Preserving Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, Israel) as a strategic water resource in a changing climate
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1 Preserving Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, Israel) as a strategic water resource in a changing climate Dr. Doron Markel Water Authority of Israel doronm10@water.gov.il Acknowledgment: Prof. Sharon Megdal Mr. Conrad Plimpton
2 Topics n The Water System of Israel n Lake Kinneret as a Major Water Resource n Climate Change Consequences. n Lake-Watershed Management n Climate Change Adaptive Management
3 (0.96) 1180 Total Supply 1500 MCM/y (Until 1980) 1.2 MAF/y Water Resources of Israel Western Galilee and Karmel Cost 139 Costal Aquifer Mountain Aquifer Kinneret Basin 550 Eastern Basins 130 Negev and Arava The Climate Change is here! 65
4 Annual Consumption in Israel Industry 100 MCM 5% Potable 450 MCM Domestic 750 MCM 37.5% Total: 2,000 MCM/y (1.6 MAF/y) Agriculture 1,150 MCM 57.5% Recycled + Brackish 700 MCM
5
6 Sea Water Desalination in Israel Hadera (130) 2009 Sore (150) k 2013 Ashdod(90) Palmachim (90) 2015 Ashkelon (120) Overall in 2017 = 580 MCM/Y (0.47 MAF/y) 6
7 Sea Water Desalination in Israel Hadera (130) 2009 Sore k (150) 2013 Ashdod (90) Palmachim (90) 2015 Ashkelon (120) Overall in 2017 = 580 MCM/Y 7 Potential capacity = 650 MCM/y
8 Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) Lake Kinneret and its Watershed The only freshwater lake in Israel. Lake Kinneret Lake Kinneret Watershed Jordan River The lowest in the world. Supplies 20% of Israel s potable water Lake Area: 167 km 2 Lake Max Depth: 44 m Lake Max Volume: 4.3 x m 3 Average Salinity: 280 mg/l Cl Stratification: Monomictic Watershed Area: 2730 km 2 Main Landuse: Agriculture Main Water inflow: Jordan River 70%
9
10 Point Pollutant Sources Sewage overflow Fish ponds overflow Dairy farm drainage Fuel stations Army Bases Non Point Sources Agricultural drainage open Grazing areas Lake Kinneret Watershed Area: 2730 km 2 Country: 75% in Israel, 25% in Lebanon Rain fall: mm/y Main River: Jordan River, 400 MCM/Y Residents: 220,000 Settlements:180 Cities: 4 Primary Use: Agriculture The Main Pollutants Nutrients: N & P Fecal Coli Pesticides & Herb. Oil and Fuel residues Salt
11 Lake Kinneret Uses Water Supply the primary use according to Israeli Water Law National carrier - length section Eshkol Reservoir Central Israel National Water Carrier Since 1964 Lake Kinneret
12 Lake Kinneret Uses Recreation and Tourism
13 Lake Kinneret Uses Commercial Fishery 1000 ton annual yield
14 Lake Kinneret as a Major Water Resource National Long Term Water Masterplan Total Av. Inflow 530 (10 6 m 3 /y) Lake Kinneret Will continue to serve as a strategic water resource for Israel, desalination will enable flexible water supply Evaporation Local Cons. K. Of Jordan NWC
15 Net Inflow to Lake Kinneret (Available Water) Available Water (10 6 m 3 yr -1 ) MCM/y 416 Increase in water use 1176 Decrease in precipitation Overall decrease MCM/y 170 MCM/y 200 MCM/y MCM/y Source: The Hydrological Service, Israeli Water Authority
16 Lake Kinneret Water Level Changes A Balance of the net inflow and operational outflow Red lines, drought periods and recommended green line -208 Lake Kinneret Water Level Water Level (m ASL) Source: The Hydrological Service, Israeli Water Authority
17 Lake Kinneret Salinization Process West Eastern Galilee Deriving Mechanism (Gvirzman, 1999) Saline Lake Springs Kinneret Golan Height East Cl Conc (mg/l) Cl (mg/l) Salinity of Lake Brine Kinneret Lake Kinneret Salinity Cl Concentration Model Calculated
18 Lake Kinneret Water Quality - Salinity Cl (mg/l) Cl Conc (mg/l) Salinity of Lake Kinneret Lake Kinneret Salinity Cl Concentration Model Calculated
19 Lake Kinneret Water Quality -Cyanobacteria 80 Cyano Biomass in Lake Kinneret Cyano gr w.w. / m 2 ) Lake Kinneret 2001 Photo by Assaf Sukenik Lake Kinneret Feb 2016 Landsat 8 Lake Erie October 2011, August 2014 Microcystin
20 Climatic Change foreseen According to: Rimmer et al., 2011 Evans et al., 2012 Givati and Rosenfeld, 2013 Planning Scenario Table Year Av. Available Water : Av. Available Water: Climate Change only Total impact Precipitation trend (mm/year) Evaporation trend (Mm3 year-1) 3-1 Inflows trend (Mm year ) -1 Solute Inflows trend (Ton year ) EchamRegCM HadleyMM EchamMM5 JMA Model Ensemble
21 Salinity Prediction Model 30 years run Inflow 490 MCM/y Evap. 240 MCM/y Net Infl. 250 MCM/y 500 Current salt removal Salinity (ppm Cl-) Predicted salinity Salinity+Errors Salinity-Errors Date 500 Future Available Water of 250 MCM/y - Salinity will be restraint Salinity (ppm Cl-) 450 Enhanced salt removal Predicted salinity Salinity+Errors Salinity-Errors Date Source: Dr. Alon Rimmer, Lake Kinneret Lab
22 Salinity Prediction Model 30 years run Inflow 440 MCM/y Evap. 240 MCM/y Net Infl. 200 MCM/y 500 Current salt removal Salinity (ppm Cl-) Predicted salinity Salinity+Errors Salinity-Errors Date Future Available Water of 200 MCM/y - Salinity will NOT be restraint 500 Enhanced salt removal Salinity (ppm Cl-) Predicted salinity Salinity+Errors Salinity-Errors Date Source: Dr. Alon Rimmer, Lake Kinneret Lab
