Module 6. Life Cycle Assessment

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1 Module 6. Life Cycle Assessment NSF Summer Institute on Nano Mechanics and : A Short Course on Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, and Green Manufacturing for Creating Sustainable Technologies June 20-24, 2005 David R. Shonnard Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Michigan Technological University 1 Module 6 Overview: Life Cycle Assessment (chapter 13) Introduction to life cycle assessment Goal and scope definition Life cycle inventory. Life cycle impact assessment A simple LCA of two light bulb systems An industrial application from BASF 2

2 Motivation for Life Cycle Assessment Reduce environmental impacts of products over their life cycle. Acquire an understanding of an entire product system Conserve resources and ecosystems Develop and apply clean technologies Optimize recycle of materials and waste Identify the best pollution abatement or prevention techniques 3 Uses of Life Cycle Assessment Decision-making in industry and government» Strategic planning, investments, product/process design Marketing» Environmental claim, ecolabeling Communication with stakeholders» Shareholders, regulatory agencies, policy makers Research and Development» Early evaluations of projects, periodic re-evaluations 4

3 Overview of Life Cycle Assessment D.T. Allen, University of Texas Austin Life Cycle Assessment: Lesson 1 5 Life cycle stages of a product D.T. Allen, University of Texas Austin Life Cycle Assessment: Lesson 1 6

4 International standards for Life Cycle Assessment International Organization for Standardization» ISO 14040: Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework» ISO 14041: Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis» ISO 14042: Life cycle impact assessment» ISO 14043: Life cycle interpretation 7 ISO Principles and framework ISO 14040» Key features of the LCA methodology Scope must be from cradle to grave for products LCA studies should be transparent Specific requirements for comparative assertions» Definition of a functional unit» Goal and scope of the study Goal: intended application, audience, reasons for the study Scope: product system, types of impacts, data quality 8

5 Functional unit Functional Unit examples» Paper grocery bag versus plastic (polyethylene) bag What is the function? - Carrying groceries How many bags are needed to carry a given amt. of groceries? Equivalence: 2:1 ± 1, plastic bags to paper bag.» Coating systems comparison What is the function? surface protection, appearance What quantity of coating is needed to cover 1000 wooden doors? 9 Functional unit (cont.) Functional Unit examples» Mineral water packaging (PET/glass bottles; aluminum cans) What is the function? containment for a beverage product How many bottles/pkgs. are needed for a 1000 liters?» Incandescent versus fluorescent lamps What is the function? lighting of a space How many lamps and of what wattage are equivalent? 10

6 Scope of the study System boundaries lighting system comparison Allen and Shonnard, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall, System boundaries (Hg emissions) D.T. Allen, University of Texas Austin Product Life Cycle Assessment 12

7 Scope of the study System boundaries - entire life cycle for electricity Most of the Hg Is released Allen and Shonnard, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall, System boundaries - entire life cycle for electricity Incandescent lights release 4 10 times more mercury to the environment than fluorescent lamps when the entire life cycle is considered. US household lighting requirements consume about 3% of total US electricity sales to all sectors (total sales is 12 quadrillion BTU/yr, page 219 of Annual Review 2002, Information Agency, US Department of ). What is savings potential? 14

8 2-minute exercise Sketch out life cycle stages for this system on the next 2 slides. Under each stage, list the major materials and processes to include in the inventory for both bulbs Discuss issues in defining the functional unit for this LCA comparison. What bulb characteristics will need to be measured to begin inventory data collection? 15 Demonstration of LCA with a simple example Life Cycle Assessment» Comparison of light bulb systems» System boundaries» Goal and scope: cost and energy Incandescent Bulb Raw Matl. Extraction Matl. Manufacture Bulb Manufacture Bulb Use Bulb Disposal 16

