1. What are the ingredients in photosynthesis? (What are the reactants what do plants need for photosynthesis?)

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1 Name Period - Ecology Quick Questions: 1. What are the ingredients in photosynthesis? (What are the reactants what do plants need for photosynthesis?) A. B. C. D. 2. What is given off or made in photosynthesis?( What are the products?) A. B. Match each definition with a word: biotic factors abiotic factors ecosystem ecology ecologist 3. the living parts of an ecosystem 4. a particular environment and all the living things that are supported by it 5. the study of the relationships between living things and their environments. 6. the nonliving parts of an ecosystem 7. a scientist who studies the relationships between living things and their environments. Score: Corrected by:

2 Remix! Organize the organisms below into food chains by filling in the blanks. Next, label each organism as a producer or consumer. Third, label the organisms that are herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores.

3 Energy Pyramids: Today you will learn about a new way to look at a food chain. Remember that a food chain shows energy being passed from organism to organism. An energy pyramid is another way to show energy being passed up from organism to organism. Here is an example: What is in the first level? Is it a producer or a consumer? What about the second level? is it an herbivore or a carnivore? What is in the third level? is it an herbivore or a carnivore? What is at the top of the energy pyramid? Does anything eat this organism? Look at the pyramid. How would you show these organisms in a food chain? Draw it below:

4 Place the following organisms in an energy pyramid: Definition: An shows how passes from organism to organism as they each other. Each level of an energy pyramid is called a level. ( Troph means food ). They start counting up from the. We also name the consumers as they rise through the food chain or energy pyramid. The first level of consumers are called the consumers. The second level of consumers are called the consumers. The third level of consumers are called the consumers. Sometimes, there is even a fourth level of consumers, and these are called the consumers. Practice counting these off on your fingers. What does tertiary remind you of, that helps you remember its meaning? What does quaternary remind you of, that helps you remember its meaning? Label the trophic levels and the consumer levels on the next page:

5 1. Producer: Trophic level: 2. Primary Consumer: Trophic level: 3. Secondary Consumer: Trophic level: 4. Tertiary Consumer: Trophic level: 5. Quaternary Consumer: Trophic level: When any organism dies, it is eventually eaten by (like vultures, worms and crabs) and broken down by (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues. Numbers of Organisms: In any energy pyramid, energy is each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are plant-eaters. There are more producers than, and more herbivores than. Although there is intense competition between animals, there is also an interdependence. When one species goes, it can an entire chain of other species and have unpredictable.

6 Try it! The energy pyramid below shows organisms from Utah. Label the trophic levels and the consumer levels. 1. Would you guess that the organisms at the bottom of the energy pyramid are consumers or producers? Why? 2. When the rattlesnake eats the cottontail, is all the energy the cottontail has consumed given to the rattlesnake? 3. Does it take more energy to produce a plant or a rattlesnake? Why? 4. Why do you think there are more producers shown than consumers? 5. How many of the organisms in the energy pyramid are consumers? How do you know?

7 Your turn: 1. Write the names of the organisms on the left in the energy pyramid where they belong. 2. Label the trophic levels. 3. Label the primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and so on. 4. Are producers, consumers, or decomposers found in the first trophic level of an energy pyramid? 5. Which has more energy per organism, the first or the second trophic level of an energy pyramid? 6. What is the purpose of an energy pyramid? 7. What is one similarity between what food chains and energy pyramids show about energy flow?

8 8. Create your own energy pyramid! Think of plants and animals that might live in a desert, jungle, or ocean ecosystem and draw them in the energy pyramid. My Energy Pyramid Quaternary consumer: Tertiary consumer: Secondary consumer: Primary Consumer: Primary producer: 9. Does it take more energy to grow your primary producer or your quaternary consumer? How do you know? 10. What do you think is a better way of showing how energy flows in an ecosystem: a food chain or an energy pyramid? Why?

