7th. Annual Berkeley BioEconomy Conference Berkeley, CA, USA, March, 2017

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7th. Annual Berkeley BioEconomy Conference Berkeley, CA, USA, 26-27 March, 2017 Prof. Dr. Hesham A.

1 7th. Annual Berkeley BioEconomy Conference Berkeley, CA, USA, March, 2017 Prof. Dr. Hesham A. El Enshasy Assistant Director for Bioproduct Research & Innovation Institute of Bioproduct Development Universiti Teknologi malaysia

2 Lecture Outlines Biorefinery (1 st. and 2 nd. Generation of Biorefinery) Cassava: The potential platform for BioEnergy Production Cassava plantation in African and Asian countries. Cassava Biorefinery Conclusions Institute of Bioproduct Development as Bioprocess Industrialization Hub.

5 Biorefinery concept Molasses (SCM, BM) Starch (MS, CS,PS, TS, SS, etc.) Lignocellulosic (Plant Res.; Baggase, Chemical Treatment Enzymatic Treatment Fermentable Sugar BioFactories (Yeast, Bacterial, Actino., Fungi) BioFuel Org. Acids Amino Acids BioPolymers Antibiotics Spec. Chem.

6 Industrial Platform (1 st. Generation) Pretreatment/Treatment Phases (washing, crushing, solid/liquid separation, chemical/heat treatment, etc ) Enz. treatment Fermentation + E Downstream Processing + E Product(s) Sugar conv. Enz. Invertase Gluc. Isomer Starch Deg. Enz. -amylase -amylase Glucoamylase

7 Industrial Platform (2 nd. Generation) Pretreatment/Treatment Phases (washing, crushing, solid/liquid separation, chemical/heat treatment, etc ) Enzymatic treatment Fermentation + E Downstream Processing + E Legnocellulases Cellulases Xylanases Lignin Peroxidases Product(s)

8 Main Biocatalysis in Biorefinery(2 nd. Generation) Enzyme groups Cellulose Enzymes involved in hydrolysis Endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase β-1, 4endoxylanase, β- xylosidase, α-l- arabinofuranosidase, α-glucuronidase, Hemicellulose Lignin Pectin acetyl xylan esterase Laccase, Manganese, Peroxidase, Lignin peroxidase Pectin methyl esterase, pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, rhamnogalacuronan lyase

9 Industrial Platform (2 nd. Generation) Challenges for 2 nd. Generation Biorefinery 1. Feedstocks are more complex and need many treatment steps. 2. Synergistic mix of different enzymes are usually required (no single enzyme treatment based on the complexity of the substrate). 3. High quantity of enzyme requirement 4. The produced reduced sugar may include some fermentation inhibitors

10 Feedstock Preparation Transformation into sugars Fermentation Distillation Sugar case Collection Milling and filtering Fermentation C6 Distillation Cereal case Feedstock cleaning Milling Liquefaction Cooking Saccharification Fermentation C6 Distillation Lignocellulosic Biomass case Conditioning Milling Termochemical Separation L/S hydrolysis Fermentation C5 Distillation 2nd Enzymatic Hydrolysis How much does 1 kg sugar cost? Fermentation C6

12 The current world map for Starch Feedstocks Sriroth and Piyachomkwan (2013), In Bioprocessing Technologies and Biorefinery for Sustainable production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers. (Ed. S.T. Yang, H.A. El Enshasy, N. Thongvhul), Wiley, USA

13 World Production and Applications of Sugar and Starch Crops Sriroth and Piyachomkwan (2013), In Bioprocessing Technologies and Biorefinery for Sustainable production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers. (Ed. S.T. Yang, H.A. El Enshasy, N. Thongvhul), Wiley, USA

14 Chemical Composition of Starch Crops Sriroth and Piyachomkwan (2013), In Bioprocessing Technologies and Biorefinery for Sustainable production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers. (Ed. S.T. Yang, H.A. El Enshasy, N. Thongvhul), Wiley, USA

15 Why Cassava? An Agroenvironment view 1. Cassava has one of the highest rates of CO 2 fixation and sucrose synthesis for any C3 plant. 2. Transgenic cassava was developed with starch yields up 2.6 times higher than normal plants by increasing the sink strength for carbohydrate in the crop (OSU group). 3. Well known to farmers from developing countries (plantation, harvesting, processing). 4. Grow in different soils, under wide range of cultivation conditions (temperature, humidity), can survive the harsh weather (climate change). 5. Low water and fertilizer requirements. 6. Resistance to plant pathogens / Minimal pest control management.

