Scientific insights on emerging groundwater concerns in Prince Edward Island Atlantic Agrology Workshop, Stanley Bridge Resort, PEI 21 July 2014

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1 Scientific insights on emerging groundwater concerns in Prince Edward Island Atlantic Agrology Workshop, Stanley Bridge Resort, PEI 21 July 2014 Yefang Jiang Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Tel:

2 Overview Assessment of the effects of groundwater extractions on stream flow Assessment of the effects of fall vs. spring plowing forages on groundwater quality Fate/transport of nitrate in fractured-porous aquifer 2

3 Water quantity concerns PEI is entirely underlain by an sandstone aquifer. The aquifer provides all the drinking water and a large majority of industrial water supplies. Groundwater discharge contribute to over 65% of the annual stream flow, sustaining the aquatic ecosystem. Increasing demands of groundwater raised the concern of stream flow depletion. If groundwater should be used for irrigation is a live debate. A moratorium on irrigation wells has been in place since

4 Water quality concerns Agriculture land covers ~40% of the land. High levels of nitrate leaching losses from the crop production systems have been identified for contributing to the contamination of the groundwater (sole source of drinking water). Nitrate-enriched groundwater discharge have been linked to the reoccurring anoxic events in the estuaries. 4

5 Modeling 101 A model is a mathematical representation of the physical system (e.g. the aquifer). The responses (e.g., stream flow/water table) of groundwater and associated surface water systems to stresses (i.e. groundwater extractions) are related by hydraulic properties and recharge through the equations. We d have to use a model (virtual system) on predicting stream flow reduction because working on the aquifer (real system) may not be cost-effective or realistic. 5

6 Model vs. data Model equals to equations + data, and is not just a bunch of ugly equations. Field tests generate data, but the data alone cannot do as much as a model + data can do. Boomer s weather forecast is an good example of model application in daily life. 6

7 Assessment of the effects of groundwater extractions on stream flow

8 Stream-aquifer interaction Natural condition Constantly pumping groundwater reduces stream discharge (i.e., zero impact is impossible). A groundwater flow model can be used to predict the effects of groundwater extractions if the model is properly calibrated and verified. Pumping condition Heavier pumping condition (Source: Winter et al., 1998)

9 Hydrologic cycle Precipitation: 1100 mm/yr. Groundwater contributes ~66% of stream flow Recharge is equal to base flow plus extractions. Groundwater contributes significantly to the annual stream flow. These are measurements not model predictions.

10 Stream discharge and groundwater level vs. time in Mill RW Both stream discharge and shallow water level respond quickly to recharge events. 10

11 Modeling the effects by irrigation extractions 58 test wells in the watershed test wells

12 The aquifer is divided into cells for modeling purposes 12

13 Model calibration and verification 13

14 Base flow (m 3 /s) Comparison between simulated and observed base flows Comparison between separated and calculated base flows at Wilmot River gauging station Mean Time (days, mean and ) Separated Calculated Simulations matched the observations well. 14

15 Modeling effects by irrigation extractions Assumptions: Irrigation occurs on all potatoes land ( inclusive) within the watershed In any one year only 1/3 of potatoes land is irrigated, irrigation occurs only in July and August Simulations include non-pumping conditions and several irrigation scenarios : 5 of water applied via five, 1 applications 8 of water applied via eight, 1 applications 10 of water applied via ten 1 applications 15

16 Stream discharge reduction due to irrigation extractions (38 km 2 sub-watershed in Wilmot) 20% reduction % reduction 16

17 Stream discharge reduction due to groundwater extractions Wilmot River watershed Irrigation extractions utilize igpm (5-10 water applications) during July-Aug. (50 days). Winter River watershed Charlottetown continuous (7/24 basis) extractions utilize 3060 igpm. Irrigation extractions utilize 7-14% of recharge on an annual basis( igpm/6860 igpm). Charlottetown utilizes 44% of recharge on an annual basis (3060 igpm /7000 igpm). Dry season stream reduction (2001): 20-40% (27 wells/38 km 2 ) Dry season stream flow reduction (2001): 37% (38 km 2 ) 17

18 The nature of the issue: the temporal disparity between high recharge and high water demands for irrigation and ecology could create a seasonal water use conflict. Fall-winter-spring Recharge 0 pumping Summer Recharge Summer Recharge 0 pumping Pumping 18

19 Taking home messages Annual recharge= mm=14-17 ~85% of the recharge occurs in the fall-winter-spring season, and summer extractions occur in the summer when recharge is limited. In the summer, both extractions and discharge into the streams are competing for the water stored in the aquifer originated from the recharge season. The temporal disparity between high recharge and high water demands for human and ecology uses could create a seasonal water use conflict. 19

20 Taking home messages Groundwater extractions (incl. any pumping activities) reduce stream flow (i.e. zero impacts are impossible); optimizing well placements and construction could potentially reduce the impacts. How much a stream may be perturbed remains unknown in PEI, probably in the world too.