9 Demonstration of LCA with a simple example Life Cycle Assessment» Comparison of light bulb systems» System boundaries» Goal and scope: cost and energy Fluorescent Bulb Raw Matl. Extraction Matl. Manufacture Bulb Manufacture Bulb Use Bulb Recycle Hg Glass filler Scrap metal 17 System data Life Cycle Assessment» Comparison of light bulb systems» System data: Fluorescent Bulb Incandescent Bulb Light Output, (lumens) 1,700 1,690 Life (hr) 8, Use Rate (Watt) Purchase Cost ($/bulb) Cost ($/kwh) Disposal/Recycle Cost ($/bulb) Data for light, life, and energy use rate from General Electric. Purchase cost based on Wal-Mart price. cost is from Dr. Shonnard s UPPCO bill, Aug Disposal / Recycle cost from Mike Kimmel, CheanLites Recycling, Inc., Mason, MI

10 Functional Unit and Equivalence What is the functional unit? What is the equivalence among the bulb systems? 19 Summary of LCA introduction Motivation for LCA: Reduce environmental impacts of products over their life cycle. LCA is used for decision-making, communication, marketing, and strategic planning ISO cover all elements of LCA, from planning/execution to methodologies. Setting of goals and scope in LCA studies are among the most important elements of an LCA 20

11 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) ISO Categories of inventory data Allocation method Data quality requirements 21 Categories of inventory data resources (process heating and electricity)» Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, hydro, wind, solar, biomass Other raw materials» Fe, NaCl, water, air, CaCO 3, Ni, Zn, etc. Emissions» to air, water, land Other categories» Land area use (often used in Europe and Japan) 22

12 Inventory at each stage Life- Cycle Stages Raw Extraction Chemical Processing Product Manufacturing Use, Reuse, Disposal Wastes, Emissions Wastes, Emissions Wastes, Emissions Wastes, Emissions 23 Inventory for ethylene production Life- Cycle Stages Crude Oil Extraction Naphtha Refining Ethylene Production Ethylene Wastes, Emissions Wastes, Emissions Wastes, Emissions Transportation Transportation Wastes, Emissions Wastes, Emissions 24

13 Inventory categories (ethylene example) Allen and Shonnard, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall, 2002 Boustead, I., Eco-profiles of the European Plastics Industry, Report 1-4, European Center for Plastics in the Environment, Brussels, May Inventory categories (ethylene example), cont. Allen and Shonnard, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall,

14 Inventory categories (ethylene example), cont. Allen and Shonnard, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall, Allocation of environmental burdens Some fraction (a) of the environmental burdens input to the process by C and emitted from the process in stream D are allocated to product A. The remaining fraction (b) are allocated to product B. The allocation is usually based on mass stoichiometry Allen and Shonnard, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall,

15 Data quality requirements Time-related coverage of data:» How current is data? Averaged over what period? Geographic coverage of data collection:» Local, regional, national, continental, global? Technology coverage of data:» Average of process mix?, best available technology? 29 Sources of inventory data Boustead Model 5.0 Boustead Consulting Ltd. Black Cottage, West Grinstead HORSHAM, West Sussex, RH13 8GH, UK SimaPro 6.0 LCA software PRé Consultants Plotterweg BB Amersfoort, The Netherlands 30

16 Sources of inventory data (cont.) Franklin Associates, Ltd W. 83rd Street, Suite 108 Prairie Village, KS (913) Ext LCAccess National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 31 Inventory data by survey From production units» consumption of all types» All raw material inputs ratio d to product output» Emissions to air (measured values preferred)» Wastewater flows and concentrations» Solid waste (conventional, hazardous, toxic) 32

17 Uncertainty of inventory data Inventory databases / software tools» National coverage is routine, regional is not.» Facility - facility variability is high» and raw materials is higher quality» Emissions (overall) data are of lower quality Emission factors and estimation (EPA)» Fuel combustion-related emissions are of higher quality (CO 2, CO, NOx, SO 2 )» Factors for process units are order of magnitude estimates 33 Summary of life cycle inventory Possibly the most challenging part of LCA. ISO provides guidelines Categories: energy, raw materials, Commercial software tools are available, but the most accurate inventories may be generated internally for manufacturers. Time-related, geographic, and technology coverage of inventory data reduce uncertainty 34

