The Road to Ghana: A Toll Road Infrastructure Case Study

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1 The Road to Ghana: A Toll Road Infrastructure Case Study

2 Introduction Road transportation constitutes an integral part of a nation s development In Africa, roads form one of the most important and valuable public assets as it carries about 90% of its passengers and major access to its rural communities, which forms the food basket of every nation It is all encompassing and pervasive and therefore affects the social, economic, and the political life of every citizen In Ghana, road transportation accounts for 94% of freight and 97% of all traffic movements Good road network will enhance poverty reduction, by Nonor Daniel Ghana Ministry of Transportation September Ghana Chronicle

3 Introduction In the growth of countries such as India and China, we have seen that there is a positive correlation between investment in road transportation and growth and poverty reduction. In Ghana, completed and maintained roads have lead to a 20% increase in visits to hospitals, A major lowering of the cost of traveling to market centers, and Efficient delivery of farm produce to urban centers by farmers which empowers them financially and reduces food costs The Ghanaian government has undertaken to ensure that transport is used as a means to achieve the targets set under the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II) and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and the attainment of middle income status by 2015

4 Introduction Social and Economic Impact In North America, Road Transportation has had a major social and economic impact The United States created the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System in the 1950 s a major undertaking that promoted prosperity with a substantial economic benefit that has had a profound long-term economic and social benefit that has changed the face of the United States and the lives of its people Canada, also, understood the effect of a National Highway System and built the Trans-Canada Highway linking all of its citizens from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean

5 Who we are A Ghanaian corporation comprised of Global companies headed by multi-national seasoned construction industry professionals with diverse experience in all aspects of infrastructure and construction including: Structural and architectural engineering and design, Management and operations, Concessions, Financing, Project development, and Construction Projects include building and renovation of bus terminals, subway stations, roadways, bridges, sports stadiums, hospitals, universities, power plants, pipelines and commercial and residential properties

6 Major projects

7 Major projects Designing Highways and Bridges

8 Major projects Raipur Durg Expressway, India

9 Major projects Universities, affordable housing, houses of worship, schools, commercial properties and residential communities

10 Our mandate Arterial Toll Road Company Limited was selected by the Government of Ghana to develop, construct and finance an Arterial Highway System and Tolling Regime linking the land-locked African countries to the Port of Accra and to produce the Ghanaian link of the Intercontinental Highway System being planned for the Continent, and develop a cost-efficient, user-friendly approach to financing roadways and highways allowing for its individual users, no matter their nationality, to pay the cost of the roadways, without unduly burdening the country s citizens

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12 Why the Kumasi-Accra roadway It serves: the most economic active area of the country It provides: primary access to the northern parts of the country as well as an international transit route for Ghana s landlocked neighbours such as Bukina Faso and Niger Its strategic location: makes it one of the most important links in Ghana s roadway network as it serves the northern, central, western, and southern parts of Ghana, and a major influence on transportation for the almost 20 million people of Ghana

13 Why the Kumasi-Accra roadway Prone to Accidents: over-speeding and inadequate provisions for broken down vehicles have contributed to the high rate of accidents on this road which habours about 38% of the black spots (accident prone locations) in the country. Traffic Flow: the existing route of the highway passes through many towns and commercial areas with its inherent traffic delays contributing to a 5+ hour travel time to transverse the 230 Km from Accra to Kumasi

14 Why the Kumasi-Accra roadway Proof of Performance: its traffic flow supports an affordable Tolling structure allowing for reasonable tolling rates and the ability to repay debt over a reduced timeframe while providing to the International community with Proof of Performance to substantiate the expansion of the dualization of the roadway system under a commercial financial structure without direct government guarantees

15 Our challenge To design, construct, finance, and operate a dualized highway system and tolling regime that is user-friendly, for both public & commercial use safe fair as to Tolling for all its users has continuous Traffic Flow without on-road checkpoints, Tolling stations, and Hawking economical, and an integral component of a unified cohesive transit system for Ghana Being the link between the two main commercial centres, we have to provide for future ribboning of the roadway once it is completed with the expected and anticipated commercial and residential growth.

16 Design of roadway Roadway Design A 4-lane urban and rural roadway with town bypasses, flyovers and amenities incorporating an existing 2-lane roadway and although the roadway being a Brownfield has its own challenges, doesn t have the cost and challenges of designing and constructing a completely new roadway Associated Facilities for the highway include: restaurants, food stalls, fuel stations Government approved & licensed community stalls security checkpoints, rest stops with places of convenience accident and Trauma Centres, with an integrated Bus Intercity Transit system for consumers Landscaping is designed to prevent erosion, improve the aesthetics of the highway, and create natural barriers to prevent unauthorized access to the roadway

