WRF Webcast. January 18, 2018

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1 WRF Webcast Optimizing Phosphorus-Based Chemicals for Lead and Copper and the Impact on Wastewater Plants January 18, 2018 No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.

2 WE&RF/WRF Integration Represents the evolution of water research o 1,200 subscribers o 2,300 research studies o $700M integrated research portfolio Launched January 1, 2018

3 WE&RF/WRF Integration A more interconnected research agenda Access to an expanded collection of water research Leverages funding Communicates more effectively with government partners Strengthens relationships with water partners Creates a model for collaboration across the water community

4 4586 Resource Access

5

6 Current and Upcoming LCR Projects Evaluation of Flushing to Reduce Lead Levels Corrosion of Non Leaded Pump Impeller Alloys Service Line Material Identification Techniques Evaluation of Electrical Resistance for Lead Pipe Detection Processes Controlling the Time for Orthophosphate to Achieve Effective Corrosion Control 2020 Full Lead Service Line Replacement Guidance

7 Related Research

8 Presenter Abigail Cantor, Process Research Solutions, LLC

9 Project #4586: Optimization of Phosphorus-Based Corrosion Control Chemicals Using a Comprehensive Perspective of Water Quality Principal Investigator: Abigail F. Cantor, P.E. Process Research Solutions, LLC Madison, Wisconsin No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.

10 Acknowledgements Water Research Foundation Water Environment & Reuse Foundation 8 water utility entities (12 water systems) State and Federal drinking water regulators Wastewater Treatment Plant Personnel Experts whose findings have been applied to Process Research Solutions investigative protocols Please read the acknowledgements in the report.

11 What is the effectiveness of orthophosphate addition and ph/alkalinity adjustment in actual water systems?

12 Typical Drinking Water Pipe

13 Typical Composition of Drinking Water Various chemical and microbiological components: Naturally occurring organic carbon compounds Naturally occurring microorganisms Nitrogen compounds Phosphorus compounds Carbonate compounds Hydroxide compounds Hydrogen compounds Sulfate compounds Chloride compounds Oxygen and oxygen compounds Iron compounds Manganese compounds Other metals and minerals from the environment

14 Typical Interactions Between the Pipe Walls and the Drinking Water Various chemical and microbiological components: Naturally occurring organic carbon compounds Naturally occurring microorganisms Nitrogen compounds Phosphorus compounds Carbonate compounds Hydroxide compounds Hydrogen compounds Sulfate compounds Chloride compounds Oxygen and oxygen compounds Iron compounds Manganese compounds Other metals and minerals from the environment See next diagram for a close up of pipe wall and drinking water interactions that shape water quality

15 The Shaping of Water Quality

16 Drinking Water Quality Problems That Can Occur and are Interrelated Various chemical and microbiological components: Naturally occurring organic carbon compounds Naturally occurring microorganisms Nitrogen compounds Phosphorus compounds Carbonate compounds Hydroxide compounds Hydrogen compounds Sulfate compounds Chloride compounds Oxygen and oxygen compounds Iron compounds Manganese compounds Other metals and minerals from the environment Drinking water quality problems that can occur and are interrelated: Lead release into water Copper release into water Iron release into water Other metals release into water Pathogenic microorganisms like E. Coli and Legionella Non-pathogenic microorganisms Disinfection by-product formation Smells Discolored water

17 A Comprehensive Perspective of Water Quality Various chemical and microbiological components: Naturally occurring organic carbon compounds Naturally occurring microorganisms Nitrogen compounds Phosphorus compounds Carbonate compounds Hydroxide compounds Hydrogen compounds Sulfate compounds Chloride compounds Oxygen and oxygen compounds Iron compounds Manganese compounds Other metals and minerals from the environment Drinking water quality problems that can occur and are interrelated: Lead release into water Copper release into water Iron release into water Other metals release into water Pathogenic microorganisms like E. Coli and Legionella Non-pathogenic microorganisms Disinfection by-product formation Smells Discolored water

18 Regulatory Perspective of Lead and Copper Release Carbonate compounds Lead Copper

19 Regulatory Solution to Lowering Lead and Copper Release-Option A Carbonate compounds Less release of: Lead Copper

20 Regulatory Solution to Lowering Lead and Copper Release- Option B Carbonate compounds Less release of: Lead Copper

21 Comprehensive Solution to Lead and Copper Release and Interrelated Issues

22 Every Water System is on a Water Quality Continuum

23 Testing Method: PRS Monitoring Station A water distribution system monitoring station that measures representative water quality that the consumer experiences. Similar to a Water Research Foundation pipe loop; would get similar results as using a pipe loop Many advantages to using the PRS Monitoring Station configuration: Cost Ease of use Lower incidence of leaks Uniform configuration and operation for comparisons of data Easy analysis of scales on internal metal plates for important insights

