Investigation of New Low-GWP Refrigerants for Use in Two-Phase Evaporative Cooling of Electronics
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1 Investigation of New Low-GWP Refrigerants for Use in Two-Phase Evaporative Cooling of Electronics Alexis Nicolette-Baker, Elizabeth Garr, Abhijit Sathe, and Steve O'Shaughnessey Precision Cooling Systems Parker Hannifin Corporation
2 Background Global warming from refrigerants a major environmental concern Kyoto Protocol AHRI Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program identifies several candidates for replacement of R134a Four fluids R1234ze, R1234yf, N-13a and N-13b are among 12 candidates identified by AHRI for R134a replacement Parker Precision Cooling Systems 2
3 Candidate Fluid Overview Name R134a R1234ze R1234yf N-13a N-13b Type Pure fluid Pure fluid Pure fluid Blend Blend Composition (% Mass) Enthalpy of Vaporization GWP (100 Years) R134a: 42 R1234ze: 40 R1234yf: 18 R134a: 42 R1234ze: Parker Precision Cooling Systems 3
4 Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature 4.5 Pressure (MPa) R134a R1234yf R1234ze N 13a N 13b Temperature (K) Parker Precision Cooling Systems 4
5 Saturated Pressure vs. Enthalpy Pressure (kpa) 1000 R134a R1234yf R1234ze N 13a N 13b Enthalpy (kj/kg) Parker Precision Cooling Systems 5
6 Parker 2-Phase Cooling System Microchannel Heat Sink Cooling Unit Condenser Accumulator Pump Inverter Drive Parker Precision Cooling Systems 6
7 Parker 2-Phase Cooling System 5000 Pressure [kpa] C 50 C 30 C Enthalpy [kj/kg] System schematic P-h diagram with R134a Parker Precision Cooling Systems 7
8 Testing Goals Determine what system changes need made for alternative refrigerants» Refrigerant line sizes Tubing Hosing Inter connects» Refrigerant flow rates Pump Condenser Heat sink Parker Precision Cooling Systems 8
9 Experimental Setup T Thermocouple (9) P Pressure sensor (6) Parker Precision Cooling Systems 9
10 Test Procedure Heat load to heat sink was controlled by adjusting input voltage to electric heaters Refrigerant subcool of 2 C was maintained by adjusting condenser fan speed Refrigerant exit quality was calculated by energy balance on heat sink Exit quality was varied by changing the liquid pump speed which in turn varied refrigerant volume flow rate Parker Precision Cooling Systems 10
11 Test Matrix Heat load Q (W) Refrigerant exit quality X (%) Refrigerant mass flow rate (g/s) Uncertainties for pressure, temperature and volume flow rate are ± 1 %, ± 1 C and ± 3 %, respectively. Parker Precision Cooling Systems 11
12 Data Reduction Refrigerant quality Q Heat transfer coefficient, Parker Precision Cooling Systems 12
13 Refrigerant Flow Rate vs. Heat Load 35 70% exit quality 30 Volume flow rate [LPH] R134a R1234ze R1234yf N 13a N 13b Heat load (W) Parker Precision Cooling Systems 13
14 Refrigerant Flow Rate vs. Exit Quality Volume flow rate [LPH] R134a R1234ze R1234yf N 13a N 13b 500 W heat load Exit quality Parker Precision Cooling Systems 14
15 Refrigerant Flow Rate Comparison % Increase in volume flow rate over R134a R1234ze R1234yf N 13a N 13b % change in required volume flow rate of candidate fluids compared with R134a R1234yf required ~ 34% more flow than R134a N-13b required ~ 8% more flow than R134a Exit quality Parker Precision Cooling Systems 15
16 Pump Pressure Rise vs. Exit Quality Mass flow rate = kg/s Pump pressure rise [kpa] R134a R1234ze R1234yf N 13a N 13b Exit quality Parker Precision Cooling Systems 16
17 Heat Transfer Coefficient vs. Exit Quality Average heat transfer coefficient [kw/m 2 K] R134a R1234ze R1234yf N 13a Average heat transfer coefficient at mass flow rate of kg/s N 13b Exit quality Parker Precision Cooling Systems 17
18 Average Heat Transfer Coefficient Comparison % change in heat transfer coefficiens compared to R134a Exit quality R1234ze R1234yf N 13a N 13b % change in average heat transfer coefficients of candidate fluids compared with R134a 10 Parker Precision Cooling Systems 18
19 Conclusions R1234ze, R1234yf, N-13a, N-13b were experimentally tested for possible replacement of R134a in Parker s two phase liquid cooling system R134a performed the best in terms of volume flow rate, pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient All candidate fluids exhibited significant drop in system performance No clear alternative to replace R134a» Selection of alternate fluid depends on design criteria Parker Precision Cooling Systems 19
20 Conclusions Important system design parameters and suitable refrigerant(s) Criteria Importance Candidate GWP Environment R1234yf and R1234ze Volumetric Flow Rate Pump Sizing N-13b Pressure Drop Heat Transfer Coefficient Pump Power Consumption Heat Sink Thermal Resistance R1234yf R1234yf Parker Precision Cooling Systems 20
21 Acknowledgements We thank Honeywell, Inc. for supplying the fluids for testing. Questions Parker Precision Cooling Systems 21
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