23 Ecological Prediction Model 25 years run Relative Cyanobacteria Compare to Current Net Inflows: Inflow Different Net 1 Lake ecological model Future Available Water of below 200 MCM/y sever algal blooms DYRESM Source: Dr. Gideon Gal, Lake Kinneret Lab
24 Challenge and solution: Lake - Watershed Management Management Decision Organizational Setup Management Committee Recommendation Data Interpretation Lake Management Monitoring Supervising / enforcing Watershed Management Source: Markel, 2014 Markel et al., 2014 Lake Kinneret Watershed
25 Watershed data & model Integrated Lake-Watershed Management Based on data, Supported by models Lake data & model Source: Markel, 2014 Markel et al., 2014 Markel et al., 2006 Lake Management DYR ESM Watershed Management Winter-Spring Summer-Fall Water Quality Index 1-Jan, 2-Feb, 2 3-Mar, 3 4-Apr, 4 5-May, 5 6-Jun 6 7-Jul, 8-Aug, 8 9-Sep, 9 10-Oct, 11-Nov, 12-Dec Chloride, mg L Total suspended solids, mg L Turbidity, NTU Total phosphorus, µg L Total nitrogen, mg L Chlorophyll, µg L Primary production, gc m - 2 d Cyanobacteria, % of total Fecal coliforms, No L Water Quality Rating Acceptable Acceptable th-90th ( ) & 25th-75th ( ) percentiles of values during
26 Lake Water Level Management: Between the Red lines and a constant minimum (Green Line)
27 What is low water exchange? Available Water (10 6 m 3 yr -1 ) Decrease of water inflows Continuous precipitation shortage 3 Decrease in water level Water Level (m ASL) Lake Kinneret Water Level Cyano Biomass in Lake Kinneret 4 Decrease in water pumped from the lake 5 6 Saline Springs continue to charge into the lake Cyano gr w.w. / m 2 ) Longer residence time increase salinity and cyanobacteria
28 Enhanced salt removal Salinity Control Eastern Galilee Drills Salinity (ppm Cl - ) Predicted salinity 200 Salinity+Errors Salinity-Errors Date Capturing & Diverting Submarine Spring Bypassing Conveyance
29 n Lake Management: Lake-Watershed Management n n Fishery Management Costal Management n Watershed Management: n n n Sewage reuse for irrigation Removal of any fecal source (N/P) Treating also diffuse pollution sources
30 Lake Fishery Regulation l l l Stocking of St. Peter s fish and Grey Mullet Extracting excess Sardines from the lake. Preventing overfishing and Illegal fishing.
31 Coastal Management Keeping the precautionary principal by: l Removing Coastal vegetation only under permit. Using permitted machines to reduce soil destruction. Halukim-Lavnon Beach, July Photographed by: Doron Markel
32 Watershed Manag.: Sewage Raw Sewage Treatment Plant 100% removal Treated Sewage Irrigation Reservoirs
33 Watershed Manag.: Dairy Farms 1. Winter Roofing 2. Liquid manure to treatment plants 3. Solid manure to compost production
34 Watershed Manag.: The Hula Project Since 1994 a reflooded Wetland was constructed, rehabilitates the peat soil and prevents nutrients discharge to Lake Kinneret. The Hula Lake and Marsh was drained in the 1950s, the dried peat suffered from natural combustion and discharged nutrient to Lake Kinneret Historic Hula Lake and Marsh
35 Hula 10 Increasing Inflow to Lake Kinneret Hula 7 Hula 11 Horshat Tal 1 Hermonit 1 Importing Outsource water to Kinneret Basin Gomme 2 Supply from Lake Kinneret to the Galilee Limiting Agricultural Consumption Shamir Wells Artesian Wells Existed Wells Planned Wells Supply from Lake Kinneret to the Golan Height Enhancing water exchange in the lake by: Adding MCM/y in the short term Adding MCM/y in the long term
36 Reversing the direction of the NWC SW National Water Carrier - length section NE 36
37 Summary n Lake Kinneret - an important Israeli water resource, a strategic one. n Water inflow has decreased (climate change), lower in the future. n n Low water exchange - endangering W.Q. (salinity,cyanobacteria). The management plan based on data and models includes: n Stabilizing Water Level fluctuations. n Increasing removal of saline inflows. n Enhancing lake fishery and costal management. n prevention pollution in the watershed, increasing N/P. n Increasing water inflow by various means, including reversing the NWC northward.
38 Summary n n n n Lake Kinneret is an important water resource in Israel and must remain a strategic one. Water inflow to Lake Kinneret decreases due to climatic change, and might be even much lower in the future. Operation of the lake with low inflow amount even if the water level was stable (low water exchange) might lead to increase salinity and cyanobacteria blooms. Therefore the enhanced management plan includes: n n n n Increased removal of saline inflows. Enhanced lake fishery and costal management. Intensified prevention of pollution in the watershed. Increase water inflow and water exchange by various means.
39 Summary l Integrated Lake - Watershed Management is needed in order to preserve the water quality and the ecological balance of Lake Kinneret. l Management should be based on Monitoring, data and models, which enable knowledge and understanding the complexity of the system. l Different Lake and watershed management activities are implemented in Lake Kinneret, allowing the preservation of the lake as a major water resource, despite the hydrological constrains.
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