Examples of Data Collection Strategies and Methods

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1 Examples of Data Collection Strategies and Methods by Todd McAlary, Consultants, Inc. AEHS VI Workshop March 14, 2005

2 Outline External vs Internal Data Collection Typical Scenarios Strategies for Data Collection Methods and Alternatives Conclusions

3 Internal vs External Data Internal (sub-slab slab and indoor air samples) Access agreements, background challenges, scheduling External (main focus of revised Q5) Is the pathway incomplete? Data to support site-specific specific modeling Improve scoping of Q6 data collection

4 Define Strategy What is the best way to demonstrate whether or not vapor intrusion poses an unacceptable risk? Minimal risk of false negative AND false positive Resolution against background contributions Lowest overall cost may include proactive mitigation

5 Typical Sites or Scenarios 1) Dissolved groundwater plume under a community 2) Source directly under or beside commercial building 3) Lateral diffusion through vadose zone 4) Degradable compounds 5) Vacant land re-development

6 Data Collection Strategies 1) Dissolved Groundwater Plume Under a Community

7 Conceptual Model: Volatilization From Groundwater

8 Conceptual Model: Confined Aquifer

9 Conceptual Model: Fresh-Water Lens

10 Map the Soil Gas Plume

11 Fresh Water Lens Case Study? What is the influence of well design?

12 Data Collection Strategies 2) Source Directly Under or Beside Commercial Building

13 Ventilation Systems 20% of air is new air, blown in from rooftop HVACs Mechanical engineer monitors closely (energy efficiency) Operates year-round at this site

14 Ventilation Flow Measurement

15 Design of Footings

16

17 Elevator Shafts the elevator pit is usually the lowest point in the building Drain and/or Sump pump lines may not be directly connected to sewer lines, an air gap is required to prevent sewer gases from entering the elevator pit and hoistway (California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, elevfaq.html).

18 Data Collection Strategies 3) Lateral Diffusion Through Vadose Zone

19 Conceptual Model: Lateral Vapor Diffusion

20 Radial Diffusion Model C Co = a r r a erfc 4Deff t!

21 C/Co vs t "

22 Data Collection Strategies 4) Degradable Compounds

23 oxygen shadow # $! %%

24 O 2, CO 2, VOCs/SVOCs # $! %%

25 Degradable vs Less-Degradable An area of current and evolving research BTEX, aliphatics relatively degradable 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and cyclohexane less so MTBE, ETBE, PAHs, chlorinated compounds <<less so Look at relative diffusion coefficients and sorption too

26 Data Collection Strategies 5) Vacant Land Re-Development

27 Investigate and Remediate Soil gas Survey ~100 ft grid (maybe closer), may need vertical profiles TO-15 analysis, maybe SVOCs too - $$$ Excavation, SVE or other mass reduction (time=$$$) What residual mass is acceptable? Mass = C x V x AER x 30 years TCE: 1.7 grams Benzene: 24 grams Is it really practical to remediate?

28 Vapor Control System Cut-Away 99P04.PPT

29 Buildings on Stilts

30 Methods API - Collecting and Interpreting Soil Gas Samples from the Vadose Zone: A Practical Strategy for Assessing the Subsurface Vapor-to-Indoor-Air Migration Pathway at Petroleum Hydrocarbon Sites Final Draft, July 2004 Health Canada Soil Vapour Intrusion Guidance for Health Canada Screening Level Risk Assessment (SLRA) Final Draft, October 2004 EPRI Reference Handbook For Evaluating Subsurface Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air March 2005 ITRC First Draft in Progress Others?

31 Annular Seals

32 Pneumatic Testing Ratio of flow/vacuum should be constant (Q/s) Calculate permeability Flow >100 ml/min at vacuum <100 in-h 2 O

33 Tracer Testing Add 10% to 50% helium to shroud Fill Tedlar bag via Lung Box and screen for helium reading

34 Field Screening O 2 /CO 2 /CH 4 /H 2 S PID or FID Helium detector Optional compound specific analysis (Draeger chips)

35 ! "#$"#$%#&$'! # () $ %#& *+ "#,-+ $.//,-,/ 0 )./ ),120 *+

36 34)" *+)5..)/ Interior Concentration Action Level* Active Soil Gas Screening / Crawl Space Air Screening Concentrations Che mica l Method Typical RL (ppbv) ( µg/m 3 ) ppbv ( µg/m 3 ) ppbv Acrolein TO E E E E-02 Acrylonitrile TO E E E E-01 Benzylchloride TO E E E E-02 Butadiene; 1,3- TO E E E E-02 Chlorodibromomethane TO E E E E-01 Crotonaldehyde (2-butenal) TO E E E E-02 Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide); 1,2- TO E E E E-02 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene TO E E E E-01 Hexachlorobenzene TO E E E E-03 Tetrachloroethane; 1,1,2,2- TO E E E E-02 Trichloroethylene TO E E E E-02