24 PRS Monitoring Station Test Chambers View of plates sitting inside open test chambers.

25 Results of System Hygiene Efforts- 90 th Percentile LCR Compliance Data for Lead Units = µg/l AL 15 Hygiene Efforts Begin

26 Results of System Hygiene Efforts- 90 th Percentile LCR Compliance Data for Copper Units = µg/l AL 1300 Hygiene Efforts Begin

27 Varying Dominance of Metal Releasing Factors PRS Monitoring Station Lead Test Chamber Data High lead release, quickly dropping over time as carbonates and oxides form on metal surfaces Particulate lead released by adsorption of existing lead compounds to entrained particulates of iron, manganese, and aluminum Carbonate and oxide formation continues Carbonates and oxides take on a lesser role as other factors become more significant. Here, two factors, nitrification cycles of lead release and particulate adsorption, were identified.

28 Categories of Factors Uniform Corrosion of Metals Biostability of Water Precipitation and Dissolution of Chemical Scales

29 Common Responses to the Comprehensive Perspective and Approach to Water Quality Control

30 The comprehensive perspective cannot be applied to all water systems : FALSE It is orthophosphate addition and ph/alkalinity adjustment that should not be applied to all water systems.

31 Orthophosphate Did Not Correspond to Lower Metals Release A = system with PO4 = Ave. conc. = Conc. variation

32 Carbonate Concentration Did Not Correspond to Metals Release

33 The comprehensive perspective cannot be applied to all water systems : FALSE It is orthophosphate addition and ph/alkalinity adjustment that should not be applied to all water systems. Comprehensive perspective More factors considered Seeks for control of both dissolved and particulate metals as there are different factors for each form

34 Dissolved Lead Correlations in Each Water System Parameter Water System A B C D E F G H1 H2 Alkalinity - ph + Chloride - Sulfate + Iron Manganese Aluminum + Nitrification + + Ammonia + Nitrate + Dissolved Organic Carbon - + Microbiological Population Total Phosphorus Orthophosphate = trended together; - = trended inversely

35 Dissolved Copper Correlations in Each Water System Parameter Water System A B C D E F G H1 H2 Alkalinity - ph - Chloride - Sulfate + Iron Manganese Aluminum - - Nitrification + + Ammonia + Nitrate + Dissolved Organic Carbon Microbiological Population Total Phosphorus Orthophosphate = trended together; - = trended inversely

36 Particulate Lead Correlations in Each Water System Parameter Water System A B C D E F G H1 H2 Alkalinity ph Chloride Sulfate Iron Manganese Aluminum Nitrification + Ammonia Nitrate Dissolved Organic Carbon Microbiological Population Total Phosphorus Orthophosphate - + = trended together; - = trended inversely

37 Particulate Copper Correlations in Each Water System Parameter Water System A B C D E F G H1 H2 Alkalinity ph Chloride Sulfate Iron Manganese Aluminum Nitrification + Ammonia Nitrate Dissolved Organic Carbon - Microbiological Population Total Phosphorus + Orthophosphate + = trended together; - = trended inversely

38 The comprehensive perspective cannot be applied to all water systems : FALSE It is orthophosphate addition and ph/alkalinity adjustment that should not be applied to all water systems. Comprehensive perspective More factors considered Seeks for control of both dissolved and particulate metals as there are different factors for each form Monitoring and data assessment should be a means of quality control and improvement of system operations

39 Monitoring and data assessment should be a means of quality control and improvement of system operations

40 The comprehensive perspective cannot be applied to all water systems : FALSE It is orthophosphate addition and ph/alkalinity adjustment that should not be applied to all water systems. Comprehensive perspective More factors considered Seeks for control of both dissolved and particulate metals as there are different factors for each form Monitoring and data assessment should be a means of quality control and improvement of system operations Cleaning and biostability attainment should be expected preventative maintenance of the system and infrastructure

41

42 The comprehensive perspective cannot be applied to all water systems : FALSE It is orthophosphate addition and ph/alkalinity adjustment that should not be applied to all water systems. Comprehensive perspective More factors considered Seeks for control of both dissolved and particulate metals as there are different factors for each form Monitoring and data assessment should be a means of quality control and improvement of system operations Cleaning and biostability attainment should be expected preventative maintenance of the system and infrastructure Can t lay down a passivating barrier on pipe walls until the walls are clean.

