Unit 1. Science and the Environment

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1 Unit 1 Science and the Environment

2 Part 1 Understanding Our Environment

3 Part 1 This section describes the fields that contribute to environmental science. It also explores the history of humans in the environment and discusses the major problems threatening the environment today.

4 Objectives Define environmental science, and compare environmental science with ecology. List the 5 major fields of study that contribute to environmental science. Describe the major environmental effects of huntergatherers, the agricultural revolution, and the Industrial Revolution. Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Classify environmental problems into 3 major categories.

5 Key Terms Grab a textbook and write a definition for each of the following words listed on your paper: v Environmental Science v Ecology v Agriculture v Natural Resource v Pollution v Biodiversity

6 What is Environmental Science? v What is meant by the term environment and what does it include? v The environment is a complex web of relationships that connects us with the world we live in.

7 What is Environmental Science? v Goals of environmental science. v Understand environmental problems. v Solve environmental problems. v Environmental scientists study 2 things: v How humans use natural resources. v How the actions of humans alter our environment.

8 v Environmental science is an interdisciplinary science: What is Environmental Science? Biology Earth Science Physics Chemistry Social Sciences

9 Scientists as Citizens, Citizens as Scientists Environmental scientists are often asked to share their findings with the world. Often after the observations of nonscientists. Example: You realize that there are many dead fish floating in a nearby pond that drains out into a creek which runs through your neighborhood. You first notify local officials, who will then notify environmental scientists.

10 Poster Activity This Environment is Worth Saving (Tomorrow or Next Week when our Magazines come in) #1: Find a picture of an ecosystem (forest, pond, ocean, grassland, etc.) #2: Cut it out and glue it to a piece of construction paper. #3: Title the picture #4: Write the words This environment is worth saving because (finish this sentence with a reason)

11 Our Environment Through Time Humans have been altering the environment since we first appeared about 200,000 years ago. Hunter-Gatherers The Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution

12 Our Environment Through Time Hunter-Gatherers Gathering food by collecting plants and hunting wild animals or scavenging their remains. Most of human history and even some today in the Amazon rain forests of South America. Often move from place-toplace as different types of foods become available. Can drastically affect their environment. Set fires, hunt animals to extinction, spread plants to places they didn t usually grow

13 Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution Video

14 The Agricultural Revolution Practice of agriculture started in many parts of the world over 10,000 yrs. ago. Allowed human populations to grow at great rates. An area of land could support 500 times as many people as hunting-gathering could. Destroyed habitats. Slash-and-burn agriculture Can cause soil loss, floods and water shortages. Our Environment Through Time

15 Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution Video

16 The Industrial Revolution Mid 1700s A shift from animal muscle to fossil fuels like coal & oil. Changed society & greatly increased the efficiency of agriculture, industry, and transportation. Large-scale production of goods in factories was less expensive than local production. Allowed food & goods to be transported between places. Our Environment Through Time

17 Our Environment Through Time Improving Quality of Life The Industrial Revolution introduced many positive changes. Agriculture, sanitation, nutrition and medical care improved. The Industrial Revolution produced many environmental problems. Pollution & habitat loss Use of artificial substances Plastics, pesticides, fertilizers

18 Think. Do you think that we are in a different revolution, which should be called the Information Revolution, or are we still in the Industrial Revolution? Why do you feel this way?

19 Persuasive Essay Writing Activity o You are trying to convince your reader of something. o You MUST use some facts to back up your opinion. o Pay attention to spelling and grammar as they are important. Don t worry.i will help you if you need it J

20 Spaceship Earth Earth is a closed-system Only Energy from sun enters. Only heat leaves. Has problems More waste and no where to go. Resources used more rapidly with some not being reproduced. Environmental Issues Local Regional Global

21 Spaceship Earth Human population grew faster than ever before The Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution Improvements in sanitation Improvements in medicine Has drastic affect on environment Nations use vast amounts of resources Habitat destruction, pollution, pesticides

22 GAIA HYPOTHESIS BY JAMES LOVELOCK

23 Gaia refers to the Greek goddess of the Earth. You probably know her as Mother Earth

24 James Lovelock Hypothesized that the Earth was actually its own living being. Gaia Hypothesis

25 Reading Activity We are going to read the Gaia Hypothesis and answer a series of questions about it. You MUST be able to answer questions about this hypothesis on your own for your quiz.

26

27 What Are Our Main Environmental Problems? Generally group environmental problems into three categories: Resource Depletion Pollution Loss of Biodiversity

28 Resource Depletion Natural resources can be either renewable or nonrenewable.

29 HMMMM... What do you think nonrenewable resources are? Break it down... Nonrenewable? Resource?

30 NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.

31 NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy. Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!

32 COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

33 HOW IS COAL MADE?

34 HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE?

35 WHAT WAS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COAL AND OIL/GAS?

36 HMMMM... If nonrenewable resources are resources that cannot be re-made at a scale comparable to its consumption, what are renewable resources?

