Gas Guzzlers. Biological Pump

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3 Gas Guzzlers Biological Pump

4 Aquatic Biodiversity Chapter 8

5 Coral Reefs Open Ocean Deep Sea

6 Marine equivalent of tropical rain forests Habitats for one-fourth of all marine species

7 Coral polyps, which are animals, and zooxanthellae, the plant cells that live within them, have a mutualistic relationship. Coral polyps produce carbon dioxide and water as byproducts of cellular respiration. The zooxanthellae cells use the carbon dioxide and water to carry out photosynthesis. Sugars, lipids (fats) and oxygen are some of the products of photosynthesis which the zooxanthellae cells produce. The coral polyp then uses these products to grow and carry out cellular respiration. The tight recycling of products between the polyp cells and the zooxanthellae is the driving force behind the growth and productivity of coral reefs. This animation shows how the products created by the algal polyp and zooxanthellae cells are provided to each other for their mutual benefit.

8 Natural Capital: Some Components and Interactions in a Coral Reef Ecosystem

9 Core Case Study: Why Should We Care Biodiversity about Coral Reefs? Formation Important ecological and economic services Moderate atmospheric temperatures Act as natural barriers protecting coasts from erosion Provide habitats Support fishing and tourism businesses Provide jobs and building materials Studied and enjoyed See coral bio ppt

10 Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? Degradation and decline Coastal development Pollution Overfishing Warmer ocean temperatures leading to coral bleaching Increasing ocean acidity HOTSPOTSS

11 Saltwater Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water Freshwater

12 Aquatic life zones Saltwater: marine Open ocean Shorelines (intertidal) Coral reefs Estuaries, mangroves (for us... Salt marshes) Freshwater Lakes Rivers and streams

13 Distribution of the World s Major Saltwater and Freshwater Sources

14 Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Aquatic Lifestyles Nekton Benthos

15 Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water Key factors in the distribution of organisms Temperature Dissolved oxygen content Availability of food Availability of sunlight and nutrients needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic, or photic, zone Keep in mind... Temperature (latitude), ocean circulation

16 Oceans Provide Important Ecological and Economic Resources Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones Coastal zone Usually high NPP... Significance? Open sea Ocean bottom

17 Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Marine Systems

18 Natural Capital: Major Life Zones and Vertical Zones in an Ocean

19 The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species Open sea Euphotic zone Bathyal zone Abyssal zone: receives marine snow Deposit feeders Filter feeders Upwellings Primary productivity and NPP

20 Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive Estuaries and coastal wetlands River mouths Inlets Bays Sounds Salt marshes Mangrove forests

21 Bolsa Chica Conservancy

22 Some Components and Interactions in a Salt Marsh Ecosystem in a Temperate Area

23 Mangrove Forest in Daintree National Park in Queensland, Australia

24 Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive Important ecological and economic services Coastal aquatic systems maintain water quality by filtering Toxic pollutants Excess plant nutrients Sediments Absorb other pollutants Provide food, timber, fuelwood, and habitats Reduce storm damage and coast erosion

25 Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms Intertidal zone Rocky shores Sandy shores Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes???

26 Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems Major threats to marine systems Coastal development Overfishing Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat destruction Introduction of invasive species Climate change from human activities Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries

27 Calculating Net Primary Productivity In Aquatic Ecosystems NPP = GPP - R

28 Angel Falls Mara River Lake Victoria

29 Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others Standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater Lakes Ponds Inland wetlands Flowing (lotic) systems of freshwater Streams Rivers

30 Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others Formation of lakes Four zones based on depth and distance from shore Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone

31 Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Freshwater Systems

32 Some Lakes Have More Nutrients Than Others Oligotrophic lakes Low levels of nutrients and low NPP Eutrophic lakes High levels of nutrients and high NPP lakes

33 The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on a Lake

34 Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Water from the Mountains to the Oceans Surface water Runoff Watershed, drainage basin Three aquatic life zones Source zone Transition zone Floodplain zone How/why does water change?

35 Three Zones in the Downhill Flow of Water

36 Case Study: Dams, Deltas, Wetlands, Hurricanes, and New Orleans Coastal deltas, mangrove forests, and coastal wetlands: natural protection against storms Dams and levees reduce sediments in deltas: significance? New Orleans, Louisiana, and Hurricane Katrina: August 29, 2005 Katrina s Anima Path animation

37 What Happened? Katrina Wetland Destruction Projection of New Orleans if the Sea Level Rises 0.9 Meter

38 Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Freshwater Systems Impact of dams and canals on rivers Impact of flood control levees and dikes along rivers Impact of pollutants from cities and farms on rivers Impact of drained wetlands

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