Afternoon Lecture Outline
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1 Afternoon Lecture Outline 1. Northern Prairies watershed hydrology 2. Solute mass balance in lakes and ponds 3. Simple mass balance simulation using MS Excel 4. Effects of sediment-water exchange on lake solute mass balance 5. Closing discussion Northern Prairie Wetlands Calgary St. Denis Northern Prairies Minneapolis Cold winter frozen soil Semi-arid climate Clay-rich glacial till Undulating landscape Internally drained basins These result in the unique seasonality of watershed hydrology.
2 # of Ponds and Ducks in Prairie Pothole Region US Fish and Wildlife Service / Canadian Wildlife Service Air-ground data from traditional survey strata pond, duck counts (x 1 6 ) Mallard Ponds Data by Bob Clark (Canadian Wildlife Service) Glaciated Landscape of Northern Prairies Clay-rich glacial tills are relatively impermeable. Numerous hydrologically closed depressions trap runoff water, forming northern prairie wetlands.
3 Semi-Arid Climate of Calgary Potential evaporation (PE) exceeds precipitation PE = 8 mm/yr Precip. = 42 mm/yr snowmelt is primary source of water 15 precip.potential evap. 1 5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Pcp., PE (mm) Strong Seasonality of Pond Water Level pond depth (m)
4 Water Balance of Seasonal Prairie Wetlands snow drift, runoff precipitation evapotranspiration groundwater exchange spring rise summer recession hydroperiod Laud use in Northern Prairies Typical crop rotation wheat oil seed Photo: Bob Clark (Can. Wildlife Service) summer fallow dense nesting cover
5 15 1 Effects of Dense Nesting Cover S19 water depth (cm) Grassed in 1983 S van der kamp et al. (23. Hydrol. Process., 17: 559) Spring of 1997, St. Denis S19 : surrounded by cultivated land S13: surrounded by dense nesting cover
6 Measurements of Soil Infiltration Capacity Summer (unfrozen) Spring (frozen) Infiltration Capacity of Top Soil Measured by single-ring infiltrometers Average, standard deviation (SD), and # of samples Grassed Cultivated Avg. SD # Avg SD # Unfrozen Frozen unit : mm/hour Why do grassland soils have higher infiltration capacity?
7 Wetland Drainage near Yorkton, Saskatchewan Implication on large-scale watershed hydrology? Is modern hydrology similar to paleo-hydrology? Photo by Rhonda McDougal (Ducks Unlimited Canada) 2 m St. Denis National Wildlife Area S5 S19 Photo: Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS)
8 2 15 S5 appears more permanent. Why? S5 1 water depth (cm) S Data by Garth van der Kamp (Environment Canada) Hydraulic Conductivity of Glacial Till depth (m) conductivity (m yr -1 ) weathered till sand unweathered till 2 25 soil core piezometer Deep, long-range groundwater flow is a minor component of water balance. Shallow groundwater is important.
9 Effects of Riparian Vegetation For smaller ponds with larger ratio of perimeter to area, riparian plants have a major effect on water balance. recession rate (mm d -1 ) Water level recession in prairie wetlands near Saskatoon, SK. Miller (1971. J. Hydrol., 14: 259) pond diameter 1 m 3 m.1.2 perimeter / area (m -1 ) area perimeter Hypothetical Water Balance Simulation Assume a 1 m wide tree band around the wetland, taking up water at the same rate as pond evaporation. Pcp.: 1994 data, 27 mm in summer (Apr. Oct.) Evp.: Average year, 6 mm in summer Initial pond depth =.8 m, typical value in St. Denis Initial pond area = A small (S19) A = 24 m 2 large (S5) A = 3 m 2
10 Water Balance Simulation of S19 and S5 Small wetland dries out, but large wetland keeps water..8 pond depth (m).6 large wetland.4.2 small wetland 4/15 5/15 6/15 7/15 8/15 9/15 1/15 Spring Pond Depth (h ) in Wetland S19 What controls the amount of snowmelt runoff? Winter precipitation Pre-melt snow water equivalent (SWE) h (m) winter precip. (mm) 5 1 SWE (mm) Many factors affect snowmelt runoff. Implication on seasonality prediction using climate models?
11 Groundwater Exchange and Landscape Setting discharge wetland recharge wetland flow-through wetland Lissey (1971. Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 9: 333) Wetland S5 Wetland S19 Discharge wetland: Salt accumulation underneath. Recharge wetland: Salts leached out and transported to uplands.
12 Lake Solute Mass Balance Equation Solute mass balance is similar to water balance. Each term is multiplied by the concentration. For example; C P (kg m -3 ) Pcp (m 3 d -1 ) = mass flux (kg d -1 ) in precip. C (kg m -3 ) V (m 3 ) = total mass (kg) in the lake. Mass balance equation is: [C P Pcp + C IS I S + C IG I G - C(O S + O G ) + R XN ] t = (CV) C: Concentration in lake (kg m -3 ) R XN : Reaction rate (kg d -1 ) C IS I S C P Pcp CO S C IG I G CO G Solute Mass Balance [C P Pcp + C IS I S + C IG I G - C(O S + O G ) + R XN ] t = (CV) The concentration of outflow terms is equal to C. What is the underlying assumption? Why is ET not in the equation? Reaction term (R XN ) represents all other processes. What are those? - Dissolution/precipitation of minerals - Biological production (e.g. CO 2 ) and uptake (e.g. N and P) - Atmospheric exchange - Diffusive exchange with the sediment
13 Dissolved Mass in the Pond in S19 For each species, CV is the total mass dissolved in pond water. Dividing it by the initial value measured on April 12, CV/(C V ) is used to compare the relative behaviours of individual species. Chloride (Cl) is considered non-reactive. How do other species behave? Why? 3 CV / (C V ) alkalinity Cl SO 4 Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Heagle et al. (27, Wetlands, in press) Move to Lab
14 Hypothetical Mass Balance Simulation Based on S5 in St. Denis and Saskatoon Climate 2 pond depth (cm) water depth (m) Water and Mass Balance Simulation Results conc. in pond (g m -3 )
15 Simulated Volume and Chloride Mass in Pond Water volume changes with the variability in inputs. Mass steadily increases. Why? 8 total mass in pond (kg) water volume (m 3 ) Volume and Chloride Mass in Real S5 Real water volume is much smaller than simulated volume because the basin is not a straight-walled cylinder. Mass is strongly correlated with volume. Why? total mass in pond (kg) mass volume water volume (m 3 )
16 Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) current injection A M N B - Electrical resistance is dependent on salinity - High salinity low resistivity Salinity Distribution under S5 by ERI This figure shows sulfate, but chloride distribution is similar. A very large mass of chloride reserve exists under S5. Salinity in pond water correlates poorly with salinity in sediment pore water. In pond water, SO4 < 6 g L -1 What does this mean? Sulfate (g L -1 ) Elevation Distance (m) Dru Heagle (Ph.D. thesis) Distance (m)
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