The Storage of Solar Heat

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1 First International Renewable Energy Sorage Conference, Gelsenkirchen (2006) The Storage of Solar Heat Hans Müller-Steinhagen, Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing.(habil), FREng German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering

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4 Natural global energy flows and technical potentials of renewable energies Solar Present Consumption 300 EJ / year Wind 200 Biomass 20 5 Sea Geothermal Hydro

5 Scenario for a sustainable global energy economy 700 global primary energy consumption EJ/year other renewables solarthermal heat and power photovoltaics geothermal heat and power wind biomass modern biomass traditional hydro power nuclear gas oil coal

6 Temperatures for solarthermal energy > 1000 C 250 C 1000 C 100 C 250 C < 100 C hydrogen production electricity generation process heat domestic hot water and space heating

7 Supply and demand for solarthermal hot water provision power, kw time of day, hour solar radiation demand

8 Supply and demand for solarthermal process heat solar radiation heat demand time of day

9 Solarthermal water and space heating (example Friedrichshafen CSHPSS) amount of heat [MWh/month] solar radiation (qualitatively) heat demand Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec month

10 Duration of heat storage Δt - short term: minutes < Δt < hours - long term: days < Δt < weeks - seasonal: Δt = several months

11 Typical domestic solar hot water system collector area < 10 m² storage volume ca. 250 litres used in singleor two-family houses covers more than 70% of total water heating demand

12 Typical solarthermal combi-system collector area < 25 m² storage volume > 700 litres used in singleor two-family houses covers 20% of total heat demand

13 Influence of collector area on solar share Target: f sav > 50 % collector area [m 2 ] collector area [m 2 ]

14 storage volume 75 m 3 collector area 85 m 2 solar share 100% source: AEE INTEC Quelle: Folien99\Folie67.CDR

15 Alternative heat storage mechanisms 1. Sensible heat (hot water) 2. Latent heat (Phase Change Material, PCM) - in combination with water - pure PCM 3. Physical/chemical heat storage (adsorption, reaction) 1,0 0,8 0,5 0,2

16 Volume reduction with phase change materials sodium acetate paraffin

17 PCM/Graphite composite material approach Expanded graphite (SGL Carbon) 1000 l water tank factor > l PCM / graphite Consortium: ZAE Bayern e.v., SGL Technologies GmbH, Behr Industrietechnik Mylau GmbH, Robert Bosch GmbH

18 Sorption heat storage dry sorbent adsorption

19 AEE Intec silica gel sorption heat storage

20 ITW monolitic sorption heat store ambient air outlet air collector - integrated concept for building air conditioning - long term heat storage - high storage density air, in air, out sorption heat store water heat store boiler extruded zeolite

21 Comparison of thermal storage technologies Latentwärmespeicher collector area [m 2 ]

22 Scenario for the contribution of renewable energies to the German heat demand Heat supply, PJ/a % percentage of total heat demand 22 % 14 % 46 % geothermal district heating geothermal decentralised collectors district heating collectors decentralised biomass district heating biomass decentralised 6,3 %

23 heating of drinking water collector area > 100 m² large systems with short-term heat storage district heating with long-term heat storage > (30 40) flats > 100 flats used in multifamily houses, hospitals 15-20% solar coverage of total heat demand housing estates 20% solar coverage of total heat demand housing estates 50% solar coverage of total heat demand

24 Different seasonal heat storage technologies hot-water heat storage gravel-water heat storage heat storage in tanks duct heat storage aquifer heat storage ground heat storage

25 system type minimum size of system small systems for the heating of drinking water solar district heating with short-term heat storage solar district heating with longterm heat storage flats > 100 flats (each 70 m 2 ) collector area 1 1,5 m 2 FC /person 0,8 1,2 m 2 FC/person 0,14 0,21 m 2 FC/m 2 living area storage volume l/ m 2 FC l/ m 2 FC 1,4 2,1 m 3 WE/m 2 FC solar energy kwh/(m 2 FC year) solar covering rate 15 % of total energy demand solar heat price 0,12 0,30 /kwh kwh/(m 2 FC year) % of total energy demand 0,07 0,15 /kwh kwh/(m 2 FC year) % of total energy demand 0,17 0,40 /kwh FC... Flat Collector Target: 0,1-0,15 /kwh

26 Solar collectors for process heat up to 250 C The commercial process heat demand in Germany is estimated at 1800 PJ/year, out of which around 500 PJ/year are below 200 C. This is 5% of the total German final energy consumption. Process heat requirements in the EU for the temperature range up to 250 C are about 300 Mio. MWh per year. This is 8% of the total energy consumption. Typical applications are food processing, pharmaceuticals, minerals processing, metal treatment, textiles, paper It is possible to provide part of this heat demand by conventional and by concentraing solar collectors.

27 Solar process heat management solare radiation required heat supply time of day from collectors from shortterm storage from main heat storage

28 Materials for medium and high temperature heat storage storable energy above 150 C [kj /kg] bar Liquid Water water (liquid) Santotherm SanthotermVP-1 (liquid) Hitec (liquid) Concrete (solid) NaNO 3 (PCM) KNO 3 (PCM) MgCl-KCl-NaCl (PCM) 2,5 bar 100 bar phasen Phase change temperature in C C 221 bar C 12 bar + + : thermal stability limit

29 Liquid and solid phase high temperature heat storage Heat transfer oil storage (pilot unit) Concrete storage (test facility)

30 Temperature profiles for sensible and latent heat storage heat transfer medium storage medium temperature steam saturation line temperature enthalpy enthalpy Heat transfer from thermal oil to process steam via sensible heat storage Heat transfer from steam to process steam via latent heat storage

31 Steam and liquid/solid phase change heat storage Steam accumulator Graphite/salt heat storage

32 Solarthermal electricity generation MW To Storage Firm Capacity Line Fossil Backup Solar Direct From Storage Time of Day

33 Ceramic heat store Sand / air heat storage receiver hot air >700 C steam generator air receiver Heliostate Heat store cold air ~ preheater tower sand/hot air heat exchanger hot storage 800 C 150 C superheater steam generator

34 Heat storage for solarthermal power plants Relative electricity costs [%] no storage, electricity costs = 100% Storage capacity [full-load hours] assuming specific investment costs for the storage of 10 Euro/kWh Reduced electricity generation cost due to increased solar share more operating hours per year less part-load operation higher electricity prices

35 The energy store - a key component for efficient use of solarthermal energy - will qualify solar thermal heat for more domestic and industrial applications - must address storage material, thermal engineering and system integration - there is no single solution for the wide range of applications - substantial R&D required to develop suitable materials for capacity and cost reduction

36 Die Wärme ist das sich Wiederherstellen der Materie in ihrer Formlosigkeit, ihre Flüssigkeit, der Triumph ihrer abstrakten Homogenität über die spezifische Bestimmtheit, ihre abstrakte, nur an sich seiende Kontinuität als Negation der Negation ist hier als Aktivität gesetzt, als daseiendes Auflösen. Hegel ( )

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