4 Onsite Sewage Systems

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1 4 Onsite Sewage Systems The term onsite system refers to any system which is used to store, treat and dispose of liquid waste at the premises where the waste is generated. Many households and industries have onsite systems. Properties will have onsite systems for a number of reasons, these include: the property is too far away from a sewer main to be able to connect to the centralised municipal sewage system the property owners want to manage their own waste, rather than discharge to the sewer the waste generated is not able to be discharged to either the sewer or the environment these are generally commercial or industrial wastes. In this section, we will look at onsite systems that are designed to deal with normal domestic sewage (that is, not commercial or industrial liquid wastes, which are dealt with in the next chapter). The NSW Department of Local Government s Septic Safe Program estimates that in NSW alone there are 290,000 onsite sewage management systems and that around 70% of those are failing to meet the necessary environmental protection and human health outcomes. 4.1 Inputs to onsite sewage systems The inputs to onsite sewage management systems are essentially the same as the inputs to the normal, centralised sewage system. That is, the water from the laundry, kitchen and bathroom. However, when we discuss onsite systems, we often use the following terms: greywater this is the waste water from the laundry, the kitchen, bath/shower and hand basin (everything except the toilet) blackwater this is the waste from the toilet. The reason that this distinction is made, is that although many systems treat both grey and black water together, it is also possible to treat them separately. Greywater has significant reuse potential for garden watering, toilet flushing and clothes washing, provided that it is correctly managed. Note that greywater can contain pathogens and high nutrient loads depending on the inputs from the laundry and kitchen (for example, nappy washing, food disposal). As you might imagine from previous chapters, onsite systems for treating sewage depend on bacteria to treat the sewage. They are biological systems. For this reason, many household cleaning products are damaging to these systems. It is generally recommended that cleaning of toilets and sinks leading to onsite systems only be achieved by abrasion or by the use of bicarb and vinegar. Products containing bleach are especially damaging. Onsite systems can also experience difficulties due to inputs from the medications taken by the people in the household. Anti-biotics pass through the human body and can damage the onsite system bacterial population. Many cancer treatments can also have an effect. The reasons for systems failing is more fully discussed later in this chapter. 4.2 Site specific factors The objectives of an onsite system are to: protect public health by preventing the spread of disease or vermin protect surface and ground waters from pollution use soils sustainably that means, maintaining their capacity to assimilate nutrients, dissolved salts, bacteria.

2 prevent odours keep wastewater wholly within the property boundary. Whether or not these objectives are achieved will largely depend on how well the site constraints are taken into consideration during the system selection or design phase. For many years, a septic tank with an absorption trench was the main option no matter whether or not the site soils were suited to that type of system. For example, there are many sites for which a septic tank with an absorption trench is simply not a suitable system. This is one of the reasons why so many systems are currently failing (they should never have been put where they are). For these reasons, site specific information which identifies location and soil factors needs to be taken into account when choosing or designing a system. This information includes: soil type soil depth location of groundwater and surface waters slope and topography of the site whether electricity is available boundaries with neighbours whether there is room for the effluent disposal area. In addition, there is information on the household that needs to be considered how many people are likely to live in the house and whether or not the house is on mains water (people with their own tank water tend to use much less than those who have mains water). The amount of water being used inside the house determines how much water the onsite system/s will be required to treat. The site constraints will often dictate which types of systems can be used at a particular site. 4.3 Types of systems Just as no two sewage treatment plants are the same, there is a large variety of onsite systems, some are home made (often greywater systems), specifically designed for a particular site or purchased from a company. New systems are frequently being developed. Onsite systems can broadly be divided into the following categories: septic tanks these are by far the most common onsite system currently in use aerated wastewater treatment systems (AWTS) these systems are like mini sewage treatment plants and are more common for new houses composting toilets these can be waterless or include water pump out systems tanks which store the wastewater until it is pumped out and taken to a sewage treatment plant other systems for specific application include chemical toilets and are not discussed here. It is important to remember that these systems store the wastewater, treat the wastewater and also dispose of the wastewater (with the exception of pump out systems which only store the wastewater). There is a tendency to focus on the treatment side, however, for onsite systems, the disposal side is equally important and is often a component of system failure. SEPTIC SYSTEMS Septic tanks are one of the simplest types of sewage treatment. They require no electricity to run, have no moving parts which could break down and are very effective provided that they are well managed and installed on a site which is suitable (see 4.2 Site Constraints). 4.2

