LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Transcription

1 LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AUGUST 2013 JOCELYN URVOY TRAINEE ENGINEER

2 FOREWORD -The following study was made as a internal project of exploration and implementation of LCA tools within the company FRISTAD BYGG, located in Fristad, Sweden. -The study was conducted by the French trainee Jocelyn URVOY between May and August 2013, as part of his civil engineering education in Mines Douai (France) and Sustainable Building Design and Performance in University College Dublin (Ireland). -The following results refer to the system boundaries described in slide 6. The accounted phases are limited to material manufacturing and supply, transportations, construction, use and maintenance. Disposal was not assessed due to a lack of time, skills and data. The model developed here would gain to be complemented with the missing processes or stages. -Efforts were made to follow the principles of the reference standards ISO , EN and EN As a handbook to understand and apply LCA to this building project, the EebGuide project (Operational Guidance for Life Cycle Assessment Studies of the Energy Efficient Buildings Initiative) was deeply used. -The software used is SimaPro 7 and the database is EcoInvent Unit Process v 2.2. An upgrading review to the last version would increase the relevance of the results. -The LCIA methods used were EPD (2008) and Cumulative Energy Demand. This choice was influenced by practical aspects and a sensitivity analysis to the choosen method could help to validate the results.

3 FOREWORD -Efforts were made during the data collection to gather specific environmental data about the products used. Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) and Byggvarudeklaration (BVD3, when no EPD available), were collected for most of the products used in order to adjust generic processes from EcoInvent. -A specific process was created to represent KLH elements, according to the EPD provided by KLH Austria and the works made by Enda Crossin and Bart Durlinger during the Forté project. -Cedar Shingles process refers to the LCA report provided by Cedar Shake & Shingle Bureau (CSSB) and Forestry Innovation Investment,Ltd. -Material quantities estimations were performed by the trainee during the early stages of the project planning in Fristad Bygg s offices. -The construction phase inventory was made according to estimations and previous experiences from the company. -The use phase inventory was made according to data provided by Fristadbostäder AB (Fribo), owner of the future building, and from Borås Energi och Miljö. -Carbon uptake was not included in the model, neither in wood nor in concrete (carbonation). This choice could be further discussed in the future. The idea behind that is to focus on wood and its construction material environmental features.

4 WARNING -No third-party review has been led regarding to this study. The project was led fully internally by a novice in the LCA field and mistakes might occur. If so, both the trainee and the company would be glad to hear from it and do the best to improve the quality of the results. -During the goal and scope definition, it had been clearly stated that no external communication would be made before validation of the results. This choice is still valid: any external communication should be preceded by a completion of the model and its review by an expert. -However, as the purpose at the origin of the project was to get a better understanding of the construction activity along a project life-cycle, the results obtained should be interpretated in that perspective. -No interpretation is clearly stated in this documentation. For more information about it, please refer to the author of this study: jocelyn.urvoy@fristadbygg.se. Any participation will be welcomed.

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6 Interpretation BASIC PRINCIPLES -Cradle-to-grave approach -What do we want to know? -How do we want to use the results? -Which energy & material inputs and environmental releases do we take into account? -What potential impacts are associated to our activity? Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Source: Eeb Guide LCA Framework Source: ISO

7 HOW TO PROCEED? -Choice of a software and a database -Material / suppliers inventory -Environmental data collection and documentation -Quantities measurements -Construction and use phases processes identification -Modeling on SimaPro Mix between generic and specific processes -Focus on CO2-emissions and energy consumption -Comparison with a concrete solution -Interpretation of the results

8 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase Use phase Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

9 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant -Energy needed to extract fuels - Emissions released Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase Use phase - Adaptation to the electricity mix from the country of origin Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

10 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant -Mineral processes -Forestry processes -Ore processes -Petroleum processes - Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase Use phase Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

11 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant -Generic distances and transportation means Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase Use phase -Specific distances and transportation means. - Accurate manufacturing origins in most of the materials Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

12 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant -Foundations -Structure -Acoustic and thermal insulation -Roof covering and metallic elements -Windows and doors -Facade coverings -Inner light walls Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase Use phase Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

13 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant -Blasting: diesel consumption & explosive processes -Earth works: diesel consumption -Crane: electrical consumption -Machines and heating: electrical consumption -Workers journeys: diesel and petrol consumption from cars Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase Use phase Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

14 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant -Heating: 51 kwh/m2/year district heating (wood + oil) -Electricity consumption from households: 30 kwh/m2/year Swedish electricity mix -Electricity consumption from Fribo: 5,7 kwh/m2/year Bra Miljöval El: 100% hydropower Reference area: A temp = 2080m 2 /house Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase Use phase Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

15 NATURE WHAT IS INCLUDED? NATURE Fossil fuel extraction Electricity generation Raw material extraction Transport to plant Water supply Material manufacturing Transport to site Construction phase -No surface finishes: paintings, parquets, ceramic tiles -No activity from Fribo Transportation, tractors -No devices maintenance Elevator, ventilation devices -Asphalt sheet on roof Use phase Building maintenance Building demolition Disposal to recycling / recycling / incineration ---- SYSTEM BOUNDARIES NATURE

