Evaluation of Transnational Household Sustainable Consumption Indicators: Opportunities for Improvement and Innovation

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1 Evaluation of Transnational Household Sustainable Consumption Indicators: Opportunities for Improvement and Innovation Sandra Caeiro, Tomás B. Ramos, Donald Huisingh

2 Contents I. Introduction and objectives II. III. IV. The conceptual framework for household sustainable consumption indicator sets Case studies application Conclusions and future research

3 I. Introduction and Objectives

4 I. Introduction and objectives 1/5 Household consumption is an important link of the production-consumption chain; consumers make the choice of which goods and services to consume; Lifestyles determine the way families influence sustainability practices. Helping to change individual s behaviors is an important part of the solution, and is not simply a part of the problem. Best tools to measure and evaluate household sustainable consumption (HSC)

5 I. Introduction and objectives 1/5 The main objective of this work was to test a conceptual approach that defines the main procedures and criteria to develop and evaluate HSC indicator sets. Three case studies were tested. This research is a follow-up to our previous work (Caeiro et al., 2012) that integrates several steps from the definition of the HSC indicator process. CAEIRO. S.; RAMOS. T.; HUSINGH, D. (2012). A conceptual model for the development and evaluation of household sustainable consumption indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production

6 II. The conceptual framework for household sustainable consumption indicator sets

7 a. Indicator planning and design b. Indicator operation and action c. Indicator implementation d. Use of the indicators to monitor progress I. Household consumption scope: boundaries, typology and characteristics Identification of activities, behaviors and practices Inputs Processes Outputs Outcomes 3/5 V. HSC Assessment Stakeholder s engagement II. HSC Dimensions a. Household sustainability review Adopt keycriteria/ factors Caeiro et al., 2012 Formal indicators Informal - voluntary indicators IV. HSC Indicators III. HSC Objectives and goals/targets b. Identification of the Sustainabilty aspects and impacts c. Selection of the significant sustainability themes

8 II. The conceptual framework for HSC indicator set 4/5 Sectoral and thematic SDI (e.g. energy and climate change indicators) Formal and Volunteer State of the environmental and broad SDI initiatives (e.g. national and regional indicator evaluations) HSC Indicator Set Monitoring programs of policies, plans and programs Strategic and operational NGO and citizen independent indicator initiatives Relationship of the HSC indicator set with existent external sustainability indicators systems or other indicator related initiatives Caeiro et al., 2012

9 II. The conceptual framework for HSC indicator set 5/5 Level 5 HSC National CI Level 4 HSC Regional CI Level 1 HSC Individual Person CI Level 2 HSC Building/ House CI Level 3 HSC Local Caeiro et al., 2012 Cascading interactions among different levels of HSC

10 II. The conceptual framework for the HSC indicator set Specific key-criteria-factors for HSC indicators: Strong sustainability principles Driving forces Integrative domains Relevancy with family strategic options Dynamic behaviors, actions and routines Comparability and robustness Governance and public participation processes Target audience and type of language Comprehensibility and communication Relevancy with public policies and plans Voluntary indicators Performance and benchmarking Interlink with environmental management tools and certification processes Relationship with existent external Indicator set Interactions among different levels of HSC 3/3

11 III. Case studies application

12 1/3 III. Case studies application 3 transnational case studies of HSC indicators were evaluated: UN/DESA ( Measuring Changes in Consumption and Production Patterns. Set of indicators report 1998) OECD ( Towards more Sustainable Household Consumption Patterns Indicators to Measure Progress 1999) EEA ( Progress in Sustainable Consumption and Production in Europe Indicator-based Report 2011) A report content analysis and expert evaluation was done to score the specific key-criteria-factors for HSC indicators (0 absence; 1 poor; 2 fair; 3 good) A web search and s to the authors when needed to complete the scoring

13 III. Case studies application 1/3 1. UN/DESA 1998 The UN/DESA in 1998 published a set of indicators SCP as an important element of United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) work program of indicators for SD. The set of indicators is the outcome of consultations and workshops with policy makers and experts on SCP and indicators of SD (75 participants). The method used to organize and present the indicators is the DSR framework. The indicators are linked with the objectives of Chapter 4 of Agenda 21.