3 The septic tank is a large tank, often buried in the ground. It treats the sewage anaerobically and then discharges the effluent, usually by gravity, to an absorption trench (most commonly), a transpiration bed or an earth mound. This is very important. The effluent leaving the tank still contains nutrients and pathogens and the land/soil based part of the system is part of the treatment, see Figure 4.1. This is why the type of soil on the site is so important. Inside a healthy septic tank there should be a layer of scum which is higher than the inlet and outlet pipes, as shown in Figure 4.2. This scum layer indicates a healthy bacterial population. It also reduces the amount of oxygen entering the effluent (remember this is an anaerobic process) and helps to prevent odours from escaping. The sewage enters the tank under the scum layer and two processes occur settling and anaerobic digestion. The settling forms the sludge layer at the bottom of the tank. The size of the tank will determine how long the wastewater stays in the tank. A minimum of 24 hours retention time should be achieved and will depend on how much water is being put through the system. This is a natural process that occurs of its own accord once the tank is operational. Figure 4.1: Septic tank configured with soil disposal area Figure 4.2: Internal operation of a septic tank 4.3

4 Over time, the sludge layer becomes thicker, reducing the amount of space for the water layer this effectively reduces the tank capacity, which in turn reduces the amount of time that wastewater stays in the tank. Less time in the tank means less treatment. This is why septic tanks need to be checked regularly de-sludged when required. The effluent from the tank needs to be discharged to the soil where nutrients can be assimilated (and kept away from ground and surface water) and pathogens can die without coming into contact with people, see Figure 4.1. In some ways, you could consider the septic tank as pre-treatment for the soil disposal area. Imagine disposing of the raw sewage into the soil for starters it would smell but the other important issue is that the soil would clog up very quickly. The septic tank removes solids by settling and also allows bacteria to break down the carbon in the sewage. This effectively reduces the carbon (BOD) and combined with settling, should result in a relatively clear effluent entering the soil disposal area. This means that the disposal area will last much longer. If the tank has not been maintained well, then solids from the sludge layer can build up and start to enter the soil disposal area, resulting in clogging. Regular maintenance of the tank extends the lifetime of the soil disposal area. There are several methods for disposing of effluent to the soil, and each depends on the capacity of the soil type to assimilate nutrients as well as the location of the disposal area in relation to natural waters and neighbours. Absorption trenches were the most common type of soil disposal method used. Drainage and pipes are installed below the surface and the effluent is absorbed by the surrounding soil. Soils do have some capacity to trap nutrients and surrounding plants often take up the nutrients. Provided that the effluent does not come into contact with humans or waterways, then the pathogens will die off in the soil before they can cause contagion. These trenches are not suitable near creeks, neighbours, where the groundwater table is shallow or where the soils are particularly sandy, rocky or heavy clays. Transpiration beds (also called evapotransporation beds) are slightly different. They include a barrier between the ground and the bed so that the effluent cannot escape to the soil. The beds contain gravel and soil and often have reeds or turf growing on top. The effluent is disposed of through evaporation and transpiration by the plants. The plants should be regularly mown or cut to help remove nutrients. Variations on this theme can include earth mounds, sand beds and wetland systems of reed beds. These systems rely on the plants and evaporation to dispose of the effluent. Wet weather can reduce the effectiveness of the disposal fields. AERATED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS An aerated wastewater treatment system (AWTS) is a much more sophisticated method for treating household sewage than the septic tank. The aim of the AWTS is to treat the effluent to a level that is suitable for irrigation (either by drip or spray). To achieve this, the wastewater undergoes a number of processes, as shown in Figure 4.3. From House Septic tank (anaerobic Aeration Settling & Disinfection Irrigation area Figure 4.3: Schematic of an aerated wastewater treatment system. An AWTS is basically a septic tank, followed by a secondary treatment process (an aeration tank and settling) and then disinfection almost like a mini sewage treatment plant. Most AWTSs are a single cylindrical tank built into the ground with different chambers for each of the different processes. Some may have separate tanks. The wastewater leaves the house and undergoes an anaerobic process in the first chamber. It then enters an aeration tank where air is bubbled through to encourage aerobic breakdown. The effluent is then allowed to settle 4.4