43 Pyromorphite (Intended Phosphate Compounds) Not Always Found on Metal Surfaces of PO4 Dosing Systems Table 8.6 Major Minerals on PRS Monitoring Station Lead Plates by X-Ray Diffraction Water System Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl A 100 B no phosphate dosing C 35 D none present E 67 (even though no phosphate dosing) F no phosphate dosing G Still running PRS Monitoring Station H none present Amounts are percent of largest x-ray diffraction peak for scale minerals

44 Can t lay down a passivating barrier on pipe walls until the walls are clean Lead Plates A mixture of cylindrical lead carbonate crystals, poorly developed phosphate crystal, and high carbon, oxygen, and iron. Copper Plates A mixture of copper, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen, and iron Courtesy of Dr. J. Barry Maynard Figure 8.3 Water System D Metal Plates: Phosphorus Bound to Amorphous Iron Compounds

45 This is Voodoo Science : FALSE This is empirical science. This graphic is on Wikipedia which is from a contributor, Gary Hammock, a mechanical engineer.

46 Many water systems have used orthophosphate or ph/alkalinity adjustment successfully. That many cases can t be wrong. : FALSE The ph/alkalinity adjustment or orthophosphate dosing is effective in specific water systems.

47 Many water systems have used orthophosphate or ph/alkalinity adjustment successfully. That many cases can t be wrong. : FALSE The ph/alkalinity adjustment or orthophosphate dosing is effective in specific water systems. The influencing water quality parameters can play a role in both chemical and microbiological interactions and the true reason that adjustment of the specific water quality parameters is effective for lowering lead and copper release has not been identified.

48 Many water systems have used orthophosphate or ph/alkalinity adjustment successfully. That many cases can t be wrong. : FALSE The ph/alkalinity adjustment or orthophosphate dosing is effective in specific water systems. The influencing water quality parameters can play a role in both chemical and microbiological interactions and the true reason that adjustment of the specific water quality parameters is effective for lowering lead and copper release has not been identified. Other water system operations, such as carrying out a high velocity flushing program or reduction in system residence time or better elimination of nutrients or filter cleaning, are occurring simultaneously to the presumed corrosion control strategy and are actually the real influencing factors on corrosion control.

49 Many water systems have used orthophosphate or ph/alkalinity adjustment successfully. That many cases can t be wrong. : FALSE The ph/alkalinity adjustment or orthophosphate dosing is effective in specific water systems. The influencing water quality parameters can play a role in both chemical and microbiological interactions and the true reason that adjustment of the specific water quality parameters is effective for lowering lead and copper release has not been identified. Other water system operations, such as carrying out a high velocity flushing program or reduction in system residence time or better elimination of nutrients or filter cleaning, are occurring simultaneously to the presumed corrosion control strategy and are actually the real influencing factors on corrosion control. Follow up sampling of the outcome of the corrosion control strategy is inadequate and not representative of the actual effectiveness.

50 Many water systems have used orthophosphate or ph/alkalinity adjustment successfully. That many cases can t be wrong. : FALSE In summary, it is difficult to uncover the true influencing factors on lead and copper release in a given system if comprehensive water quality parameters are not tracked and representative lead and copper release samples are not obtained and studied along with the water quality parameters.

51 Example 1 of Complicated Logic Uncovered with Comprehensive Method

52 Example 2 of Complicated Logic Uncovered with Comprehensive Method

53 Microorganisms only cause localized corrosion and it only shows up in particulate form. : FALSE There are many types of microorganisms and many metabolic pathways by which they contribute to metals corrosion in drinking water. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)is systemic as the chemicals produced by microorganisms increase and can be measured in the system water. Both dissolved and particulate metals can be produced by MIC depending on the significant metabolic pathways at work and the types of microorganisms involved.

54 Examples of MIC in this Project Water Systems A and B Systemic production of nitrates by microorganisms synchronized with systemic increase in organic carbon trending with dissolved lead release Water System F and E Pinhole leaks in copper pipe creating particulate copper Pinholes were localized under sections of biofilms However, pinholes were throughout the complete water system because the available and unavailable nutrients in the system environment were the same throughout

55 This report disputes some of the NDWAC recommendations and EPA proposals for LCR revisions. : TRUE Solubility models for lead don t reflect reality Solubility models for copper don t reflect reality Must deal with dissolved metals separately from particulate metal Orthophosphate and ph/alkalinity adjustment are not relevant to all Even when they are relevant, they don t guarantee protection for the consumer 4586 recommendations can be used for the framework for an LCR and a distribution system water quality rule. Example, monitoring turbidity and disinfection concentrations in a water system routinely are key.

