Atoms for the Future 2014 Paris September National Debate and Public Confidence in Sweden
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1 Atoms for the Future 2014 Paris September National Debate and Public Confidence in Sweden Ted Lindquist Coordinator Association of Swedish Municipalities with Nuclear Facilities KSO
2 Association of Swedish Municipalities with Nuclear Facilities - KSO Formed in 1977 Cooperation between five municipalities Politicians from each municipality Exchange experiences between the municipalities To convey experiences from Sweden and abroad Study trips to France and Japan 2013 To arrange national seminars (Japan 2014) To arrange education for politicians and officers European Network for Municipalities with nuclear facilities Participation in the European forum on the future of nuclear energy = ENEF Participation in EU-programs to improve security conditons in less favoured countries
3 Facilities 44
4 The Local Safety (Liaison) Committees The Local Safety (Liaison) Committees Swedish law 1981 Swedish law 1981 Public insight into the nuclear safety and Public insight into the nuclear safety and radiation radiation programme programme Nuclear and waste management facilities Nuclear and waste management facilities Municipalities with nuclear facilities (5) Municipalities with NPP S (5) Members appointed by the Government Members appointed by the Government Annual Government grant Term of office, 4 years. Annual Governmental grant. Government/State institution on local level Government/State institution Term of office, 4 -years
5 Before 1974 Swedish nuclear history 1954 First research reactor in operation 1972 First nuclear power reactor in operation During this period the spent nuclear fuel was classified as a resource. The fuel could be reprocessed and reused Nuclear waste a non-issue in the public debate From 1975 Two governments (1976, 1978) fell mainly upon dissonance regarding nuclear energy policy Referendum in 1980 on nuclear energy resulted in a statement by the parliament that nuclear energy should be phased out not later than 2010
6 High power consumption, low emissions in Sweden Sweden consumes a substantial amount of electricity per capita (15,000 kwh per person/year) Swedish carbon emissions are low compared with those of other countries. The average Swede releases 5.1 tons of carbon dioxide per year into the atmosphere, compared with the EU average of 7.9 tons and the US average of 19.1 tons 78 % of electricity in Sweden comes from nuclear power and hydroelectric power Cogeneration from combined heat and power (CHP plants), accounts for somewhat above 10 % of the electricity output, mainly powered by biofuels. About 8 % of the electricity is imported, and the rest, about 4 %, comes from wind power
7 Nuclear Power in Sweden Nuclear power approx. 50 % of the electricity generated in Sweden Two reactors are closed, Barsebäck/Malmoe, South of Sweden. 10 reactors in operation Modernization, increased capacity, extended lifetime (< 60 years ). Large investments in security on NPPs The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) is responsible for reviewing of nuclear power plants and the Interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel
8 - A possibility to build new reactors New Government : The Government Alliance reaches an agreement that the ban on nuclear power in Sweden shall be lifted Parliament decided to allow new nuclear power plants to be built in the country, abolish the law phasing out nuclear energy New plants may be built only to replace decommissioned ones, and only on the same sites as the existing power stations State owned Vattenfall- has applied to commence planning building new reactors to the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority New Government in October 2014: - Energy Politics/Policies??? Energy negotiations over political blocks - Vattenfalls plans are interrupted - No decisions about new reactors - Safety issues in focus. Life time reactors - Closing 2 reactors before 2018 (Greens), not in the agreement
9 Nuclear Waste in Sweden According to Swedish law the companies that own nuclear power plants are responsible for the handling and final disposal of nuclear waste The nuclear companies have formed a joint company, the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB), The financing system created to cover the costs of nuclear waste is based on the payment to the state by the reactor licensees of a fee per kilowatt hour of electricity produced The fee is included in the electricity price paid by the consumer
10 The Swedish WM system Central Storage for Spent Fuel (CLAB) Spent fuel Nuclear reactors Operational waste Hospitals, industry and R&D Final disposal Low and Intermidiate Waste (SFR) Final Disposal Spent Fuel
11
12 The SOM- Institute University of Gothenburg Report 2013 Energy policies especially related to the development of nuclear power came to dominate election campaigns 1976 or be the subject of referendums, like in 1980 In Sweden, as in many other countries, energy policies -often with nuclear power in the center- have been one of the most fought-over policy areas during the last thirty-forty years The most anti-nuclear parties during these years are the Left Party and the Greens The contentious character of energy policies is not limited to the elite level of politics to politicians, to media pundits or to lobbyists. It is also manifest among ordinary citizens. Energy issues nuclear power and wind power in particular are highly polarizing among voters as well
