AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology Fall 2012 Mondays 13:40-16:30 AE-126
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1 AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology Fall 2012 Mondays 13:40-16:30 AE-126 Oğuz Uzol Director METU Center for Wind Energy Associate Professor Department of Aerospace Engineering Middle East Technical University (METU) AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
2 COURSE OUTLINE WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 1 Introduction Origins of Wind Energy and Historical Development 2-3 Wind Resource and Characteristics 3-5 Wind turbine aerodynamics and performance General characteristics, atmospheric boundary layer and turbulence, wind gusts, wind speed variations, turbulence in complex terrain. 1D theory, Betz limit, airfoils, momentum theory, advanced aerodynamic calculations, performance curves. Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
3 COURSE OUTLINE WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 6-7 Wind turbine loading and dynamic response 8-9 Conceptual design of wind turbines General principles and standards, extreme loads, turbulence and wakes, fatigue stresses, blade dynamic response, tower loads Design procedure, rotor diameter, rotational speed, number of blades, hub design, gearbox, generator. 10 Wind Turbine Control Controller functions, closed-loop pitch and stall control, gain scheduling, torque control. Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
4 COURSE OUTLINE WEEKS SUBJECT 11 Wind Turbine Siting and Wind Farms DETAILS Siting issues, wind farms, site selection, micrositing, off-shore wind farms. 12 Electrical Systems Power transformers and converters, power quality, electrical protection 13 Wind Energy System Economics 14 Environmental Aspects and Impacts Economic assessment of wind energy systems, capital, operational and maintenance costs, value of wind energy, wind energy market Wind turbine noise, electro-magnetic interference, visual impact, other considerations. Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
5 GRADING Homework 20% Project 30% Midterm 25% Final exam 25% Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
6 REFERENCES q Wind Energy Explained Theory, Design and Application, Manwell, McGowan and Rogers, 2002, TJ820.M295 q Wind Turbine Fundamentals, Technologies, Applications, Economics Erich Hau, q Wind Energy Handbook, Burton, Sharpe, Jenkins, Bossanyi, Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
7 PROJECTS 1. Design and build a 0.5 m diameter HAWT with rpm control (should include thrust measurement) (4 students, Supervisor: Hooman Amiri) 2. 2D wind tunnel testing of S826 airfoil (4 students, Supervisor: Yashar Ostovan) 3. Design and build a torque and thrust measurement system for HAWTs up to 1.5 m diameter (4 students, Supervisor: Anas Abdelrahim) 4. Conceptual aerodynamic design of a 5 m span HAWT blade (3 students, Supervisor: Bayram Mercan) 5. Design and build a prototype model Magnus Effect Wind Turbine Rotor (4 students, Supervisor: Oguz Uzol) 6. Modeling and simulation of NREL 5 MW turbine using S4WT (3 students, Supervisor: Ozan Gozcu) Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
8 PROJECTS 7. Static loading testing of a 1 m span wind turbine blade (4 students, Supervisors: Ozan Gozcu, Altan Kayran) 8. Wind turbine blade analysis using VABS (3 students, Supervisor: Altan Kayran) 9. Production and testing of a 1 m diameter HAWT rotor (4 students, Supervisor: Anas Abdelrahim) (NTNU) 10. Calibration of a cup anemometer (4 students, Supervisor: Yashar Ostovan) Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
9 Uzol q European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) q Türkiye Rüzgar Enerjisi Birliği (TÜREB) q Elektrik İşleri Etüt İdaresi (EİE) q National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL, USA) q National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU) q Delft University Wind Research Institute q METUWIND web site AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
10 WHY WIND ENERGY? q Renewable (hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and ocean) q Free q Plentiful and widely distributed q Clean (No CO 2 emissions) q Reduced dependence on fossil fuels q 20% of EU s total electricity consumption is expected to be generated by wind energy in 2020 and this is predicted to be 50% by q In March 2007, 27 EU Heads of State unanimously adopted a binding target of 20% of energy to come from renewables by 2020 (Ref: EWEA Annual Report 2007) Uzol AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
11 Uzol WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION Country China 44,733 USA 40,180 Germany 27,215 Spain 20,676 India 13,066 Italy 5,797 France 5,660 UK 5,204 Canada 4,008 Denmark 3,734 Turkey 1,329 Total Installed Capacity (MW) (end of 2010) Planned Installed Capacity in Turkey for ,000 MW B Renewable Energy Law updated in December 2010 to include incentives for indigenous technology development AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
12 WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION
13 WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION
14 WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY Wind Energy Potential - REPA q Started in 1980 by EIE. q First Wind Energy Farm established in Cesme in 1998 (0.6 MW Total Power). q Renewable Energy Law Agreed on May Installed Capacity (MW) Turkey s Installed and Projected Wind Energy Capacity Year q As of February 2009 Total Installed Power is 433 MW. q Planned Total Power for the end of year 2009 is 836 MW. q Planned Total Power for the end of year 2010 is 1500 MW. q Planned Total Power for the end of year 2023 is MW
15 WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY Çanakkale - İntepe 38 turbines 800 kw each 30 MW total capacity Commissioned 2007
