 602.3 Intensity...600-4 602.4 Runoff
More informationGreat Keppel Island Resort EIS
Great Keppel Island Resort EIS For GKI Resort Pty Ltd Water Cycle Management Report 21 October 2011 Opus International Consultants (PCA) Pty Ltd ABN 89 096 110 262 Level 1, 2 Mayneview Street, Milton,
More informationWater Balance Methodology
Water Balance Methodology Integrating the Site with the Watershed and the Stream March 2012 An initiative under the umbrella of the Water Sustainability Action Plan for British Columbia Water Balance Methodology
More informationDesign of Sewerage System for Jaffarpur area in Southwest New Delhi
International Journal of Civil Engineering Research. ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, Number 1 (2014), pp. 29-34 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ijcer.htm Design of Sewerage System for
More informationThe Effect of Surface Texture on Evaporation, Infiltration and Storage Properties of Paved Surfaces
The Effect of Surface Texture on Evaporation, Infiltration and Storage Properties of Paved Surfaces M. Mansell* and F. Rollet School of Engineering and Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley
More informationNote that the Server provides ArcGIS9 applications with Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst extensions and ArcHydro tools.
Remote Software This document briefly presents the hydrological and hydraulic modeling software available on the University of Nice Server with Remote Desktop Connection. Note that the Server provides
More informationKapil Arora, Carl Pederson, Dr. Matt Helmers, and Dr. Ramesh Kanwar. DATE SUBMITTED: October 23, INDUSTRY SUMMARY
TITLE: Evaluating Nutrient (nitrogen and ortho-phosphate) Export with Subsurface Drainage Water from Spring Applied Swine Manure to Soybean Planted Micro-watersheds - NPB #12-117 INVESTIGATORS: INSTITUTION:
More informationGood Morning! Bruce Gilman Department of Environmental Conservation and Horticulture Finger Lakes Community College 3325 Marvin Sands Drive Canandaigua, New York 14424 585-785- 1255 gilmanba@flcc.edu Northern
More informationD C Le Maitre & D F Scott. Programme for Land-use and Hydrology Forestek CSIR Private Bag X5011 Stellenbosch.
Modelling Forest Water Use: The Forest Hydrology Information System (FHIS). D C Le Maitre & D F Scott Programme for Land-use and Hydrology Forestek CSIR Private Bag X5011 Stellenbosch. Introduction A considerable
More informationWEFTEC 2002 RECIPROCATING SUBSURFACE TREATMENT SYSTEM KEEPS AIRPORT OUT OF THE DEEP FREEZE
RECIPROCATING SUBSURFACE TREATMENT SYSTEM KEEPS AIRPORT OUT OF THE DEEP FREEZE Tim Arendt Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. 1900 Polaris Parkway Columbus, OH 43240 Mark Ervin, Malcolm Pirnie Don Florea, ABX Air, Inc.
More informationStormwater Volume and Treatment Methods Simplifying the Numbers. IAFSM March 10, Presented by: Tom Powers P.E., CFM, LEED AP, CPESC
Stormwater Volume and Treatment Methods Simplifying the Numbers IAFSM March 10, 2011 Presented by: Tom Powers P.E., CFM, LEED AP, CPESC Introduction GOALS: Improve understanding of Rate and Volume (Quantity)
More informationTHE RATIONAL METHOD FREQUENTLY USED, OFTEN MISUSED
THE RATIONAL METHOD FREQUENTLY USED, OFTEN MISUSED Mark Pennington, Engineer, Pattle Delamore Partners Ltd, Tauranga ABSTRACT The Rational Method has been in use in some form or another at least since
More informationWASTEWATER TREATMENT. Nelson Environmental Inc. Nelson Environmental Inc.
The OPTAER system provides reliable nutrient removal in pond based wastewater treatment plants combining cost-effective technologies and low maintenance requirements. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PrintStudioOne.com
More informationPennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual. Section 3 Stormwater Management Principles, Goals, and a Management Model
Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual DRAFT - JANUARY 2005 Section 3 Stormwater Management Principles, Goals, and a Management Model This page intentionally left blank. Section 3 Stormwater
More informationLOCATION AND DESIGN DIVISION
VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LOCATION AND DESIGN DIVISION INSTRUCTIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL MEMORANDUM GENERAL SUBJECT: Virginia Stormwater Management Program SPECIFIC SUBJECT: Application of the
More informationMunicipal Stormwater Management Planning
Municipal Stormwater Management Planning Christopher C. Obropta, Ph.D., P.E. Water Resources Extension Specialist with Rutgers Cooperative Extension Assistant Professor with Department of Environmental
More informationProducer Statement. Design: On-Site Effluent Disposal Systems (AS/NZS 1547:2012)
Producer Statement Design: On-Site Effluent Disposal Systems (AS/NZS 1547:2012) Issued by: To: To be supplied to: Property Location:. (approved qualified design professional) (owner) Kaipara District Council...
More informationApplication of SWAT Model in land-use. change in the Nile River Basin: A Review
Application of SWAT Model in land-use change in the Nile River Basin: A Review By: Marwa Ali, Okke Batelaan and Willy Bauwens 15-6-2011 Application of SWAT Model in land-use 1 change in the Nile River
More informationASSESSMENT OF THE WATER SITUATION ASSESSMENT MODEL (WSAM)
ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER SITUATION ASSESSMENT MODEL () F.G.B de Jager 1, C.J Strydom 2, P van Rooyen 3, M.D Watson 4, B Havenga 5 1 WRP Consulting (Pty) Ltd, South Africa. 2 Innovative Solutions (Pty) Ltd,
More information