16 Why Cassava? Bioprocessing view 1. Biofuel production (ethanol/butanol) using starch as feedstock is well established and economically feasible process. 2. Cassava starch and other starch processing wastes (such as cassava bagasse, waste water from cassava plant) contain high concentration of fermentable sugars. 3. Availability of different genetically modified microbial strains which can use starch directly without any enzymatic treatment for ethanol and butanol production. 4. Availability of new and industrially proven and scalable bioprocess technologies for biofuel production using starch as feedstock such as (Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation, Mixed Culture System, etc )

17 Agricultural Practice and Agronomic Traits of Major Starch Crops Sriroth and Piyachomkwan (2013), In Bioprocessing Technologies and Biorefinery for Sustainable production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers. (Ed. S.T. Yang, H.A. El Enshasy, N. Thongvhul), Wiley, USA

18 Cassava: Crop Story

21 Top 10 Cassava Producing Countries

22 Top 10 Cassava Producing Countries Country Root Production (x1000 tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Fresh roots Dry Weight Fresh roots Dry Weight Nigeria Brazil Indonesia Thailand D.R. Congo Angola Ghana Vietnam India Mozambique Source: FAO 2012

23 Cassava Yield from Different Countries Cassava yield From 22 to 2 ton/ha!! Cassava yield in India reached 34 ton/ha

24 Source: FAO 2012 Cassava Yield of Top 10 Countries

25 Potential Cassava Plantation Area: African Scenario Almost half of African Continent is suitable for Cassava Plantation. Keeping in mind the robustness of this crop to climate change and less crop maintenance (fertilization and pest control)

26 Potential Cassava Plantation Area: African Scenario Country Senegal Burkina Faso Mali Kenya Tanzania Zambia Botswana Total area km² Arid region km² n/a n/a Arid region % 7,1 1, ,7 n/a n/a South Africa km² of arid region available and suitable % of arid region available and suitable n/a n/a n/a n/a Semi-arid region km² Semi-arid region % 49,5 53,1 19, ,6 21, ,8 km² semi-arid region available and suitable % semi-arid region available and suitable Arid & semi-arid km² Arid & semi-arid region % 56, ,8 78,7 33,6 21, ,8 km² arid & semi-arid available & suitable % arid & semi-arid available & suitable Comparative ranking of available & suitable Areas identified as available and suitable for bioenergy crop production in the eight case study countries: Competence Platform on Energy Crop and Agroforestry Systems for Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems- Africa (COMPETE),

27 Potential Cassava Plantation Area: Global Scenario

28 Whole Plant BioRefinery Concept Protein + Carbohydrates Lignocellulosic Material Starch

29 Cassava Bagasse Composition Component Percentage (%) Carbohydrates Protein Fermentable Sugars Lipids Fibers Ash Humidity 5-11

30 Domestic and Export portfolio of Cassava in Thailand Export 72% Export

31 Cassava Export Price (Thailand)

32 Thailand Export Market

33 Thailand Policy for Cassava plantation Major Production Policies in Thailand 1. Maintain Planted Area Gr = Increase Yield Source: Office of Agricultural Economics

34 Strategies to Improve Cassava BioEconomy 1. Increase Productivity (Increase yield, GAP, Strengthen farmer union) 2. Increase Product Value (maximal use of all plant parts, zero waste concept, fully integrated process). 3. Development of integrated biorefinery concept to develop product portfolio (Food/Feed/Biofuel/Chemicals) 4. Improving Supply Chain Management 5. More Efforts in Research and Development (for both upstream and downstream)