16 WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY Çanakkale - Bozcaada 17 turbines 600 kw each 10.2 MW total capacity Commissioned 2000
17 WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY Çanakkale - Gelibolu 13 turbines 800 kw each + 5 turbines 900 kw each 14.9 MW total capacity Commissioned 2007
18 WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY Marmara % Aegean % Eastern Anatolia 986 3% Black Sea % Mediterranean % Central Anatolia 914 2% Country Potential: 37,386 MW
19 WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
20 WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
21 WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
22 WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
23 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Windmill-like device driving a pipe-organ Heron of Alexandria, 1st century AD
24 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Windmill-like device driving a pipe-organ Heron of Alexandria, 1st century AD
25 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Earliest windmill design on record A Persian Vertical Axis Windmill, c. AD 1300
26 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT A Persian Type Windmill, 1966
27 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT A Persian Type Windmill in Afghanistan
28 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT An English Post-Mill
29 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
30 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Ø The speed of the blade tips is ideally proportional to the speed of wind Ø The maximum torque is proportional to the speed of wind squared Ø The maximum power is proportional to the speed of wind cubed
31 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT American Windmills
32 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT First use of a windmill to generate electricity The Brush Windmill 1888 Cleveland, Ohio
33 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 12 kw of DC power, 144 blades, 17 m diameter rotor, 18 m high tower
34 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT LaCour s electricity generating windmills, 1890s (Denmark) 5-25 kw, 4-6 twisted, rectangular blades First wind tunnel tests
35 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT A typical battery charging wind turbine of 1930s Jacobs Wind Electric Co., Inc.
36 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT World s first megawatt scale wind turbine The Smith-Putnam turbine, 1941, Vermont, USA 53 m rotor, 1.25 MW
37 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT A modern off-shore wind farm in Denmark
38 WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)
39 WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION Savonius rotor Darrieus rotor H rotor Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)
40 WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
41 HAWT SUB-SYSTEMS Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
42 HAWT SUB-SYSTEMS q The rotor, consisting of the blades and the supporting hub q The drive train, which includes the rotating parts of the wind turbine (exclusive of the rotor); it usually consists of shafts, gearbox, coupling, a mechanical brake, and the generator q The nacelle and main frame, including wind turbine housing, bedplate, and the yaw system q The tower and the foundation q Control system q The balance of the electrical system, including cables, switchgear, transformers, and possibly electronic power converters Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
43 HAWT CRITICAL DESIGN OPTIONS q Number of blades (commonly two or three) q Rotor orientation: downwind or upwind of tower q Blade material, construction method, and profile q Hub design: rigid, teetering or hinged q Power control via aerodynamic control (stall control) or variable pitch blades (pitch control) q Fixed or variable rotor speed q Orientation by self aligning action (free yaw), or direct control (active yaw) q Synchronous or induction generator q Gearbox or direct drive generator Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
44 HAWT SIZE DEVELOPMENT
45 HAWT SIZE COMPARISON
46 HAWT SIZE COMPARISON
47 HAWT SIZE COMPARISON Çanakkale Bozcaada Yep, that s me!
48 WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY Every wind turbine has a characteristic power performance curve
49 WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY q Cut-in speed: the minimum wind speed at which the machine will deliver useful power q Rated wind speed: the wind speed at which the rated power (generally the maximum power output of the electrical generator) is reached q Cut-out speed: the maximum wind speed at which the turbine is allowed to deliver power (usually limited by engineering design and safety constraints)
50 WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY Çanakkale Bozcaada Rated Power: 600 kw Hub Height: 44 m Cut-in speed: ~2.5 m/s Cut-out speed: ~30 m/s Rotor diameter: 40 m Generator Type: Synhcronous Blade weight: 900 kg Generator weight: kg Tower weight: kg Noise level: ~45 db
51 WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY
52 WIND TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLE Fluid energy momentum Turbine Mechanical Power, Windmills for grinding, pumping, etc. Electrical Power, Wind Turbines for Electricity Generation
53 WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE Power output of a Turbine Ø ρ: the density of air Ø C P : the power coefficient (C P < 0.593, Betz Limit) Ø A: is the rotor swept area Ø U: is the wind speed.
54 WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE Real-time performance data from Bozcaada Wind Farm Top: Low wind day, 17 Aug 2008, 14:28 hrs Bottom: High wind day, 19 Aug 2008, 19:37 hrs
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