18 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) ISO Mandatory requirements for LCIA» Identify impact categories,» classify inventory elements into impact categories,» characterize impacts for each inventory element Optional features of LCIA» normalization» valuation 35 Identification of Impact Categories Global warming Stratospheric ozone depletion Smog formation (O 3 ) Acidification Human health impacts Ecosytem health Eutrophication Biodiversity Resource depletion 36

19 Scope of Environmental Impacts Life- Cycle Stages Raw Extraction Chemical Processing Product Manufacturing Use, Reuse, Disposal Wastes Pollution Control Wastes Wastes Pollution Control Wastes Midpoints global warming ozone depletion smog formation acidification ecological harm Endpoint Human health and ecosystem damage 37 Midpoint versus Endpoint 38

20 Normalization How important are the life cycle impacts of a product or process compared to a regional or national benchmark?» U.S. inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from the Department of, US EPA, etc.» U.S. inventory of all ozone depletion substances» U.S. inventory of all cancer causing agents» U.S. inventory of all non cancer causing health effects. 39 Valuation approaches Surveys of decision-makers Allen and Shonnard, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall,

21 Summary of life cycle impact assessment ISO provides guidelines Identify categories of environmental impacts, classify pollutants into categories, characterize potency of pollutants for impact categories. Relative risk calculation using emission estimation, environmental fate modeling, and impact potency. Commercial software tools are available (the same tools as shown in the inventory section). 41 Summary of life cycle assessment Motivation for LCA: Reduce environmental impacts of products over their life cycle. LCA is used for decision-making, communication, marketing, and strategic planning ISO cover all elements of LCA, from planning/execution to methodologies. Software tools are available to aid in LCA studies Demo version of SimaPro 6.0 is useful introduction. 42

22 Production energy assessment Light Bulb Systems packaging: 4.5 g cardboard MJ/bulb packaging: 33 g plastic MJ/bulb bulb: 50 g white glass bulb: 40 g steel bulb: 10 g plastic Total per Fluorescent Bulb, Production MJ/bulb MJ/bulb MJ/bulb MJ inventory provided by modules in SimaPro6.0 packaging: 5.25 g cardboard bulb: 20 g white glass bulb: 10 g steel Total per Incandescent Bulb, Production MJ/bulb MJ/bulb MJ/bulb MJ/bulb Total Incandescent Bulbs, Production Note: bulb assembly is not included in this analysis- no data MJ 43 Life cycle costs Light Bulb Systems Most of the cost is during bulb use data cost of one fluorescent bulb 4.22 $ data cost of one incandescent bulb 0.25 $ data number of incandescent bulbs data cost of electricity 0.12 $/kwhr data cost of recycle of one fluorescent bulb 0.4 $ data lifetime of bulb(s) operation 8000 hr data fluorescent bulb elec. usage rate 26 data incandescent bulb elec. usage rate 100 Fluorescent Incandescent ans. Purchase ($) Use ($) Recycle/Disposal ($) Total ($)

23 Use cycle energy assessment Light Bulb Systems Data: efficiency of electricity generation 35 % Data: conversion of kwh to MJ Data: conversion of W to kwh Data: incandescent bulb usage rate 3.6 1, MJ/kWh W/kWh Watts >99% of bulb energy is consumed during use Data: fluorescent bulb usage rate 26 Watts Data: lifetime of fluorescent bulb 8,000 hr Total per Fluorescent Bulb, Use stage 2,139.4 MJ Total Incandescent Bulbs, Use stage 8,228.6 MJ Note: bulb recycle and disposal are not included in this analysis no data 45 Validated Ecoefficiency Analysis Method 46

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