13 The SOM- Institute Optimistic and ambitious nuclear policies of the 1950s and 1960s Sweden finally in 1968 decided not to build any atom bombs In 1970 all five parties unanimously decided to limit the Swedish build-up of reactors to eleven The consensus ended in a year after Sweden had started its first reactor. Nuclear power became politicized in Sweden when the Center and Left parties decided to oppose the building of reactors How to dispose of radioactive waste became the number one issue
14 The SOM- Institute Annual survey (16-85 years old) question about Swedes opinion on the use/long term use of nuclear power as an energy source in Sweden
15 The SOM- Institute
16 The SOM- Institute In the referendum 1980 the two alternatives that were perceived as pro-nuclear won by 58 % to 39 % for the anti-nuclear alternative. All alternatives talked about eventually phasing-out nuclear power The Swedish parliament decided on a long-term phase-out policy Beginning in 1991, Swedes have more often classified themselves as in favor of nuclear power than as against. The long term trend has been in favor of the use of nuclear power Today, a very clear relative majority of Swedes identify themselves as in favor of nuclear power and want Sweden to use nuclear power, not phase it out Swedish public opinion is one of the most pro-nuclear in Europe In opinion polls in 2010 and even in 2011 after the Fukushima accident, there is a relative majority supporting the possibility to build new nuclear reactors in Sweden
17 The SOM- Institute Most of the opinion shift happened when Sweden finally started to phase-out nuclear power in the years (Barsebäck outside Malmö/opposite Copenhagen) At the time of the shut down a majority opposed the closing of the reactors
18 The SOM- Institute With one exception, the increase in support for nuclear power has occurred across all parties but at a very different pace Most party groups have not shifted their majority position Social Democrats of today are less pro-nuclear than in the late 1970s
19 The SOM- Institute Swedish official nuclear power policy, party policies and public opinion have to a remarkable extent followed each other over the last forty years since the nuclear issue was politicized in the mid-1970s
20 The SOM- Institute Post Fukushima - Global Opinions on Nuclear Power Results from a Poll in 24 Countries in May 2011 Question: Please indicate whether you strongly support, somewhat support, somewhat oppose, or strongly oppose each way of producing electricity nuclear power % % support oppose 1. India Poland USA Sweden Great Britain Saudi Arabia China Hungary Japan South Africa 40 60
21 The SOM- Institute Citizens Thoughts about the Use of Renewable Energy Sources such as Wind and Solar Power. EU-Study June Question: Do you think that in 2050 people will be using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power more than they do now? % Yes, definitely 1. Denmark Sweden Germany Netherlands Cyprus Luxemburg Ireland Finland Slovenia Belgium 56
22 Study about the Swedish nuclear waste issue Mid Sweden University, November 2010 How the national political debate interacts with the media debate, and the public opinion dynamic that arises when the two debates relate to each other Serves as a good illustration of the life cycle of a political issue and illustrates the circumstances under which an issue can be politicized at one stage only to be marginalized and struck from the political agenda at a later stage Regarding the number of parliamentary motions about nuclear power and nuclear waste, there were less than half as many during the parliamentary year 2009/10 compared with ten years earlier This is an issue that is gradually declining in opinion-related importance, both in politics and in media coverage From being an extremely important issue in the 1970s in the political debate and the formation of governments, to having a marginal role in the first decade of this century as an issue of political debate
23 The Oskarshamn/Swedish model for stakeholder involvement - Full openness, participation and influence - The EIA the legal framework - The council the local client - The public a resource - The environmental groups a resource - The regulatory authorities our experts - Stretching of the Nuclear Waste Management Co (SKB), and the regulators
24 Conclusion - Safety for the public is a feeling of trust for politicians, industry, regulators and for the process It takes long time to build trust Communicate participate Process is as important as content Realistic timetable Predictable process Openness We believe that solid waste repository decisions only can be taken with strong local participation
25 Survey to inhabitants in two Swedish candidate municipalities
26 What is your attitude towards SKB s desicion to build a canister factory and an encapsultation plant in Oskarshamn Municipality? Are you?
27 No economic subsidies but agreement on Added values No subsidies from the industry to municipalities in Sweden Two municipalities taking responsibility for a national problem nuclear waste/final repository A comprehensive work during 15 years The municipalities are an asset in the process Shall contribute to the development of the municipalities Both municipalities shall be winners 2 billions SEK ( 215 Million ) from the industry 75 % to the municipality not chosen Development in different areas - New jobs - Education - Support establishment of companies - Infrastructure
28 Merci beaucoup pour votre attention Thank you very much for your attention
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