37 RENEWABLE RESOURCES Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time. Solar Geothermal Wind Biomass Water

38 SOLAR Energy from the sun. Why is energy from the sun renewable?

39 GEOTHERMAL Energy from Earth s heat. Why is energy from the heat of the Earth renewable?

40 Wind Energy from the wind. Why is energy from the wind renewable?

41 BIOMASS Energy from organic or living matter. Why is energy from biomass renewable?

42 WATER or HYDROELECTRIC Energy from the flow of water. Why is energy of flowing water renewable?

43 SUMMARY What are the differences between nonrenewable and renewable resources?

44 What Are Our Main Environmental Problems? Resource Depletion Natural resources can be either renewable or nonrenewable. Renewable Resources can be replaced relatively quickly by natural processes: fresh water, air, soil, trees, crops, and sun Nonrenewable Resources form at a much slower rate than the rate that it is consumed (could be millions of years): minerals & fossil fuels Resources are said to be depleted when a large fraction of it has been used up. It doesn t matter if it is renewable or nonrenewable.

45

46 Let s Play a Game

47 What Are Our Main Environmental Problems? Pollution ² Air, water, and land (soil) are the three main types. ² Adversely affects health, survival, and activities of all organisms. ² Most produced by human activities. ² Two main types of pollutants: ² Biodegradable pollutants à can be broken down by natural processes. ² Sewage, newspapers ² Nondegradable pollutants à cannot be broken down by natural processes. ² Some plastics, mercury, lead

48 Activity Time Corners I will read aloud some statements on pollution and recycling. If you believe the statement is true, please go to the True corner. If you believe the statement is false, please go to the False corner.

49 Loss of Biodiversity What Are Our Main Environmental Problems? Biodiversity ² Hundreds of millions of species ² 99% of all species that ever existed on Earth are now extinct. ² Organisms we share the Earth with can be considered natural resources because we depend on them for things like food, clothing, medicines. ² Very important to preserve them.

50 What do you think? What do you think about the following? What if each day we cut down even more of the rainforest than we did the day before? What affects would this have on the biodiversity there? What are some ways we can prevent this and/or renew what we cut down?

51 Biodiversity Picture Using the magazines in the back, you are to find the following: A picture with a lot of biodiversity. A picture with a little bit of biodiversity. Place both pictures side-by-side and write a short description below them stating why it is important that biodiversity be conserved, no matter how much there is in an environment.

52 Part 2

53 Part 2 This section explores the relationship between economics and the environment and discusses the role of critical thinking in science.

54 Objectives v Define The Tragedy of the Commons. v Explain the law of supply and demand. v List three difference between developed and developing countries. v Explain what sustainability is, and describe why it is a goal of environmental science.

55 Key Terms What do the following terms mean? 1. law of supply and demand 2. ecological footprint 3. sustainability

56 How can we solve environmental problems? Consider human societies How do they act? What do they want to do? How do they use common resources? How do they decide how to use them?

57 The Tragedy of the Commons v Essay published by Garrett Hardin in 1968 v Argued there is a conflict between the short-term interests of individuals & the long-term welfare of society. v Emphasis that there are social pressures on how we use resources. Video Video #2

58 Application Time Tragedy of the Commons Reading and Game Activity

59 Economics and the Environment If you had to guess the value of the products and services provided by Earth s ecosystems every year was, how much would you guess and why? How much is the earth worth?

60 Economics and the Environment $33,000,000,000,000 ($33 trillion)

61 Economics and the Environment $33 trillion is A LOT of money!! Considering this, answer the following questions. 1. List 10 services Earth s ecosystems provides. 2. Do economics (the study of how we spend money) play a role in environmental science? 3. Is the earth worth something? Is it valuable? 4. Why is money associated with ecosystems? 5. Do we pay for services or get them for free? If they are free, are they really free? 6. What is the cost of using a service in the ecosystem?

62 Economics and the Environment v There are economic forces that determine how we use our resources. v One basic rule of economics is the law of supply and demand. If demand goes up, supply goes down. v The cost of solving environmental problems is also an issue. Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to figure if it is actually worth solving the problem. Can vary depending on who is conducting the analysis. Involves risk assessment.

63 Law of Supply & Demand

64 Economics and the Environment Cost and Benefits The cost of solving an environmental problem is also an issue. A cost-benefit analysis will be conducted by environmental scientists to determine whether or not the issue is worth solving. Risk Assessment One of the costs of any action is the risk involved. A risk assessment is a tool used to help determine whether or not the benefits outweigh the costs.

65 v Unequal distribution of wealth and resources around the world influences the environmental problems faced by a society & the choices it makes. v Countries are either developed or developing. Developed & Developing Countries

66

67 Developed & Developing Countries Make two columns in your notes. Developed Countries vs. Developing Countries

68 Developed & Developing Countries Developed Countries v Higher average incomes. Developing Countries v Lower average incomes. v Slower population growth. v Rapid population growth. v Diverse industrial economies. v Simple and agriculturebased economies. v Stronger social support systems.

69 Population and Consumption v Almost all environmental problems can be traced back to two root causes: Local population pressures. Consumption trends.

70 Population and Consumption v Local Population Pressures v Human population is growing too quickly for the local environment to support it. Not enough resources to support everyone. Starvation, malnutrition, disease. Of the 4.5 billion people in developing countries less than half have access to enough food, safe water, and sanitation.

71 v Consumption Trends People use up, waste or pollute resources faster than they can be renewed, replaced, or cleaned up. In order to show differences in consumption between nations an ecological footprint is constructed. Population and Consumption

72 Environmental Science in Context v Environmental problems are complex. Not simple to solve. Can often be misinterpreted depending on who is conducting the research. Hard to balance a personal need vs. a need for society as a whole. Have to think critically and objectively about the issue.

73 A Sustainable World v Most people want to achieve sustainability. A sustainable world is not an unchanging world. Our world is far from sustainable. We have to work with having this goal in mind.

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