37 0*+ / *"# *67 8%9 *7 1% 8 1:7 8+"#;/. / <=

38 "> Interior Concentration Action Level* CAS No. Che mica l Method RL (ug/puf) (µg/m 3 ) ppbv Volume needed (L) Acenaphthene TO-13A E E Acetonitrile TO-13A E E Benzaldehyde TO-13A E E Benzo(b)fluoranthene TO-13A E E Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether TO-13A E E Chlorophenol; 2- TO-13A E E Chrysene TO-13A E E Fluorene TO-13A E E HCH; alpha- (alpha-bhc) E E HCH; gamma- (Lindane) E E Hexachlorocyclopentadiene TO-13A E E Hexachloroethane TO-13A E E Methacrylonitrile TO-13A E E Methylnaphthalene; 2- TO-13A E E Nitrobenzene TO-13A E E Nitropropane; 2- TO-13A E E

39 Pyrene " SAMPLE VOLUME TO ACHIEVE OSWER GUIDANCE TABLE 2C SUB-SLAB TARGET CONCENTRATION Acetonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzo(b)fluoranthene Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether Chlorophenol; 2- Chrysene Fluorene HCH; alpha- (alpha-bhc) HCH; gamma- (Lindane) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane Methacrylonitrile Methylnaphthalene; 2- Nitrobenzene Nitropropane; 2- Nitrotoluene;o- Propylbenzene; n- Acenaphthene Sample Volume (L)

40 Temporal Variability

41 BP >200Pa in this example Compare this to 4Pa stack effect!

42 Implications for Data Variability How much of this is due to: short-term term barometric pressure fluctuations? undetected leaks? background? ventilation?

43 Alternative Sampling Options Option 1: More Integrated Data Time-Integrated: to smooth temporal variability Volume-Integrated: to smooth spatial variability Option 2: More Discrete Data Real-time continuous monitoring Vertical Profiling Monitor BP and delta P to establish correlation

44 Time-Integrated Samples 7-day flow controllers for Summa canisters Slower flow-rates and longer time for ATD tubes Larger sorbent tubes (VOST tubes) and larger volume samples

45 0* # -35 Canister V acuum - inches Hg Sampling Time (days)

46 Volume Integrated Samples 600 Representative Purge Volume? 500 Concentration (ppbv) ,1,1-TCA TCE 1,1-DCE c-1,2-dce Sampled Volume (L) (DiGiulio, 2004)

47 Continuous Real-Time Monitoring HUNTINGTON BEACH SITE - SOIL GAS &'(! %%) 8:00:00 PM 8:50:00 PM 9:41:00 PM 10:32:00 PM 11:23:00 PM 12:13:00 AM 1:04:00 AM 1:55:00 AM 2:45:00 AM 3:36:00 AM 4:27:00 AM 5:18:00 AM 6:08:00 AM 6:59:00 AM 7:50:00 AM 8:41:00 AM 9:31:00 AM 10:22:00 AM 11:13:00 AM 12:03:00 PM 12:54:00 PM 1:45:00 PM 2:36:00 PM 3:26:00 PM 4:17:00 PM 5:08:00 PM 5:59:00 PM 6:23:00 PM Time CH4 CO2 O2 6:18:00 PM 7:09:00 PM Value (%)

48

49

50 Barometric Monitoring Atmospheric Pressure vs Weather Station Data Inches of H2O Atmospheric Pressure Weather Station Data Elapsed Time (min)

51 P and Barometric Monitoring

52 Summary & Conclusions Revised Q5 allows more options for exterior assessment Not all sites are the same select Strategy using Conceptual Model as a guide Soil gas data is often more reliable than indoor air data easier to resolve vs background and reporting limits Rigorous protocols are required for high quality data At a minimum, exterior data can help scope interior data

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