Influence of compressibility of domestic waste on fluid conductivity
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1 Abstract : Influence of compressibility of domestic waste on fluid conductivity Stoltz Guillaume 12, Gourc Jean-Pierre 2 1 PhD student Ademe-Veolia Environment 2 Grenoble University LTHE Laboratory BP Grenoble Cedex 9, France guillaume.stoltz@ujf-grenoble.fr, jean-pierre.gourc@ujf-grenoble.fr Domestic waste (MSW) can be considered as a gradually changing porous medium. This paper reports tests of a new type on a waste sample in order to get correlations between mechanical and hydraulic properties. Compression tests coupled with gas permeability tests have been made on waste sample taken from a hole drilled in a French landfill. The apparatus used for these tests is an oedo-permeameter developed in Lirigm-LTHE. In a second part, the oedo-permeameter cell has been modified to carry out retention tests on a waste sample under compression. This test allows to get water retention curve and to assess pores volumetric distribution of the waste Key-words : bioreactor, settlement, permeability Résumé : Les déchets biodégradables (OM) sont considérés ici comme un milieu poreux évolutif. Ce document présente des essais réalisés sur des déchets de ce type visant à corréler ses propriétés mécaniques et hydrauliques. Des essais de compression couplés à des mesures de perméabilité au gaz ont été réalisés sur un déchet provenant d un forage dans un casier d une Installation de Stockage de déchets (ISD) en France. L appareillage utilisé a spécifiquement été développé au Lirigm-LTHE dans cet objectif. La cellule de l oedo-permeamètre a ensuite été adaptée pour réaliser des essais de succion sur des échantillons de déchets comprimés. Ces essais ont permis d obtenir des courbes de rétention et d estimer la distribution volumétrique des pores. Mots-clés : bioreacteur, tassement, pérmeabilité 1 Introduction Land disposal of solid waste has changed dramatically over the last ten years. There are many new approaches to manage landfills because the dry tomb approach which leaves landfilled wastes in potentially polluting state for many generations is not sustainable. Indeed optimal moisture is required for biological degradation. Municipal solid waste landfills can be operating as bioreactor which consists to accelerate waste degradation by circulating fluids through the waste in a controlled manner. One of the main uncertainties concerning the practicality of operating a landfill as a bioreactor is the control of fluids flows and of the water content of waste. The hydraulic conductivity (leachate), the gas conductivity (biogas) and the retention properties of the waste govern the ease with which fluids may be introduced into and extracted from the landfill. These hydrodynamics properties depend on the mechanical compression and the saturation degree of the fluids (liquid and gas) and also on the waste evolution upon the elapsed time characterized by biodegradation,. Moreover these parameters depend on initial mechanical and biological pre-treatment of the waste (MBT). 1
2 FIG. 1 General schema of a bioreactor (Ademe document) 2 Presentation of the research programme Domestic waste is a complex porous medium.the void structure is widely depending of the components and the possible mechanical pre-treatment. Its evolution upon the elapsed time is dramatically conditioned by its settlement due to the surcharge of the column of waste in the landfill and to the biodegradation. Characterization of the evolution of the void structure can be obtained through measurement of the fluid conductivity and water retention. In addition quantification of these properties is important for a better understanding of the Bioreactor working.this technology,for which control of leachate and gas percolation is very important,is more and more used in different countries, specifically in France. Following a large research programme about waste settlement and geomechanical properties of waste, a new programme is starting in Lirigm-LTHE about the correlation between mechanical and hydraulic properties. The main originality of this Programme is to attempt to use for waste, experimental tests previously used for soils. Several specific prototype devices are used for coupling measurement of settlement of a refuse sample and measurement of the hydraulic or gas conductivity. 3 Coupling mechanical and hydraulic properties of waste 3.1 General description of the oedopermeameter The oedopermeameter consists of a rigid cylindrical cell (diameter 0,27 m) subject to vertical compression in oedometric conditions ( lateral strains prevented) up to 200 kpa (equivalent to the self-weight of a 20 m waste column) by means of a load apparatus (FIG. 2). The cell is equipped to realize gas permeability test. All electronic equipments are connected to an automatic data-acquisition system. 2
3 Oedopermeameter (LTHE) σ p 2 fluid exit s Compression plate waste sample p 1 σ : stress s : settlement diffuser fluid entry p 1 : entry pressure p 2 : exit pressure Cell Dimensions : Diameter : 27cm Initial height : 29 cm Initial volume : cm 3 FIG. 2 Schematic section through the compression cell and photo of the apparatus 3.2 Origin and composition of the tested waste The studied waste is taken from a hole drilled in a French landfill. Its depth taking is few meters under the surface and its age is one year.this waste was dumped in the landfill without any pre-treatment but the effect of drilling was to shred the waste. A characterization of thematerial has been realized.it is composed of 20 % of organic waste (including kitchen and green waste, wood, paper and cardboard), 16 % of plastics, 8 % of glass, 3 % of textile, 7 % of metals, 29% of dusts and 17 % of others. Its particle size distribution was also evaluated: The fraction < 50 mm is around 70% of the waste mass. The diameter of the sample is 0,27 m and the initial height is 0,29 m.so the ratio size of the cell / size of the waste particles is considered as relevant. The waste was characterised first with regard to its constitutive water content (by oven-drying at 70 C during 72 h). The water content (w) expressed as the ratio of the mass of constitutive water to the mass of solid particles was hence evaluated to approximately 30%. Only short tests are presently carried out, so the influence of the biodegradation is not here taken in consideration. 