17 Project Benefits A faster safer mode of transportation bringing the two major centers of commerce together with over 3 million consumers with a resultant Reduction of driving time from 5 ½ hours to 2 ¼ hours Bypassing towns and cities Fuel savings Commercial transportation cost savings including drivers time and salaries Maintenance savings Insurance savings Reduction in accidents and highway deaths Generates revenue for Ghana by providing primary access to the northern parts of the country for goods transportation as well as an international transit route for Ghana s landlocked neighbours such as Bukina Faso and Niger to the Port at Accra A fair and user-friendly revenue model that provides the ability for financing and to continuously maintain the highway system and its benefits

18 Benefits of a PPP tolling regime Toll payments are based on type of and amount of usage - commercial vs. residential Tolls are paid by both foreign and local users Allows Governments to utilize budgetary funds for other projects and uses Alleviates and manages traffic congestion Provides continuous funding for ongoing road maintenance Enables governments to build projects faster Can be innovative and more user-friendly Job creation Takes advantage of time-value of money, no requirement for Government appropriations Revenue generator One of the greatest benefits is the dramatic reduction in the cost of congestion to society in terms of lost time, increased productivity and wasted fuel.

19 Implementation considerations Legal and structure considerations Financing and risk assessment Public Awareness, Marketing and Governmental cooperation Environmental and social impact monitoring and management Harmonization of ongoing maintenance, rehabilitation and construction projects on the highway, and Security and safety issues

20 Transportation integration Dualization of the roadway system will take into consideration current and future integration with other modes of transportation The ability to access bus and/or rail and air travel at future integrated terminals is a goal of the roadway system At selected Interchanges of the Roadway, Bus Terminals will be located to allow for an effective alternative to the absence of mass transit between communities and between Accra and Kumasi Consideration has been given to the needs of the Railway and Airline sectors, and existing rail lines and airport terminals through discussions with the proper authorities and departments within the government

21 Economic evaluation Our studies substantiated that the Accra to Kumasi roadway was viable, practical and necessary after assessing: its overall project and EPC costs design and engineering studies a safety audit of the existing roadway an environmental and social impact assessment study a transportation and traffic studies of the roadway the institution of weighing stations to minimize effect of oversized trucks affordability of Toll Rates the stability of the Government the priorities of the Government the willingness of Governmental support the current physical status of the roadway, and the needs of the community

22 Economic evaluation Upon completion, the Accra to Kumasi roadway project will: provide the Ghanaian people with timely and necessary road infrastructure, but more importantly, demonstrate to the international community Proof of Performance through the successful completion of a major dualized roadway including successful introduction of the Tolling regime using a cost-efficient approach with minimum of risk

23 Economic evaluation In evaluating its financial feasibility, it was also important to review Ghanaian fiscal, legal, economic and political stability Ghana s government is a Constitutional Democracy, supported by a Constitution that has been adhered to stringently by its political parties Ghana s Legal system is based on English common law and customary law Ghana is well endowed with natural resources: oil reserves, gold, timber, diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt and limestone, and Ghana is benefiting from Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) funding assisting in transforming Ghana's agricultural export sector

24 Utilizing Public Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure development in Africa Why should Government use a Public-private Partnership structure? Public-private partnerships (PPPs) provide flexibility and involve the supply by the private sector of infrastructure and services deriving from infrastructure assets which have traditionally been supplied by the public sector. There was a fear by the financial community that such arrangements were initially an attempt to evade expenditure controls and hide public budget deficits. Whether or not they were born in sin, PPPs are now spreading worldwide. They are used in transportation infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, tunnels, rail, air and sea ports; utilities, such as water and electricity supply, sewage, and waste disposal; prisons; schools; and hospitals. Public-Private Partnerships: A Public Economics Perspective an IMF Working Paper Prepared by Efraim Sadka March International Monetary Fund This Working Paper does not represent the views of the IMF

25 Utilizing Public Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure development in Africa PPPs are not seen as genuine partnerships; they may not properly or efficiently share risks and liabilities (or profits) as they can be a means to mask conventional contracting undertaking subject to standard budgeting processes as new undertakings that are carried out by governments off budget. However, properly formed PPPs have developed into genuine partnerships aimed at properly pricing scarce public resources and efficiently sharing and managing risks. When properly designed and transparently reported, they can play a useful role in enhancing the efficient provision of infrastructure and services that were previously supplied solely by the public sector.

26 Utilizing Public Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure development in Africa The most common forms are variations of design-build-financeoperate (DBFO) projects, in which a private sector concessionaire designs, builds, and finances a certain facility and then operates them for government, or build-operatetransfer (BOT), in which a concessionaire finances and builds a facility, operates it, and transfers it to the government at the end of the concession period. In our case, we are designing, financing, building and operating the roadways over a 30-year Concession before transferring to government. PPP s play a useful role in enhancing a proper cost-benefit analysis and reducing the likelihood of building white elephants.