16 WHAT DO WE GET? -CO 2 -eq flows along the life-cycle of the building -Energy flows along the life-cycle of the building -Energy sources (fossil, renewable ) -Environmental impacts comparison between design, technical or geographical solutions -Sensitivity analysis + other environmental impacts (Ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, toxicity, land occupation )

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18 LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY Product Quantity Unit Supplier Concrete 151 m3 Plastic Sheet 734 m2 T-Emballage Reinforcement steel 52,6 ton EPS 648 m3 Sundolitt Prefab concrete walls 606 m2 Heda Concrete 312 m3 EPS 74 m3 Reinforcement steel 48,4 ton Plaster Boards m2 Knauf -Danogips Fermacell 794 m2 Fermacell KLH Elements m2 KLH Ballast 438 ton Fristads Express Glue-lam timber 100 m3 Moelven Insulation: Rock wool 1335 m3 Rockwool Air-blowned 521 m3 45mm 205 m2 145mm 685,4 m2 Facade 300mm 2351 m2 Blasting Machine Diesel (L) Excavator 3500 Drilling machine 1600 Dumper 1500 Trucks Stone Crusher 2000 Earthworks Machine Diesel (L) Excavator 4500 Wheel loader 1500 Trucks Compactor 100 Material supply 7,5 % are added on SimaPro to account on-site wastes during construction phase Construction phase Consumption Duration Total Machines and heating 6500 kwh/month 14 months kwh Consumption of the crane 35 kw 360 hours kwh Electricity supply Borås Elhandel mix Workers 17 workers FB /day 19 kms/day/person kms journeys 10 workers subc / day 1,6 people/car 35% diesel, 65% petrol Use phase Product Quantity Unit Supplier Spånskiva 3074 m2 Moelven Metallic profiles 4487 kg Lindab Steel structure Consumption Supplier Heating 51 kwh/m 2 /year Fristad district heating Consumptions from households 30 kwh/m 2 /year Swedish electricity mix Consumptions from Fribo 9 kwh/m 2 /year Bra Miljöval - 100% hydro Maintenance Frequency Quantity Asphalt sheet recovering 25 years 264 m2 kg OSB 3087 m2 Moelven Wooden battens 15 m3 Moelven Cedar shingles 1886 m2 CedarBureau Insulation ground floor 264 m2 Isodrän Asphalt sheet 264 m2 Icopal Roof gutters 151 m2 Plannja Roof guards 1408 kg Weland Windows 1049 m2 Velfac Doors 443 m2 Swedoor Acoustic elastomer 1510 kg Getzner Wooden cladding 1051 m2 Moelven

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20 MATERIAL SUPPLY Cut-off: 2% CO 2 emissions Global Warming Potential (kg CO 2 eq) Åsbovägen, one house kg CO2 eq TONS - Global warming (GWP100) Total

21 MATERIAL SUPPLY Cut-off: 1% ENERGY DEMAND Energy Demand (kwh) kwh Åsbovägen, one house FRISTAD CENTRAL HEATING % % kwh kwh Non-renewable kwh Renewable NON-RENEWABLE RENEWABLE

22 MATERIAL SUPPLY OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 0,090 0,080 0,070 Ozone Layer Depletion (kg CFC-11 eq) Åsbovägen, one house kg CFC-11 eq Photochemical Oxidation (kg C2H4 eq) Åsbovägen, one house kg C2H4 eq 0,060 0, , ,030 0, , ,000 Ozone layer depletion (ODP) Total 0,085 0 Photochemical oxidation Total 1021 Acidification (kg SO2 eq) Åsbovägen, one house Eutrophication (kg PO4 3- Åsbovägen, one house eq) 6000 kg SO2 eq 2500 kg PO4 3- eq Acidification Total Eutrophication Total 1951

23 MATERIAL SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION OF CO 2 EMISSIONS PER PHASE CO 2 emissions 43% 5% MATERIAL SUPPLY 0% 52%

24 MATERIAL SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND PER PHASE ENERGY DEMAND 72,0% MATERIAL SUPPLY 27,6% 0,4% 0,0% DISTRIBUTION OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY DEMAND PER PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEMAND PER PHASE 74,7% 75,0% 21,7% 24,6% MATERIAL SUPPLY 2,9% 0,7% MATERIAL SUPPLY 0,0% 0,4%

25 MATERIAL SUPPLY OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DISTRIBUTION OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION IMPACT PER PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION IMPACT PER PHASE 45% 51% 14% 7% MATERIAL SUPPLY 2% MATERIAL SUPPLY 1% 46% 34% DISTRIBUTION OF ACIDIFICATION DISTRIBUTION OF EUTROPHICATION IMPACT PER PHASE IMPACT PER PHASE 35% 32% 11% 7% MATERIAL SUPPLY 0% MATERIAL SUPPLY 0% 54% 61%