5 and is disinfected with either chlorine tablets or UV radiation prior to discharge to the irrigation area. AWTSs need regular maintenance. The disinfection system, the pumps and aeration devices and the sludge levels all need to be checked several times a year. COMPOSTING TOILETS Composting toilets can be either wet or dry systems. Dry systems take only toilet wastes (no water is used in flushing) and aim to provide the right conditions (moisture and temperature) for bacteria to break down the wastes. These systems rely on the ratio of carbon and nitrogen being right, so it is often necessary to add carbon sources such as wood chips to the system to encourage bacterial growth. Wet systems can be used for flush toilets and can also be designed to take grey water and kitchen scraps. Some of these systems also use worms to breakdown the wastes. There are a large number of proprietary systems on the market. The primary issue is ensuring that conditions are right for the bacteria this often means regulating temperature, air flow, moisture content, the carbon-nitrogen ratio and ensuring inappropriate wastes are not put into the system. The end product from composting toilets is a compost which can be buried onsite. Sites which have dry composting toilets also need a system for managing grey water. GREYWATER SYSTEMS There are two broad methods for managing grey water disposal and reuse. There are no set systems or methods for greywater disposal or use. Most households with onsite systems put their greywater through the onsite sewage system. Greywater reuse can be as simple as using a bucket to take water from your bath or laundry to your lawn or as complex as an AWTS system which then pumps the water back through your house for toilet flushing, clothes washing and garden watering. Many households have simple diversion devices which take the rinse water from the washing machine and put it on the garden. Some use a combination of sand filters and reed beds before irrigating the garden. While there are many obvious benefits of reusing greywater, care needs to be taken to ensure that human health and the environment are protected. For example, many bath and laundry products contain sodium which makes clay soils sodic and impacts plant growth and the ability of the soil to absorb water. Even relatively safe laundry or bath water contain nutrients which could pollute groundwater tables if allowed to enter the soil in areas where the groundwater is easily accessible. The NSW Health Department has guidelines for the reuse of greywater. Safety There are significant risks associated with inspecting and maintaining an onsite system. While these vary depending on the type of system the following precautions should be followed: flammable and toxic gases can build up inside systems chambers - always allow time for ventilation once the inspection hatch is opened and never smoke or use an open flame nearby it is recommended that people work in pairs, not alone, when inspecting or maintaining a system sewage systems can contain pathogenic organisms wear gloves and wash hands after inspecting or maintaining the system. 4.5

6 4.3 System Failure Onsite systems regularly fail. There are a number of reasons for this, but they often come back to the fact that these systems need to be actively managed by the householder and that many householders do not understand how their system works, what maintenance is required and the limitations of the system. Some of the reasons that systems fail include: the tanks are not big enough for the amount of wastewater that needs to be treated (perhaps because more people are now living in the house, or mains water has recently been connected so the household is less conservative with water) too much wastewater is generated at once (compare doing all your washing on one day rather than a small load every day) the systems is not regularly maintained septic tanks need to be de-sludged every few years, AWTSs should be serviced several times a year, composting toilets need to be emptied and pump outs need to be pumped out before they overflow the system is not suited to the site constraints and has been designed or positioned incorrectly for example, a septic tank with an absorption trench is not suited to areas with shallow soils, sandy soils, near creeks or where the groundwater is close to the surface as in Tilligerry Creek in the Port Stephens Council area. 4.4 Regulation of onsite systems Regulation of onsite sewage systems in NSW is covered by the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 water pollution provisions and also by the Local Government Act All new onsite systems need the approval of the local council and all existing systems need to be registered with the local council. The local council issues an approval to operate a system of sewage management to the household. Under this system, each system is classified as high, medium or low risk and council inspections are arrange according to the classification. 4.5 Further information NSW Department of Local Government Septic Safe Program The easy septic guide published by NSW Department of Local Government 2000 Onsite Sewage Management for Single Households Environmental and Health Protection Guidelines NSW Department of Local Government 2000 NSW Department of Health has the following guidelines for accrediting systems: Septic Tank and Collection Well Accreditation Guideline December 2001 Sewage Management Facility, Sewage Treatment Accreditation Guideline (incorporating AWTS and Sand Filters), May 2005 Waterless Composting Toilet Accreditation Guideline, May 2005 Greywater Reuse in Single Domestic Premises April 2000 Domestic Greywater Treatment Systems Accreditation Guidelines Feb 2005 AS/NZS 1547:2000 Onsite domestic wastewater Management AS/NZS :1998 Onsite domestic wastewater treatment units septic tanks AS/NZS :2001 Onsite domestic wastewater treatment units waterless composting toilets AS/NZS :2001 Onsite domestic wastewater treatment units Aerated wastewater treatment systems 4.6

7 Revision Questions 1. What is meant by the terms blackwater and greywater? 2. Indicate on the following table, which types of onsite treatment are suitable for blackwater and/or greywater Blackwater Greywater Septic tanks Aerated Wastewater Treatment Systems Composting (waterless) toilets Greywater reuse systems 3. Some houses that are not connected to the sewer are also not connected to mains water. However, some houses that are not connected to the sewer do have mains water connections. Which of these two situations do you think would be more likely to lead to the failure of an on-site sewage system? Why? 4.7

8 4. How does a septic tank work? 5. How does an aerated wastewater treatment systems (AWTS) work? 4.8

9 6. Describe physical attributes of sites which would influence which of the following types of system would be able to be used (or not used): septic tank AWTS composting toilet in conjunction with a greywater reuse system. 4.9

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