21 Assessment of the effects of fall vs. spring plowing on groundwater quality

22 Fall vs. spring plowing BMP path Spring plowing Nitrate leaching Grain Hay Fall plowing Potato Conventional path Nitrate leaching Objective: evaluate if spring plowing of forages, compared to the fall plowing, could delay mineralization of forage and retain more N for the subsequent potato crops and reduce nitrate leaching in the offseasons. Methodology: perform fall vs. spring plowing treatments in paired/split commercial fields and assess the differences of nitrate leaching losses through biophysical assessments and modeling. 22

23 Field experiments Forages (2010) Soybean (2011) Potato (2012)-Barley (2013-Forages (2014)) Forages (2010) Potato (2011) Grain (2012)-Forages (2013)-potato (2014) 23

24 Site 2 Nov Spring plowing Fall plowing 24

25 Fall plowing Spring plowing Round-up Fall plowing Spring plowing Soil sampling results Site 1 Herbicidal treatment killed the plants and nitrate was released and leached out Site 2 25

26 Nitrate leaching losses at Site 1 Tile-drain nitrate levels from the fall plowing field were higher than from the spring plowing field. Elevated nitrate levels were associated with herbicidal treatment but solely from fall plowing. Lateral subsurface inflow likely diluted tile-drain nitrate in the spring plowing field. Respective forage-phase (1 May May 2011) nitrate leaching losses from fall vs. spring plowing were estimated to be 42 and kg N/ha.

27 Nitrate leaching losses at Site 2 Nitrate levels from S2NW (background water quality) only showed seasonal variations. Forage-phase (1 May May 2011) groundwater nitrate levels under fall plowing (S2S2) were higher than under spring plowing (S2S1). Respective forage-phase nitrate leaching from fall vs. spring plowing were 50 and 40 kg N/ha.

28 Decay ratio of fall plow-down forages Site 1 Fall plowing Whole plant N=115 kg N/ha Decayed portion=18-26 kg N/ha (16-22%) Site 2 Fall plowing Whole plant N=106 kg N/ha Decayed portion=10 kg N/ha (10%) A large portion of N in the fall plow-down forages remained in the soil until the following season or seasons, providing opportunities for crediting N for the subsequent crops. Soil N supply should be credited for succeeding crops even if fall plowing is implemented. How much N can be credited from soil largely depends on weather conditions, SOM level and quality, tillage practices, and is an ongoing research topic of interest. 28

29 Taking home messages Delaying plowing of forages and/or associated herbicidal treatment until spring reduced forage-phase nitrate leaching. If due to logistical reasons fall plowing is implemented, postponing plowing operations as late as possible and abandoning fall pre-plowing herbicidal treatment should be considered. Soil N supply should be credited regardless of fall or spring tillage practices. Studies are being undertaken to quantify soil N supplies under fall vs. spring plowing for the subsequent crops. 29

30 30

31 Nitrate transport in fractured-porous aquifer How soon would the groundwater quality respond to surface remediation activities? Does the small pores in the fractured-porous aquifer store a lot of nitrate?

32 Porous aquifer Fractured aquifer Fractured-porous aquifer 32

33 Simulated responses to nitrate reduction (Wilmot) (Source: Jiang and Somers 2009) 33

34 Observed responses to nitrate reduction (Wilmot) Some estuaries show declining nitrate trends, and the causes are yet to be determined. 34

35 01-Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan-13 Nitrate concentration (mg N/l) 10 8 Souris PEI West Creek fed by a spring West outlet fed by a spring Artesian well Data from two springs and a artesian well in a headwater area show strong seasonal variations and limited matrix-storage effects.

36 36

37 Installing multiple level systems Drilling and coring 37

38 Acknowledgements The studies were funded by the PEI government, and AAFC WEBs program and Projects I and 132. Fred Cheverie and his staff with the PEI Wildlife Federation (Souris Branch), the growers, Terra Jamieson, Judith Nyiraneza, George Somers, Barry Thompson, Brian Murray, Mark Grimmett, Xiaoyuan Geng, Eric MacDonald, Drs. David Chanasyk and John McLeod, Scott Anderson, Harry Rohde, Sean Ledgerwood, Qing Li, Rollin Andrew, Brian O Neill, Jennifer Roper, as well as interns and summer students involved in the project. CWN researchers 38

39 Questions? Tel:

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