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1 Paraprofessional Training Session 1 Part 2: Stormwater Basics November 26, 2012 Rutgers University, Cook Campus Christopher C. Obropta, Ph.D., P.E. Extension Specialist in Water Resources Associate Professor in Environmental Sciences obropta@envsci.rutgers.edu
2 What happens to the rain? It infiltrates into soils It runs off of rooftops and pavement It is absorbed It evaporates by plants
3 What is stormwater runoff? Stormwater is the water from rain or melting snows that can become runoff, flowing over the ground surface and returning to lakes and streams.
4 The Hydrologic Cycle Courtesy of
5 Many factors influence the effects of rainfall and stormwater runoff Rate of rainfall Topography of the land Soil conditions Density of vegetation Amount of urbanization how much land is now covered with roadways, houses, parking lots, and more
6 The Urban Hydrologic Cycle
7 1 st Attempt at Stormwater Management Capture all runoff, pipe it, and send it directly to the river...prior to mid 1970 s
8 2 nd Iteration of Stormwater Management Capture runoff, detain it, release it slowly to the river mid 1970 s to 2004 Detain peak flow during large storm events for 18 hours (residential) or 36 hours (commercial) Reduce downstream flooding during major storms Use concrete low flow channels to minimize erosion, reduce standing water, quickly discharge low flows Does not manage runoff from smaller storms allowing stormwater to pass through the system Directly discharges stormwater runoff to nearby stream, waterway, or municipal storm sewer system (at a controlled/managed rate)
9 3 rd Generation of Stormwater Management Reduce stormwater runoff volume Reduce peak flows and flooding and. Maintain infiltration and groundwater recharge Reduce pollution discharged to local waterways abc Action News, August 27, 2012
10 New Jersey s Stormwater Regulations Municipal Phase II NJPDES Stormwater Permitting Rules N.J.A.C. 7:14a Stormwater Management Rules N.J.A.C. 7:8
11 NJ Stormwater Regulations Municipal Phase II NJPDES Stormwater Permitting Rules (N.J.A.C. 7:14a) Municipalities and large public complexes must obtain NJPDES permits for their storm sewer system Permittees must develop, implement, and enforce a stormwater program that protects water quality Permittees must prepare and implement a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SPPP): Municipal stormwater management plan stormwater control ordinance public education program Stormwater Management Rules (N.J.A.C. 7:8) Sets forth stormwater management goals for new development: Reduce flood damage Protect water quality Minimize increases in runoff Reduce soil erosion Protect public safety through proper design and operation of stormwater management basins Maintain groundwater recharge Sets forth the required components of regional and municipal stormwater management plans
12 Background.Why we should care about how stormwater is managed?
13 Linking stormwater to flooding, recharge, and pollution What is impervious cover? It is the roads, rooftops, parking lots, and other hard surfaces that do not allow stormwater to soak into the ground. provides a surface for accumulation of pollutants leads to increased polluted runoff and flooding inhibits recharge of groundwater
14 Linking Stormwater to Flooding, Recharge, and Pollution NJ.com, August 28, 2011 More Imperviousness = More Runoff + Higher Peak Flows + Increased Nonpoint Source Pollution + Less Groundwater Recharge
15 Impacts from a Changing Landscape Hydrologic Effects Disruption of natural water balance Increased flood peaks Increased stormwater runoff More frequent flooding Increased bankfull flows Lower dry weather flows
16 The Impact of Development on Stormwater Runoff natural conditions Center for Watershed Protection
17 The Impact of Development on Stormwater Runoff low density development Center for Watershed Protection
18 The Impact of Development on Stormwater Runoff medium density development Center for Watershed Protection
19 The Impact of Development on Stormwater Runoff urban development Center for Watershed Protection
20 The Science of Stormwater hydrograph More Runoff Managed outflow with detention basins or flood control reservoir Arriving Faster Slide Courtesy of Bill Hunt, NEMO
21 Stormwater and Groundwater Traditional stormwater management provides NO opportunity for groundwater recharge. Infrastructure dumps water directly into the local waterways Recharge
