EMEX-JICA. 29 September Yawuwo Fukuyo. Conservation of Environment and Ballast Water Management Convention. Ballast water

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1 Conservation of Environment and Ballast Water Management Convention 1. Background: Why did IMO adopt the Convention? 2. Contents of the BWM Convention (with my comments) 3. Ballast water management systems 4. Future perspectives 27 September 2009 Mechanisms of distribution expansion of aquatic organisms 1. Natural mechanisms water current, associating with migratory animals 2. Anthropogenic mechanisms transfer of fisheries resources, associating with ships as hitchhikers in ballast water as fouling organisms on ship surface, transfer of organisms for hobby fishing and aquarium Ballast water Ballast water is used to keep stability of a ship, and to facilitate loading and unloading cargos into a ship. A ship without enough ballast water is very unstable During cargo operation the height of ships is kept same by ballast water charging/discharging. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast water and Sediment Diplomatic Conference for Adoption: February 9-13, 2004 after 14 yrs. of complex negotiation Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is now making 15 Guidelines referred to the Convention for uniform application of the conference. Then Convention in the Quick Links and Ballast Water Management, in order to know the outline of the Convention. Also Globallast Program homepage is useful.

2 14 Guidelines G1 Guideline for Sediment Reception Facilities G2 Guideline for Ballast Water Sampling (procedure is under discussion) G3 Guideline for Ballast Water Management Equivalent Compliance G4 Guideline for Ballast Water Management and Development of Ballast Water Management Plans G5 Guideline for Ballast Water Reception Facilities G6 Guideline for Ballast Water Exchange G7 Guideline on Risk Assessments under Regulation A-4 G8 Guideline for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems, G9 Procedure for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems that Make Use of Active Substance G10 Guideline for Approval and Oversight of Prototype Ballast Water Treatment Technology Programmes G11 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange Design and Construction Standards G12 Guidelines on Design and Construction to Facilitate Sediment Control on Ships G13 Guidelines for Additional Measures regarding Ballast Water Management Including Emergency Situation G14 Guidelines on Designation of Areas for Ballast Water Exchange Ballast water Cargo discharging port Cargo loading port load BW discharge BW BW tank full BW tank empty (Objective: a paragraph in the preamble) RESOLVED to prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the risks to the environment, human health, property and resources arising from the transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens through the control and management of ships Ballast Water and Sediments, as well as to avoid unwanted side-effects from that control and to encourage developments in related knowledge and technology, The word harmful may not be necessary. IMO recognized that the transfer of organisms, not only harmful species, but also useful ones, by ballast water is harmful, as they can have a chance of settlement at new area. Settlement of an species in a new area is recognized as harmful to the environment, regardless the usefulness (harmfulness) of the species in the original area. Important Articles Article 2: General obligation, Additional measures (right to take more stringent measures) Article 5: Reception facility (disposal of sediment in BW tanks) Article 6: Scientific and technical research and monitoring Article 9: Inspection of ships (Port state inspection) Article 16: Entry into Force (12 month after ratification of 30 countries, representing 35 % of world merchant shipping tonnage)

3 Status of ratification of member countries as of 31st August countries with 15.36% MST (Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Egypt, France, Kenya, Kiribati, Liberia, Maldives, Mexico, Nigeria, Norway, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Syrian Arab Republic, Tuvalu) Need 12 countries Slow ratification, because: and 20 % MST Impossible to ratify, if there is no management system of ballast water. The ratification of each member county, and the entry into force of the Convention request all ships (for international voyages) to equip a ballast water management system onboard. If ratification is made without establishment of an appropriate system, ships have no way to comply the requirement. MST top 80 Panama 21.4% MST Painted in blue shows countries ratified. Need Panama and EU Four types of Ballast Water Management (BWM) 1.Ballast Water Exchange (BWE) 2. Ballast Water Treatment (BWM in a narrow sense) 3. BW Reception Facility on Land 4. Other Methods approved by IMO Allowable BWM methods year of ship Ballast tank BWE or BWM construction capacity before 2009 < 1500 m 3 till the end of m 3 till the end of 2013 > 5000 m 3 till the end of 2015 after 2009 < 1500 m 3 only BWM m 3 only BWM after 2009 before 2012 > 5000 m 3 till the end of 2015 after 2012 > 5000 m 3 only BWM