3.2 Compression of the waste samples The waste was put in the cell in thin layers and compacted with added water. After humidification for compaction in the cell, the water content (w) reached 56% and the corresponding volumetric water content (θ) (which is expressed as the ratio of the volume of water in the sample to the total volume of the sample) was around 27%. The test consisted in compressing the waste to 200 kpa by 20 kpa steps. Every step lasts 20 minutes. A diagram corresponding to the compression of the sample is presented FIG. 3a. At each compression step, a gas (nitrogen) permeability test has been carried out. 3
4 3.2 Evolution of the hydro-physical characteristics of the waste versus compression stress In order to perform the gas permeability tests, the cell is fitted out with pressure sensors at the entry and exit (FIG. 2). A mass flow meter is placed at the entry of the cell. Temperature is an important factor for gas viscosity. Measures correspond to a temperature near 20 C. Viscosity of nitrogen is taken at 20 C. The gas permeability measures are realized in Darcy s conditions and the gas permeability coefficient is given by the relation: k 2 2 q1 g 1 p1 p = 2 A µ 2L p1 With A the section of the sample, L the height of the sample, µ the dynamic viscosity of nitrogen, q 1 the gas volumetric flow at the entry of the sample, p 1 the gas entry pressure of and p 2 the gas exit pressure. The coefficient kg (FIG. 3c) is correlated to the dry density (FIG. 3a) and the volumetric water content (FIG. 3b) which both increase with the compression. Compression of a drilled domestical w aste Compression of a drilled domestical w aste dry density (T/m 3 ) (a) 0,75 0,7 0,65 0,6 0,55 0,5 0,45 0, stress σ (kpa) volumetric water content (%) (b) stress σ (kpa) Compression of a drilled domestical w aste 1,E-09 (c) gas permeability (m 2 ) 1,E-10 1,E-11 1,E stress σ (kpa) FIG. 3 (a) Evolution of the dry density versus the compression vertical stress (0-200 kpa) (b) Evolution of the volumetric water content versus the compression vertical stress (c) Evolution of the gas permeability versus the compression vertical stress 4
5 3.2 Water retention curve and pore volumetric distribution The oedopermeameter is modified so as to realize a retention test on a waste sample under compression. The waste sample is set above a porous ceramic plate which has an air entry pressure of 50kPa. This suction is given by the capillary pressure which is the difference between the pressure of the water and the atmospheric pressure. Water retention curve drilled domestical w aste capillary pressure pc (kpa) ρ d = 0,54 T/m ρ d = 0,77 T/m volumetric w ater content θ (%) FIG. 4 Water retention curve of the drilled domestic waste at two dry densities At a suction equilibrium, the capillary pressure is plotted versus the corresponding volumetric water content. This is the conventional retention curve. Results of the FIG. 4 correspond to two compression stresses and therefore to two dry densities. The retention curve obtained shows that the porometric structure is modified by the compression. volumetric water content (%) Pores volumetric distribution drilled domestical waste dp<40 40<dp< <dp< <dp<1000 dp>1000 pores diameter dp (µm) ρ d = 0,54 T/m 3 ρ d = 0,77 T/m 3 FIG. 5 Pores volumetric distribution of the drilled domestic waste at two dry densities 5
6 The water retention curve can be interpreted in pores volumetric distribution. Indeed, the Laplace law p c =4σ/d p which gives a relation between the capillary pressure and the pores diameter. The wettability of the fluid is supposed perfect and the superficial tension of the fluid is given by the value of the water at 20 C (σ = 7, N m-1). The FIG. 5 shows the pores volumetric distribution at the same densities than on the FIG. 4. It appears clearly that the micro-porosity is very sensitive to the waste settlement. 4 Conclusion and perspectives Bioreactor efficiency is depending of the optimal wetting of the waste body. As demonstrated here, the porometric structure is dramatically changing with compression. Consequently the alteration of the hydraulic and gas conductivities will be taken into account in the management of a bioreactor. Aknowledgements This research programme is supported by the Environment French Agency (Ademe) and the Veolia Environment Research Center (Crpe). References Olivier, F. and Gourc, J.P. (2007) Hydro-mechanics of Municipal Solid Waste subject to leachate recirculation in a large-scale compression reactor cell. Waste Management 27 Olivier, F. Gourc, J.P. Achour, F. Morais, J. Bayard, R. (2005) Evolution of bio-physical and mechanical characteristics of MSW after 2 years incubation in a laboratory-scale bioreactor Proc. Sardinia 2005, 10th International Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, CD-Rom. Olivier F, Gourc JP (2005) Hydro-physico-mechanics of a mechanically pretreated waste in a large-scale laboratory cell International Workshop HPM1 Hydro-Physico-Mechanics of Landfills Grenoble University Olivier, F. (2003) Tassement des déchets en CSD de classe II : du site au modèle. PhD dissertation, University of Grenoble, 325 p. Olivier F., Gourc J.P., Lopez S., Benhamida S. and Van Wyck D. (2003) Mechanical behaviour of a domestic waste in a fully instrumented prototype compression box. Proc. Sardinia 2003, 9th International Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, CD-Rom. 6
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