27 Utilizing Public Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure development in Africa With a PPP the private sector is the final adjudicator of a project, providing the economic viability of the project calculated at socially appropriate prices. This is a very important aspect of our relationship with the Government of Ghana, where, similarly as in the case of how funding is designated by the Millennium Fund, the private sector determines how funds are utilized in developing the necessary infrastructures. Essentially, all funding ends up developing, designing and building infrastructures.

28 Utilizing Public Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure development in Africa PPP s also can play an important roll in enhancing the efficiency of resource allocation. When properly designed, in particular with respect to sharing risks between the public and private partners, PPPs can improve the quality of services previously provided by the public sector without raising their costs to society as a whole. PPP S SHOW THAT IT IS A FALSE DICHOTOMY TO BELIEVE THAT ONLY THE PUBLIC SECTOR SHOULD OWN, LEASE OR OPERATE INFRASTRUCTURE

29 Risk Assessment Through a PPP and its Concession Agreement, a Concessionaire can mitigate risk though government providing fundamentals such as cash flow guarantees, Sovereign guarantees, Political Risk Insurance, and Currency devaluation guarantees What is important for risk mitigation is assessing the risk rating of the Government, its ability to retain politically stable and the ability of the Government and the infrastructure users to accept the Tolling regime, understand its benefits, maintain a constant revenue stream and the commercial viability of the project. In our evaluation of the project, which we consider to be the premier toll road project in Sub-Saharan Africa, we decided to take the path of least resistance, and not include any Governmental or Sovereign guarantees in the Concession and undertake it as a fully commercial project.

30 Risk Assessment The benefits of this structure are self-evident, from both a political and control perspective; still, within the Concession Agreement we have provided transparency and overseer capacity to the Government of Ghana providing the Government with direct input in all of the aspects of the project throughout the Concession Period And, as important, once it is proven that projects such as the Accra to Kumasi roadway can be seen to be economically viable, providing a true proof of performance, this will open up Ghanaian infrastructure investment to the International community without affecting the budgetary pressures that Sovereign Guarantees put on a country.

31 Risk Assessment for Ghana In assessing Ghana, it became apparent that it has one of the strongest economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. The areas that we concentrated on were PRODUCTION, MANAGEMENT, POLITICAL STABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. PRODUCTION - With production starting on new gold deposits, record cocoa harvests and projected oil production, economic activity has been registering positive performance. The expansion of services and increased spending on social programs and government infrastructure should continue to fuel growth this year. Easing inflationary pressures, allowing the Central Bank to relax monetary policy, should also benefit the economy

32 Risk Assessment for Ghana MANAGEMENT Governmental tight management has facilitated the consolidation of public sector finances, promoted transparency with the institution of Procurement laws and regulations that has enhanced the reputation of Ghana in the international community POLITICAL STABILITY - Ghana's political stability has facilitated implementation of reforms intended to develop a business environment more hospitable to the private sector ECONOMIC GROWTH - Ghana is experiencing major economic growth with an anticipated increase in GNP of over 13% in 2011

33 Political and Commercial challenges As is similar in many break-through projects, we meet a number of Political and Commercial challenges Politically, the introduction of Concession Agreements to dualize the major arteries in Ghana privatizes major roadways and diminishes the effect of the Ministries that are responsible for and tenders these roadways, creating an inherent conflict of interest which had caused us major technocratic delays and stumbling blocks. Only political resolve and perseverance can help developers and sponsors overcome these stumbling blocks Other political challenges included negotiating an necessary reassessment of the Ghanaian Highway Act, highway policing and control of Commercial Trucking Weighing Stations to police variances of axle weight limits

34 Political and Commercial challenges We also had to overcome a number of commercial challenges centering around the reality that there were no financially viable existing major Toll Roads in West Africa with its inherent financial preconceptions Others challenges to be resolved included: Restrictions placed on Concession financing by the IMF Grant Element Discount Factor Effect of any potential future political unrest, either within Ghana or its neighbours Currency devaluation PPP and Concession Agreements are new to Ghana with no previous experience for Government to rely on

35 Political and Commercial challenges These challenges cause major delays and timelines that create an unreasonable time loss and risk funding in order to obtain the necessary approvals; however, in our case, the current Government s political resolve and our perseverance allowed us to successfully complete the Governmental procurement process. To minimize these risks, it is most important for Developers to be able to fund the development phases of a project of this type in-house both prior to receiving the necessary approvals and obtaining Financial Close; and in doing so, the benefits to the Developer can outweigh the risks and provide for the country its necessary infrastructure.

36 In closing Our Ghanaian experience has shown that in using PPPs, the International business community has the ability to help Africa help themselves in developing the necessary infrastructure that is so urgently needed to improve the social, economic, and the political life of every citizen.

37 Contact Information: Howard Hurst, CEO Arterial Toll Roads Company Limited

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