22 Groundwater Recharge Requires Healthy soils Permeability Hydraulic conductivity Vertical separation from seasonable high water table or groundwater table Suitable distance from foundations, basements and septic systems
23 Groundwater Recharge Safe Distance from Structures Minimum Distance from Seasonal High Water Table
24 Stormwater and Water Quality What is nonpoint source pollution? Pollutant build up and wash off are affected by land use. Imperviousness increases runoff Changes in land use impact pollutant build up
25 Nonpoint Source Pollution Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution is pollution associated with stormwater runoff NPS occurs when runoff collects pollutants on its way to a collection system or water body NPS pollution cannot be traced to a direct discharge point such as a wastewater treatment facility
26 Examples of NPS Oil and grease from cars Fertilizers Animal waste Grass clippings Septic systems Sewage leaks Household cleaning products Litter Agriculture Sediment
27 Fish and wildlife Recreational water activities Commercial fishing Tourism Drinking water quality Impact of NPS
28 Today s Stormwater Management Reduces stormwater runoff volume Reduces peak flows and flooding Maintains infiltration and groundwater recharge Reduce pollution discharged to local waterways ABC Action News, August 27, 2012
29 Example of how we do this? Play
30 WHAT ARE OUR TOOLS? Green Infrastructure and Low Impact Development (LID)
31 Green Infrastructure is... an approach to stormwater management that is cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. Green Infrastructure projects: capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater to maintain or mimic natural systems and treat runoff as a resource.
32 Low Impact Development (LID) is
33 Green Infrastructure and LID includes: Green Roofs Rainwater Harvesting Tree Filter/Planter Boxes Rain Gardens/Bioretention Systems Permeable Pavements Vegetated Swales or Bioswales Natural Retention Basins Trees & Urban Forestry Green Streets Parker Urban Greenscapes
34 Rainwater Harvesting FUNCTIONS Collecting, filtering and storing water from roof tops, paved and unpaved areas for multiple uses. Harvested water can be used for nonpotable or potable purposes after testing and treatment. Surplus water after usage can be used for recharging ground water. Systems can range in size from a simple PVC tank or cistern to a contractor designed and built tank/sump with water treatment facilities.
35
36 Rainwater Harvesting Samuel Mickle School Rainwater Harvesting System
37 Green Roofs FUNCTIONS Improves stormwater management Improves air quality Temperature regulation (moderation of Urban Heat Island Effect) Carbon dioxide/oxygen exchange Increased urban wildlife habitat COMPONENTS
38 Green Roof Design Modular System Specifications: Parker Urban Greenscapes
39 Pervious Pavements Underlying stone reservoir that temporarily stores surface runoff before infiltrating into the subsoil Porous asphalt and pervious concrete are manufactured without "fine" materials, and incorporate void spaces to allow infiltration Grass pavers are concrete interlocking blocks or synthetic fibrous grid systems with open areas designed to allow grass to grow within the void areas Ideal application for porous pavement is to treat a low traffic or overflow parking area
40 Pervious Pavements FUNCTIONS COMPONENTS Manage stormwater runoff Minimize site disturbance Possibility of groundwater recharge Low life cycle costs, alternative to costly traditional stormwater management methods Mitigation of urban heat island effect Contaminant removal as water moves through layers of system
41 Pervious Pavement
42 Pervious Pavements
43 Bioretention Systems & Rain Gardens Traditional Approach Design Dry Detention Basin: Treat Water Quality Storm (1.25 rain over 24 hours) Detain for 18 hours (residential) or 36 hours (commercial) Minimum outflow orifice = three inches Use Concrete Low Flow Channels to Minimize Erosion New Approach Combines settling of detention basin with physical filtering and absorption processes Provides very high pollutant removal efficiencies More aesthetically pleasing than conventional detention basins Can be incorporated into the landscapes of individual homes
44 Bioretention Systems & Rain Gardens NJDEP NJ Stormwater BMP Manual.
45 Bioretention Systems & Rain Gardens
46 Curb Extensions/Green Streets
47
48 Questions? Christopher C. Obropta, Ph.D., P.E.
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