14 III. Case studies application 1/3 1. UN/DESA 1998 The indicators proposed are national in scope and intended for use primarily at the national level. However, the problems addressed are of local, national, transboundary and global nature. 17 SCP indicators were selected, covering 4 key resources (indicators of resource use and environmental impacts) and 5 consumption clusters (indicators that reflect consumer and producer choices). UN/DESA is working in a new version.

15 III. Case studies application 1/3 1. UN/DESA 1998 For Key Resources (8 indicators): indicators of resource use and environmental impacts Energy 1. Annual energy consumption per capita 2. Intensity of energy use 3. Share of renewable energy in total energy consumption 4. Energy prices Materials 5.Total material requirement 6. Intensity of material use Water 7. Intensity of water use Land 8. Intensity of land use

16 III. Case studies application 1/3 For Consumption Clusters (9 indicators): indicators that reflect consumer and producer choices. 1. UN/DESA 1998 Mobility 9. Distance traveled per capita by mode of transport 10. Number of road vehicles Consumer goods and services 11. Retail sales of selected goods per capita 12. Market share of more sustainably produced goods and services Buildings and housekeeping 13. Residential energy and water use per household 14. Average household size Food 15. Market share of more sustainably produced food Recreation 16. Spending on recreation as share of disposable income 17. Time spent on leisure, paid and unpaid work and traveling

17 III. Case studies application 1/3 2. OECD 1999 The OECD (1999) was the first institution to develop a specific indicator set for HSC, based upon the PSR framework. The HSC were developed within the OECD environmental indicator set and contribute to the broader OECD program on SD indicators. Indicators refer to the national level and are designed to be used in an international context.

18 III. Case studies application 1/3 2. OECD 1999 The 21 proposed indicators were grouped into: i) economic trends ii) socioeconomic trends iii) transport and communication iv) consumption of durable and non-durable goods v) recreation and tourism vi) housing related energy and water use. OECD is working on developing a new version.

19 III. Case studies application 1/3 2. OECD 1999 The OECD s 21 indicators: GENERAL TRENDS Economic trends 1. Consumption expenditure shares of GDP 2. Net saving per capita 3. Government consumption expenditure 4. Household consumption expenditure 5. Consumer price index Socio-demographic changes 6. Population structure and density

20 III. Case studies application 1/3 KEY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION TRENDS 2. OECD 1999 Transport and communication 7. Road traffic and vehicle intensities 8. Air emissions from road transport 9. Road fuel prices and taxes 10. Communication tools Consumption of durable and non-durable goods 11. Household consumption expenditure by type of good 12. Food consumption 13. Paper consumption and recycling 14. Household waste generation and management Recreation and tourism 15. International tourist receipts Housing related energy and water consumption 16. Energy consumption 17. Air emissions from residential energy use 18. Energy prices and taxes 19. Total water abstractions 20. Public water supply and price 21. Waste water treatment

21 III. Case studies application 1/3 3. EEA 2011 The EEA, 2011 recently evaluated the progress in SCP in Europe using a set of 39 indicators. The Framework was structured around a Vision for SCP and 35 policy questions covering four main areas: Headline Indicators Status and Trends in Consumption and Production Key Consumption Clusters Framework for a Sustainable Future

22 III. Case studies application 1/3 3. EEA 2011 The EEA SCP indicator set: Make use of knowledge of existing international, EU and national indicator sets Is based upon the DPSIR framework and indicator EEA typology: Descriptive Indicators Performance Indicators Efficiency Indicators Policy-effectiveness Indicators

23 III. Case studies application 1/3 3. EEA 2011 The EEA SCP indicator set: I. Headline Indicators: 1. European ecological footprint per capita compared to available biocapacity. 2. Greenhouse gas emissions as reported by Europe under Kyoto per capita as compared to 2 tonne/capita 2050 threshold. 3. Developments in air emissions and direct material input for total European production. 4. Proportion of population in developing countries living under the poverty line. 5. Development in Human Development Index for EEA countries and developing countries 6. Developments in Income Equality: Gini Index. II. Overall Trends in European Consumption and Production 7. DMC for total and selected minerals and fossil fuels 8. Net change in land cover Surface and groundwater abstraction as a share of available resources 10. DE, DMC and DMI for biomass. 11. Developments in air emissions and direct material input and economic output for individual key sectors including public services 12. Development in efficiency of cars and household appliances. 13. Trends in share of expenditure on COICOP categories per capita. 14. Development in generation of waste in Europe other than mining and agricultural waste, and residual waste from waste treatment. 15. Total recycling amounts of for different material types 16. % recycling rates for municipal and packaging waste.