35 Cassava Products Portfolio

36 Current Utilization of Cassava Cassava Stem Pellet (LC M) (Pro 18-22% Leaf ) (St 44%) Root Chip (Pro 2%, St 50-60%) Flour&Starch Modified Starch ANIMAL FEED Poultry Pigs Cows FERMENTATION Et/But/Prop Organic acids Amino Acids Bioplastics Biobased-Chem FOOD Non-FOOD

37 Conclusions Cassava is potential feedstock for integrated biorefinery concept in tropical and subtropical region. The price of cassava is stable for many years and its expected to be reduced in the near future based on the future growth of cassava plantation and the increase of the current production yield. Cassava shows high potential as source of food/feed/biofuel/chemical with minimal or zero waste processing Cassava has high resistance for climate change and low water consumption. Thus, it is recommended to use it in certain percentage to overcome the possible crop loss based on climate change. The yield of cassava is highly fluctuated from one region to others. Thus, International cooperation is required to transfer the knowledge of cassava GAP to increase the plant production yield.

39 Advantage of Location - Johor state have the largest oil palm and cassava plantation in Malaysia - BioEconomy Malaysia (BiotechCorp Investment Policy), Jbiotech. - Located in Iskandar investment Zone, BioXcell, next door to Singapore - Connected with TH, ID, KH, VN with the largest port in South East Asia (Tanjung Pelepas)

Techno-Industrial Platform Design Traditional Universities Knowledge for Knowledge Sake - Teaching - Research - Service - Development Technology Development Institute - Industrial Research -

40 Techno-Industrial Platform Design Traditional Universities Knowledge for Knowledge Sake - Teaching - Research - Service - Development Technology Development Institute - Industrial Research - Commercialization of applied Research Biotech-Industry Management of Knowledge for Profit - Profit Oriented Organization - R&D based Industry Academic freedom: Open discourse Research Platform Techno-industrial Platform Confidentiality: Limited public disclosure Industrial Platform

41 From Research to Industry Developing the concept Testing the concept Industrializing the Concept R&D Pilot Plant Large Scale Production Discovery Scalability/profitability Money Making Scientific value Industrial value +ve Cash flow -ve Cash flow

42 1- Technology transfer hub for biotechnology companies: 1.1. Phase I: - Cell banking - Technology Evaluation - Process re-adaptation - Dissolve of non-process related issues - Process scaling up and industrialization - Contract Manufacturing for short time market penetration 1.2. Phase II: - Consultation during the design and building new facility (Basic Engineering, Project and process validation) - Human resource development and training of new staff 1.3. Phase III: - Master cell bank of the original strain - RTD centre for continuous process optimization

43 Microbial Processing Pilot Plant at IBD

44 IBD and EDUCATION Work as important component of the university education system through teaching and practicing the platform models and the art of technology integration Education tool for hand-on operation with industrial case study rather than teaching different subjects in segregated modes Students (starting from undergraduate level) work in industrial climate structure. This will improve their practical skills and they will easily integrated in the industrial society without lag time

45 IBD and BUSINESS Minimizing the risk of failure during technology transfer process RTD is the main assets of the BioTech based companies. This system supports the innovation based industry with minimal direct investment. Provide the high skilled human resource required for Biotech Industries as students from undergrad. level work in industrial projects and hired by the companies doing running of the project This type of platforms act as RTD hub and toll manufacturing facility for SME (full acting incubator) to help companies for market penetration before large investment in their own facility.

46 Released: July, 2013

Thailand Sugar Industry and Opportunities. 28 January 2016 Upsorn Pliansinchai Vice-President, Mitr Phol Innovation and Research center

Thailand Sugar Industry and Opportunities 28 January 2016 Upsorn Pliansinchai Vice-President, Mitr Phol Innovation and Research center Content 1 Overview Thailand Sugar Industry 2 3 Opportunities of Sugar