02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 1
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1 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 1
2 Arizona Science Lab: WORKING WITH WATERWHEELS Harnessing the Energy of Water Institute Of Electrical And Electronic Engineers, Phoenix Section Teacher In Service Program / Engineers In The Classroom (TISP/EIC) Helping Students Transfer What Is Learned In The Classroom To The World Beyond
3 Our Sponsors The AZ Science Lab is supported through very generous donations from corporations, nonprofit organizations, and individual donations. Our sponsors include: 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 3
4 Information Sources For more information on renewable energy, waterwheels, simple machines, and related topics: /14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 4
5 Norias of Hama, Syria Orontes river ~ 400AD 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 5
6 The Science and Engineering of Waterwheels & Watermills History Watermills date back to 400 AD! Energy Rivers: Kinetic and Potential Energy Simple Machines The Power of Leverage Build a Waterwheel! Today: Capturing the River Hydroelectric Power 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 6
7 ENERGY What is it? Energy is the ability to do work. Can you name some common forms of energy? 7 AZ Science Lab 02/14/2016 V3.3
8 What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work The food we eat contains energy. We use that energy to work and play. Energy can be found in many forms: Chemical energy Electrical energy Thermal (heat) energy Mechanical Energy 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 8
9 Mechanical Energy has two forms: Potential Energy (P.E.) Stored Energy Energy of Position (gravitational) Kinetic Energy (K.E.) The Energy of Motion (motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, and substances). 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 9
10 Potential Energy P.E. P.E. = mass force of gravity height Unit of Energy - Joule 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 10
11 Kinetic Energy K.E. K.E. = ½ mass velocity 2 Unit of Energy - Joule 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 11
12 Energy Conversion 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 12
13 The Law of the Conservation of Energy Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can change form. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 13
14 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 14
15 Does the lake contain Energy? 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 15
16 What is work? 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 16
17 What is work? Work is a Force applied over a Distance It takes energy to do work: Work = Force * Distance Work is moving something! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 17
18 What is a Force? A Force is a push or a pull that changes the motion of an object. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 18
19 Two Natural Forces Windmill A windmill has a wheel that rotates by the force of the wind. Waterwheel A waterwheel has a wheel that rotates by the force of the water. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 19
20 How do Waterwheels work? Waterwheels capture the energy of the flowing water The water exerts a force on the buckets at the rim of the water wheel. The size of the force is multiplied at the axle. The axle force is converted and used to do work.
21 Watermills A watermill uses a waterwheel, a wheel with blades or buckets around the outer edge, to capture the energy of the river. The rotary energy then drives a mechanical process: Many years ago that was: grinding flour or sawing lumber. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 21
22 Watermills Were Used In Many Applications Gristmills, or corn mills, grind grains into flour. These were the most common kind of mill. Sawmills cut timber into lumber. Other devices operated by mechanical power. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 22
23 Gristmill (Or Corn Mill) A grist mill grinds grain into flour: 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 23
24 A Sawmill A sawmill cuts tree trunks into lumber: 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 24
25 Waterwheel Driven Saw Mill 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 25
26 Renewable Energy Where does all of the energy on our earth originate from? 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 26
27 Renewable Energy Sources River energy can be diverted, Wind energy can be used when available, but not always reliable. and Stored Solar energy also can be used when available. Hoover Dam: Colorado River Lake Mead 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 27
28 Water Flows Downhill Rivers start high in mountains and flow down to the oceans. Gravity pulls the water down so it flows. This flowing water has a lot of energy! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 28
29 The Energy of Flowing Rivers But How does the water get to the top of the mountains? 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 29
30 Hydrological or Water Cycle This is Renewable Energy! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 30
31 Energy from Water The flowing river: Kinetic Energy or energy of motion A high lake: Potential Energy or energy of position Water has potential energy due to its height (position). As gravity pulls the water down to a lower position the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. So, water has both kinetic energy (flow) and potential energy (height). 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 31
32 Rivers, Energy, and Force Some rivers have mostly just kinetic energy a slow flowing river. OR some rivers have both potential and kinetic energy a lake and a waterfall. Waterwheels capture both forms of energy: potential (height) and kinetic (flow) 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 32
33 Characteristics Of Water Wheels A large diameter wheel. Buckets spaced around the edge. An axle that connects to whatever the wheel is driving. A water supply to turn the wheel. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 33
34 What Have We Learned So Far? Waterwheels capture the energy of the river. Watermills transfer that energy to do work. Where does the energy come from? Energy can be potential or kinetic. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 34
35 What Makes Waterwheels Work So Well? We take the energy of the flowing river and multiply it so we can do work. The force of the water is multiplied by the large size of the waterwheel. This is done using leverage. The waterwheel is a rotating lever: one of the simple machines!