56 Lead and Copper Release Control in Drinking Water Water System Hygiene Routinely Improve Infrastructure Removal of Lead and Galvanized Iron Service Lines Water Main Replacement Routine Uni-directional Flushing of Water Mains Other cleaning filters, storage tanks, etc. Biostability Improvement Source water Filters and Wells!!! Tanks Distribution system (continued)

57 Lead and Copper Release Control in Drinking Water Do not use solubility model for lead or copper Ongoing desktop study of water system stats Routine turbidity and disinfection concentration tracking in distribution system Study of problematic buildings Routinely gauge lead and copper release Consider orthophosphate in specific cases Do not assume complete protection Must perform cleaning and biostability in order for ortho to work properly Do not use polyphosphate Use adequate dosage Need environmental impact analysis of phosphorus on WWTP and environment

58 The Fate of Orthophosphate after the Drinking Water System

59 Phosphorus Removal at Wastewater Treatment Plants Chemical precipitation Typical up to about 90% phosphorus removal Results in costs of additional chemical and costs of handling and disposing of additional sludge Biological removal For higher % phosphorus removal Requires larger wastewater tank for larger anaerobic zone and more energy Combination For the highest % phosphorus removal with optimized operations and costs

60 Information Needed for Municipal PO4 Impact Assessment WWTP Parameters Influent wastewater flow Influent phosphorus mass Effluent wastewater flow Effluent phosphorus mass Phosphorus mass removal % phosphorus removal $/pound iron for phosphorus removal Pounds iron per pound phosphorus removed Current phosphorus discharge limit Future phosphorus discharge limit Drinking Water Parameters Drinking water pumpage Dosage of orthophosphate used and confirmed with measurement % polyphosphate in orthophosphate product used Estimates How much of the drinking water arrives at WWTP? % of drinking water pumpage used for landscaping % of drinking water pumpage used for cooling water Infiltration and inflow into wastewater system

61 Wastewater Treatment Plant Chemical Cost Calculations % current influent wastewater phosphorus mass that is from municipal phosphate addition % future influent wastewater phosphorus mass that is from municipal phosphate addition if dosage or product changed Cost of additional chemical usage Whether current and future phosphorus discharge limits are met under current and future conditions

62 Wastewater Treatment Plant Other Cost Calculations Needed Wastewater tank volume changes Sludge storage tank volume changes Labor Energy use Sludge storage operations Sludge processing operations Sludge disposal operations

63 Be careful stating orthophosphate dosing Drinking water measurements typically in field and can only measure orthophosphate concentration Measurements are stated as mg/l as PO4 Wastewater personnel use total phosphorus coming into plant in units of mg/l as P Because of the presence of polyphosphate in many drinking water products, TP > PO4 Sometimes other polyphosphate and total phosphorus are used with units of mg/l as PO4

64 To Keep Dosing and Units Clear: State the component that was measured Orthophosphate Polyphosphate Total phosphorus State the units of the measurement mg/l as PO4 mg/l as P Convert components to the same units for calculations but continue to state component and units clearly

65 Polyphosphate Impacts of WWTP Polyphosphate does not add to corrosion control in drinking water Polyphosphate adds to the total phosphorus that the wastewater treatment plant receives and the costs of removal Get more corrosion control bang for your buck by eliminating polyphosphate from the corrosion control product See Utility C

66 Summary of WWTP Impacts of Phosphate Dosing Depends on: Drinking water pumpage landscaping use cooling water use versus influent wastewater flow Efficiency of phosphorus removal at WWTP Stringency of phosphorus limits

67 Factor for Environmental and Socioeconomic Costs for Triple Bottom Line Phosphorus also in landscaping water and cooling water going directly to natural bodies of water. Use the phosphorus discharge limit set by the state agency Environmental impact in the natural body of water Community use of the natural body of water

68 More details in the final report for project #4586. Many nuances of drinking water systems and wastewater treatment plants Read the executive summary Read the conclusions Read the recommendations For more details or to carry out the recommendations, read the individual relevant chapters

69 This report challenged common understandings of lead and copper corrosion control. The goal of the project was not to tear down institutional concepts, but to build up a larger perspective: to look at lead and copper release more comprehensively, to treat the problems and not the symptoms, and to add more tools to the toolbox.

70 Questions? No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.

71 Thank you Comments or questions, please contact: For more information visit: No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.

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