26 Åsbovägen 51 kwh/m 2 /year WHAT IF? BBR 2012 (Swedish Standard) 90 kwh/m 2 /year DISTRIBUTION OF CO 2 EMISSIONS PER PHASE 34,8% 4,5% 0,3% 1 400,0 ton CO 2 eq 5,3% 0,3% 60,4% 1 200,0 43,1% 1 000,0 51,2% 800,0 600,0 400,0 200,0 - ton CO2 eq Global warming (GWP100) ton CO2 eq Global warming (GWP100) 90 kwh/m2/year 51 kwh/m2/year Use Material supply Construction Maintenance

27 Åsbovägen 51 kwh/m 2 /year WHAT IF? BBR 2012 (Swedish Standard) 90 kwh/m 2 /year DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND PER PHASE 18,1% 1,2% 0,2% 35,00 30,00 GWh 74,9% 23,3% 1,5% 0,3% 80,5% 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 Use Material supply Construction Maintenance - GWh Total Energy Demand GWh Total Energy Demand 90 kwh/m2/year 51 kwh/m2/year

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29 MATERIAL SUPPLY CO 2 EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTORS WHICH PROCESSES ARE THE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS TO CO 2 EMISSIONS? QUESTION

30 MATERIAL SUPPLY CO 2 EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTORS MAIN CONTRIBUTING PROCESSES TO CO 2 EMISSIONS 13,4% 12,8% 10,2% TRANSPORT KLH MANUFACTURING 13,8% 5,7% 4,0% 2,4% STEEL MANUFACTURING CLINKER MANUFACTURING POLYSTYRENE MANUFACTURING ROCK WOOL MANUFACTURING GLASS MANUFACTURING OTHERS 37,8%

31 MATERIAL SUPPLY CEDAR SHINGLES QUESTION ARE THEY REALLY AN ENVIRONNMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCT?

32 MATERIAL SUPPLY CEDAR SHINGLES CO2 emissions during Supply of Cedar Shingles kg CO2 eq kg CO2 eq Global warming (GWP100) Transport, Road 206 Transport, Ocean 662 Cedar Shingle Manufacturing 895 Transport, Rail 2 573

33 MATERIAL SUPPLY CEDAR SHINGLES CO2 emissions from the supply of two facade materials kg CO2 eq Fibre Cement Tiles Cedar Shingles GWP100 kg CO2 eq

34 MATERIAL SUPPLY CO 2 EMISSIONS DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN ASSEMBLIES kg CO2 eq Global warming (GWP100) Roof Foundations Interior works Facades Structure

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36 MATERIAL SUPPLY EMISSIONS AND ENERGY DEMAND PER ELECTRICITY SOURCE MWh kg CO2 eq Fribo 5,7 kwh/m2/year Households 30 kwh/m2/year Central Heating 51 kwh/m2/year Non-renewable Renewable Fribo 5,7 kwh/m2/year Households 30 kwh/m2/year Central Heating 51 kwh/m2/year Global warming (GWP100)

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38 MATERIAL SUPPLY CO 2 emissions 2 500,0 Global Warming Potential (ton CO 2 eq) Design solution comparison 2 000,0 ton CO2 eq 1 500, ,0 500,0 - Global warming (GWP100) KLH 1 051,9 Concrete 1 931,3

39 MATERIAL SUPPLY ENERGY DEMAND MWh ENERGY DEMAND DESIGN SOLUTION COMPARISON KLH Concrete Renewable MWh Non-renewable MWh

40 MATERIAL SUPPLY OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Ozone Layer Depletion (kg CFC-11 eq) Design solution comparison 0,140 kg CFC-11 eq 0,120 0,100 0, , , , , ,0 Photochemical Oxidation (kg C2H4 eq) Design solution comparison kg C2H4 eq 1 000,0 0,060 0, ,0 600,0 400,0 0,020 0,000 Ozone layer depletion (ODP) KLH 0,085 Concrete 0, ,0 - Photochemical oxidation KLH 1 021,4 Concrete 1 835,7 Acidification (kg SO2 eq) Design solution comparison Eutrophication (kg PO4 3- eq) Design solution comparison 8 000, , ,0 kg SO2 eq 3 500,0 kg PO4 3- eq 6 000, , , , , , , , , , ,0 500,0 - Acidification KLH 5 336,3 Concrete 7 396,2 - Eutrophication KLH 1 950,6 Concrete 3 363,8

41 MATERIAL SUPPLY CO 2 EMISSIONS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT CONTRIBUTION TO CO 2 EMISSIONS TRANSPORT 7,4% 92,6% OTHERS

42 MATERIAL SUPPLY CO 2 EMISSIONS TRANSPORT CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO TRANSPORTATION kg CO2 eq KLH Concrete GWP kg CO2 eq

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44 FIGURES & FACTS -1 house of Åsbovägen: 1000 tons of CO 2 emitted -Building in wood in Fristad: More renewable energy than non-renewable -Use phase is predominant (50% in CO2, 70% in energy) -Better thermal performance: Increase of construction phase potential -Transport is the main contributing process to GWP -Concrete has 2x more emissions than CLT (in that case) -Transport emissions are less important for concrete but still 2x higher than for CLT

45 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS -Get a better understanding of the activity -Identify environmental and energetic hotspots -Make more informed decisions -Help in strategic planning -Marketing and communication valuable media

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