4 There will be no BWE after Some ships need BWM systems from But still no BWM has made yet. The discussion is still under way whether the year of the first implementation of the Convention is 2009, or later. Two years delay of application was decided at MEPC58 to be held this October. But for ships to be constructed in 2010, no delay of application was decided at MEPC59. (Imp. reg.) Measures that all ships must comply are either D-1 or D-2: D-1: Ballast water exchange 95 % volumetric exchange of BW (rem: this method become invalid after 1916) D-2: Ballast water treatment to reduce organisms at discharge 1. Less than 10 viable organisms per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension Less than 10 viable organisms per millilitres less than 50 micrometres and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension; 2. Indicator microbes, as a human health standard:.1 Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01 and 0139) with less than 1 colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu per 1 gram (wet weight) of zooplankton samples;.2 Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 milliliters;.3 Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 milliliters Regulation D-2: Ballast water performance standard 1-1 Less than 10 viable organisms per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension (L-group) 1-2 Less than 10 viable organisms per millilitres less than 50 micrometres and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension (S-group) These numbers are still large to prevent bio-invasion. For example, middle size ship with 5000m 3 containing 5 indiv./m 3 of L-group organisms and 5 indiv./ml of S-group organisms has, in total, 25,000 individuals of L-group organisms and 25,000,000,000 individuals of S-group organisms. These numbers are very big. (problem) Regulation D-2: Ballast water performance standard 1-1 Less than 10 viable organisms per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension (L-group) 1-2 Less than 10 viable organisms per milliliters less than 50 micrometres and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension (S-group) Another problem: It is difficult to comply these standards. 1. How to measure 10 organisms in 1 m 3 Ballast water? 2. How to measure minimum dimension of organisms? 3. How to observe viability of organisms? Science must provide answers to these questions. Otherwise industries cannot develop treatment systems which achieve the standards, ships cannot equip the developed systems, and governments cannot measure compliance of ships.

5 Regulation D-2: Ballast water performance standard 1-1 Less than 10 viable organisms per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension (L-group) 1-2 Less than 10 viable organisms per milliliters less than 50 micrometres and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension (S-group) Another problem: It is difficult to comply these standards. 1. How to measure 10 organisms in 1 m 3 Ballast water? 2. How to measure minimum dimension of organisms? 3. How to observe viability of organisms? USA is now considering introduction of severe standard to the convention after it enacted. It is ideal, but maybe much more difficult. Ballast Water Management System There are two target groups of organisms to eliminate from BW, i.e. plankton (D-2.1) and pathogenic bacteria (microbe) (D-2.2). D-2: Ballast water treatment to reduce organisms at discharge 1. Less than 10 viable organisms per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension Less than 10 viable organisms per milliliters less than 50 micrometres and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension; 2. Indicator microbes, as a human health standard:.1 Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01 and 0139) with less than 1 colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu per 1 gram (wet weight) of zooplankton samples;.2 Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 milliliters;.3 Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 milliliters Ballast Water Management System There are two target groups of organisms to eliminate from BW, i.e. plankton (D-2.1) and pathogenic bacteria (microbe) (D-2.2). In order to terminate plankton, various methods are D-2: planned. Ballast Also water chemicals treatment to so reduce called organisms active substances at discharge are 1. Less widely than used 10 viable to terminate organisms bacteria per cubic in metre the systems. greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension Less than 10 viable organisms per milliliters less than 50 micrometres and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension; 2. Indicator microbes, as a human health standard:.1 Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01 and 0139) with less than 1 colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu per 1 gram (wet weight) of zooplankton samples;.2 Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 milliliters;.3 Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 milliliters Ballast water management system Physical, including mechanical, and chemical methods: Cavitation, Filtration, Electric shock, Centrifuge, Heating, Deoxygenation by inert gas, Electrolysis of water, UV irradiation, Ozone, Hydrogen peroxide, Paraclean, Sea-clean (Vitamin K), Acrylaldehyde, Chlorination,