24 III. Case studies application 1/3 3. EEA 2011 III. Key Consumption Clusters 17. Development in global GHG, acidification emissions, ground ozone precursor emissions and global material use per capita activated by European expenditure on food and drink. 18. Ecological footprint of food consumption. 20. Development in consumption of different meat and dairy products (bovine, pork, poultry, butter, cheese, milk) per capita per year. 21. Development in global GHG, acidification emissions, ground ozone precursor emissions and global material use per capita activated by European use of housing and infrastructure (GHGs). 22. Energy consumption per m2 for space heating, alongside growth in m2 of living space per capita, alongside total energy consumption for space heating. 23. Developments in energy efficiency of average household appliances, alongside ownership rates of appliances and total electricity consumption in households. 24. Development in global GHG, acidification emissions, ground ozone precursor emissions and global material use per capita activated by European expenditure on mobility 25. Fragmentation of ecosystems and habitats by transport infrastructure. 26. Passenger transport demand by mode and purpose alongside developments in GDP 27. Growth in private car use alongside developments in fuel efficiency for average car, alongside total GHG emissions from car use. 28. Uptake of cleaner and alternative fuels.

25 III. Case studies application 1/3 3. EEA 2011 IV. Framework for change 29. Government budget appropriations and outlays on R&D (GBA)- Total GBAORD by NABS socio-economic objectives. 30. Total environmental tax revenues as a share of total tax revenues and as share of GDP. 31. Number and capitalisation of green, social and ethical funds in Europe. 32. Sustainable companies performance compared to other companies 33. Number of organisations with registered environmental management system according to EMAS and ISO Number and share of companies and public institutions signing the UN Global Compact. 35. Number of organisations publishing environmental, sustainability etc. reports according to GRI or other established standards. 36. Number and share of organisations signing up to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). 37. Number of eco-label awards according to the EU Flower, and national and regional labels. 38. Cities signing the Alborg Commitments. 39. Real change in transport price by mode.

26 III. Case studies application 3/3 Scores of the criteria-factors for HSC indicators in the case studies UN 1998 OECD 1999 EEA Strong sustainability principles Driving forces Integrative domains Relevancy with family strategic options Dynamic behaviors, actions and routines Comparability and robustness Governance and public participation processes Target audience and type of language Comprehensibility and communication Relevancy with public policies and plans Voluntary indicators Performance and benchmarking Interlink with environmental management tools Relation with existent external Indicator set Interactions among different levels of HSC 1 1 1

27 III. Case studies application 1/3 Case studies assessment: The 3 approaches are well designed, with clearly defined objectives, which follow the general principles of sustainability. Only the OECD targets Households Good interactions among international and national levels of HSC, but weak association with households and local levels. The EEA set is more up to date regarding SCP new issues and challenges - Follows a more innovative and sustainability integrated approach but it is mainly a SCP and not a HSC indicator system.

28 III. Case studies application 2/3 Case studies assessment (cont.): No use or association with voluntary indicators and informal initiatives. In all the case studies, many indicators are not directly targeted for families and are not useful, comprehensible and meaningful for families. There are missing issues that measure cultural, aesthetical, ethical components of consumer behaviour, including factors that shape consumer behavior and community-building and collective actions. The indicator set have not had sufficient stakeholder engagement in the indicator systems design and development.

29 IV. Conclusions and future research

30 3/3 IV. Conclusions The case studies allowed to test the framework and criteria previous developed; It will allow to improve the framework, including the feasibility and relevance analysis of each key-factor criteria. The search for case studies application allowed to find the actual weakness and dearth of research within HSC measurement tools that in practice allow to change individual s behaviors towards more SC patterns.

31 3/3 Future research: IV. Conclusions Web survey with a SWOT analysis on HSC indicators or assessments: Target: international agencie s, research institutions and academics Evaluate HSC Framework the different stages, domains and key-factors, how to overlap the actual gaps, namely families behavior measures HSC Indicator set proposal to evaluate his usefulness and relevance Test the framework for the development of HSC indicators at household level

32 Thanks

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