36 Simple Machines A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction and/or magnitude of a force. They use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. Simple machines make work easier! The six classical simple machines: Lever Wheel and axle Pulley Inclined plane Wedge Screw We are most interested in the lever and the wheel and axle machines for the watermill. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 36
37 The Six Simple Machines Using these simple machines we apply a: small force over a large distance to get a: large force over a small distance. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 37
38 Some Everyday Examples of Simple Machines hammer bottle opener lid axe wheel barrow screw Loading ramp can opener clamp pulley knife shopping cart crowbar scissors wheel chair 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 38
39 Simple Machines Inclined Plane: Force distance = Ramp Load Distance = Height M.A. = L (ramp) / L (height) Screw: a circular inclined plane 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 39
40 How can we multiply Force? Work = Force * Distance Simple machines change the distance over which the force is applied 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 40
41 The Lever: A Simple Machine The lever is the oldest simple machine: Ancient Egyptians used them to move the stone blocks for the pyramids The original Native Americans used them to move rocks The American pioneers used them to remove trees and rocks, lift logs onto cabin walls, and to jack up a wagon to change a broken wheel! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 41
42 Law Of The Lever And Mechanical Advantage FULCRUM Trade Force for Distance 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 42
43 Law Of The Lever And Mechanical Advantage The Law of the Lever is: Load arm X load force = effort arm X effort force D1 x F1 = D2 x F2 = Work done! The Mechanical Advantage (MA) of the lever is defined as: Effort arm / Load arm = D2 / D1 FULCRUM 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 43
44 Balance and Leverage Left Right Prob. 1.) 2 weights on 6 3 weights on Prob. 2.) 4 weights on 2 weights on 8 Prob. 3.) 3 weights on 11 weights on 3 + weights on Prob. 4.) weights on weights on + weights on 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 44
45 Examples of Levers 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 45
46 First Class Lever The fulcrum is located between the effort force and the load force Use this type of lever to change the direction and size of a force Example of a First Class Lever: A crowbar or pry bar pulling a nail A tire iron removing a car tire 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 46
47 Second Class Lever The load force is located between the effort force and the fulcrum Use this type of lever if you need a greater load force in the same direction as the effort force Example of a Second Class Lever: A wheel barrow 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 47
48 Third Class Lever The effort force is located between the load force and the fulcrum Use this type of lever to reduce the distance over which you apply the effort force or to increase the speed of the end of the lever Example of a Third Class Lever: A hammer driving a nail A baseball bat hitting the ball 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 48
49 Double Crane Compound levers are used for more mechanical advantage How many levers in this crane? Examples of Compound Levers: A bolt cutter is an example of a common tool that uses compound levers to increase the mechanical advantage 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 49
50 Mechanical Advantage of Pulleys and Winches M.A. = 1 M.A. =2 M.A. (system) = 20 M.A. (winch) = 10 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 50
51 Wheel and Axle The wheel and axle is a simple Fmachine e = Effort Force a rotating lever! FThe r = Resistance larger wheel Force (or outside) R rotates = Radius around of wheel the smaller wheel r (axle) = Radius of Axle MA Bicycle = Mechanical wheels, waterwheels, Advantage = F r /F e windmills and gears are all examples of a wheel and axle F e = Fr r R 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 51
52 The Water Wheel Is A Wheel and Axle R = Radius of wheel A = Radius of Axle The mechanical advantage is: R/A Simple Machine Demonstration wheel: R = 30 cms a A = 1.25 cms Mechanical Advantage = 30/1.25 = 24 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 52
53 The Water Wheel Is A Continuous Lever One bucket=236 ml of water Weight of the water is kg (1 liter of water weighs 1 kg!) Mechanical Advantage of the wheel is 24: kg can balance a milk container weight of 24 x kg = kg at the axle! Now multiply that load weight / force for one bucket by the number of full and partially full buckets! Hence the power of a watermill! Bucket lever arm force is downwards Milk container of water on rope around wheel axle is upward 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 53
54 Designing a Water Wheel Constraints and Variables - Make Engineering Tradeoffs: Size of axle fixed Size of hub fixed Size of cups/paddles variable Number of cups/paddles variable Distance of cups/paddles from center (size of the wheel) variable Shape of the cups/paddles - variable 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 54
55 The Engineering Process: How We Work 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 55
56 What Is Most Important? Engineer (design) initial watermill, build prototype, test, observe Reengineer (improve) watermill, build, test, observe Reengineer (refine) watermill, build, test, observe,. Through this process you can build the best watermill possible! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 56
57 The Rules! You will work in teams of two. You can use any of the materials laid out on the tables in the lab. Keep in mind that all your parts will be exposed to water. Your design has to operate in a water stream for three minutes without falling apart. It has to lift a load of steel washers by winding up a string on the axle. Be sure to watch the tests of the other teams and observe how their different designs worked. After testing your first design, see if you can improve the design to overcome the deficiencies you noted. Make and test as many different wheel designs as you have time for! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 57
58 Let s Build A Waterwheel! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 58
59 Hydroelectric power plants harness the power of water. A Modern Waterwheel: Hydroelectric Power A hydroelectric plant uses the power of passing water to turn a propeller or turbine the turbine in turn rotates a shaft in an electric generator to produce electricity. The turbine is a modern, more efficient form of the ancient waterwheel. 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 59
60 Hydroelectric Power 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 60
61 Hoover Dam 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 61
62 Wrap up What have we learned? Energy of the river where does it come from? Potential and kinetic energy what is the difference? Simple machines what do they do? Engineering a waterwheel/watermill what is best? 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 62
63 Science & Engineering Is science and engineering fun? You must each find your passion/interest. There are many great careers in science & engineering! Do what you really enjoy and earn a great living! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 63
64 Careers in STEM 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 64
65 Have Fun Today? Check out our website: click on the For Students tab! Thanks for coming and exploring with us the world of energy, simple machines, and waterwheels! 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 65
66 Roller Coaster - Example 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 66
67 Demos, Hands-on, Experiments Bowling Ball Pendulum demo: P-K Energy Show Simple Machines: tools, etc. See-saw Demo with kids: leverage Experiment with Lever-balance and weights Nail pulling: lever Nail cutting: compound lever Pulleys Demo: mechanical advantage Large Waterwheel demo w/water jugs: mechanical advantage 02/14/2016 V3.3 AZ Science Lab 67
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