6 Process to certify a ballast water management system by an individual country (a party) 1.Judgment based on document by a party (2.For system using an active substance, basic approval of G9 on safety by IMO) 3.Land based test 4.Onboard ship test (5. For system using an active substance, final approval of G9 on safety by IMO) 6.Judgment on achievement of the system based on G8 criteria by a party 7.Approval by a party 8.Report of the approval to IMO G9 Procedure for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems that Make Use of Active Substance objective: to determine the acceptability of Active Substances and Preparations and their application in BWM systems. Active substances: a substance or organism, including a virus or a fungus that has a general or specific actions on or against Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens. Preparation: means any commercial formulation concerning one or more active substances including any additives. The term includes any Active Substance generated onboard and any relevant chemicals formed in BWM systems Relevant chemicals: transformation or reaction products that are produced during the treatment process or in the receiving environment and may be of concern to the aquatic environment and human health when discharged. GESAMP BWWG Ballast Water Working Group of GESAMP Chemicals (IMO uses a term Active Substance (AS)) AS is added to BW, or generated on board ship, to terminate organisms in BW, but the AS must be safe to the environment at the discharge. The criteria to confirm the safety are: 1. data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates, fish and other biota: acute aquatic toxicity, chronic aquatic toxicity endocrine disruption, sediment toxicity bioavailability/ biomagnification/ bioconcentration and food web/ population effect 2. data on mammalian toxicity acute toxicity, effects on skin and eye chronic and long-term toxicity developmental and reproductive toxicity carcinogenicity and mutagenicity

7 3. data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: modes of degradation (biotic; abiotic) bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water coefficient persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media (BW, marine and fresh water) reaction with organic matter potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats potential residues in seafood, and any known interactive effects 4. Physical and chemical properties for the AS and the treated BW melting point, boiling point, flammability density (relative density), vapor pressure, vapor density water solubility/ dissociation constant (pka) oxidation/ reduction potential corrosivity to the materials or equipment of normal ship construction other known relevant physical and chemical hazards. 5. Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations The tests should be carried out in accordant with internationally recognized guidelines, preferably Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guideline for Testing of Chemicals (1993) or other equivalent tests. Testing process should contain rigorous quality control Quality Management Plan (QMP) Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) following ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Risk characterization 1. Screening for Persistency, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity 1.1 Persistency Assessment using simulation test system that determine the half-life under relevant condition. Biodegradation screening may be used to show that the AS are readily biodegradable. 1.2 Bioaccumulation Assessment should use measured bioaccumulation factors. 1.3 Toxicity tests Acute and chronic exotoxicity data, preferably covering the sensitive life stages. Lethal concentration (LCx) No observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) No observed effect concentration (NOEC) Effect concentration (ECx) at 24,48, 72, and 96 hours As well as the AS, treated BW should be analyzed on their PBT. Part of documents to be submitted to GESAMP BDS (Ballast water discharge scenario) When BW is discharged in a port which has semi-enclosed environment, how fast active substances in the BW can be diluted to become non-harmful concentration. HES (Human exposure scenario) If discharged BW is moved by water movement from a port to nearby water-bathing areas, what kinds of effect can we forecast?

8 Ballast water management system (BWMS) approved and to be approved soon by a party (TRC: Treatment Rate Capacity) 1.System already approved by a party (6 types): ready to market 1-1. BWMS obtained G9 approval by IMO (4 among 6 types) 1) Pure Ballast System: 50 μm filtration + UV with TiO 2, June 2008 by Norway, TRC: 250m 3 /h 2) SEDNA Ballast Water Management System (Using Peraclean Ocean): centrifuge + 50 μm filtration + Peraclean Ocean (mainly H 2 O 2 ) June 2008 by Germany, TRC: 250m 3 /h 3) Electro-Cleen System:HOCl, HOBr,O 3,OH -,etc produced by electrophoresis of seawater, December 2008 by RO Korea, TRC: 300m 3 /h 4) Ocean Saver BWMS: filtration + deoxygenating by N 2 + cabitation + electrophoresis April 2009 by Norway, TRC: 42m 3 /h Ballast water management system (BWMS) approved and to be approved soon by a party (TRC: Treatment Rate Capacity) 1.System already approved by a party (6 types): ready to market 1-1. BWMS not obtained G9 approval by IMO (2 among 6) 1) NEI Treatment System (Venturi Oxygen Stripping VOS ): Introduction of emission gas from engine to ballast tank. It declare non-necessity of G9 approval because it finished performance test before setting G9 October 2007 by Liberia, TRC: 2,500m 3 /h September 2008 by Marshal Isl., TRC: 2,500m 3 /h 2) Hyde GUARDIAN BWMS: filtration + UV at charging UV again at discharging April 2009 by UK, TRC: 60-6,000m 3 /h 2. BWMS obtained G9 final approval, but not approved by a party (4 types) 1) Clean Ballast: 50 μm filtration + electrophoresis + neutralization, July 2009 by Germany MEPC59/IMO approval 2) NK-O3 BlueBallast System: Ozone July 2009 by RO Korea MEPC59/IMO approval 3) Clear Ballast: filtration + Magnet + coagulation July 2009 by Japan MEPC59/IMO approval 4) Greenship Sedinox BWMS: centrifugation + electrophoresis July 2009 by Netherland MEPC59/IMO approval 2. BWMS obtained G9 basic approval, but not approved by a party (8 types) 1) Special Pipe BWMS combined with Ozone Treatment: Cavitations + Ozone, October 2006 by Japan, MEPC55/IMO approval 2) Resource Ballast Technologies System: Cavitations + electrophoresis + ozone + filtration April 2008 by South Africa, MEPC57/IMO approval 3) GloEn-Patrol BWMS: filtration + UV April 2008 by RO Korea, MEPC57/IMO approval 4) TG Ballastcleaner and TG Environmentalguard System: hydrogen peroxide + Sodium hyposulfate October 2008 by Japan, MEPC58/IMO approval

9 2. BWMS obtained G9 basic approval, but not approved by a party (8 types) 5) Ecochlor BWTS: ClO 2 + Sodium Chloride+ hydrogen peroxide + sulfuric acid, October 2008 by Japan, MEPC58/IMO approval 6) Blue Ocean Shield BWSM: centrifugation + filtration + UV July 2009 by China, MEPC59/IMO approval 7) HHI BWMS (EcoBallast): filtration + UV + reactor April 2008 by RO Korea, MEPC59/IMO approval 8) AquaTriComb BWTS: filtration + UV + reactor July 2009 by Germany MEPC59/IMO approval Systems 3),6),7),8) use UV as a treatment component, and has potential to be exempted 9) final approval. 1. BWSM approved by a party (6 types) 2. BWMS obtained G9 final approval, but not approved by a party (4 types) 3. BWMS obtained G9 basic approval, but not approved by a party (8 types), and 4 of them may not be requested the final approval. In total we has 18 types of BWMS soon. MEPC59 of IMO considered this condition as environment for enact the Ballast water management convention. Therefore, all ships of <5000m 3 BW to be constructed after 2010 must equip one of BWMS. Potential measures against fouling organisms on ship hull Practice measures for minimizing the harmful effects of bio-fouling on marine environment, human health, property and resources are under discussion at BLG/MEPC/IMO. Correspondence group led by Ms Naomi Parker (N.Z.) was organized at 13BLG held in last March. One of TOR is to develop a draft Guideline or other documents for potential regulation. Potential measures against bio-fouling: (Japan comment, not IMO decision) improvement of paint (containing no heavy metal) improvement of in-water cleaning machine use of toxic substances to some heavily foul place