9 Exit Ticket 1. Create an energy pyramid using the food chain below: 2. Label the primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. 3. What do all organisms need to survive? 4. Where is more energy available: at the bottom of the energy pyramid, or at the top? 5. Which organism uses, or requires, more energy to grow: a producer or a tertiary consumer? Score: + Bonus Points = Corrected by:

10 Ecology Quiz 1. Which of the following is needed for plants to make food? a. water b. light c. carbon dioxide d. all of the above 2. Which is the process used by plants to make food? a. germination b. photosynthesis c. solubility d. evaporation 3. What is the name of the green pigment that allows plants to make their own food? a. carbon b. carbohydrates c. chlorophyll d. condensation 4. All animals somehow depend on plants for survival because a. plants provide the carbon dioxide animals need to breathe. b. plants can turn the sun s energy into food and animals can t. c. plants clean the air. d. plants are the only way to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Match each definition with a word: biotic factors abiotic factors ecosystem ecology ecologist 5. the nonliving parts of an ecosystem 6. the living parts of an ecosystem 7. the study of the relationships between living things and their environments. 8. a particular environment and all the living things that are supported by it 9. a scientist who studies the relationships between living things and their environments.

11 Label each example as biotic or abiotic. 10. oxygen and carbon dioxide 11. water 12. animals 13. plants 14. soil 15. sunlight 16. Circle the food chain that is accurate: Use the food chain you circled above to answer questions Identify a carnivore in the food chain: 18. Identify an herbivore in the food chain: 19. Identify the producer in the food chain: 20. Identify two consumers in the food chain: 21. Give an example of an omnivore: How do you know that it is an omnivore (what does it eat?) 22. An energy pyramid shows a. that energy is lost as it moves up the food chain. b. that energy is gained as it moves up the food chain. c. that there is no energy in a food chain. d. the amount of energy in every step of the food chain.

12 23. Which statement describes a decomposer? a. A giraffe eats the leaves off of trees, but does not kill the tree. b. An aardvark kills and eats termites. c. Fungus grows on a dead tree, slowly consuming the wood. d. The roots of a maple tree grow under a sidewalk, slowly cracking and destroying the concrete. 24. Is it possible for an ecosystem to survive without producers? Explain why or why not. 25. What would happen eventually if there were no decomposers in a forest? 26. The original source of energy for the organisms in a pond are the a. plants b. pond water c. Sun d. animals 27. Use the organisms below to create an energy pyramid. (1 point) i. label each trophic level (3 points) ii. label the primary producer, primary consumer, and secondary consumer (3 points)

13 Homework Directions: Underline and label proof 1 for your answers. Your homework will be considered incomplete if this is not done. Tropical Rainforest's Energy Pyramid Tropical rainforests are forest areas, characterized by heavy rainfall and rich biodiversity. Here is some information about the energy pyramid of tropical rainforests. Tropical Rainforest's Energy Pyramid Tropical rainforests, as the name suggests, are forest areas found near the equator. Tropical rainforests are common in Asia, Africa, Australia, Central and South America, Southern Mexico and the Pacific Islands. The annual rainfall is about 1, millimeters, average humidity is between percent, and the average monthly temperature is always more than 18 degrees Celsius. The tropical rainforest is divided into five major layers (each with varied plant and animal species), namely, the floor layer, the shrub layer, the understory layer, the canopy layer and the emergent layer. The energy pyramid of tropical rainforests starting from the base includes the following: Primary Producers: The primary producers occupy the base of the energy pyramid. The only universal source of energy available to all the organisms is the sun, which provides solar energy. The primary producers create sugars from carbon dioxide and water by using solar energy (photosynthesis). Primary producers of tropical rainforests include cyanobacteria, algae and all types of green plants starting from the small herbs to the tall, broad-leaved evergreen trees. Primary Consumers: Primary consumers consume producers (autotrophs) as their food and get energy for their survival. Thus, energy from the producers is transferred to the primary consumers. Examples of primary consumers in tropical rainforests are grasshoppers, beetles and slugs, squirrels, cows, deer etc. Secondary and Tertiary Consumers: In an energy pyramid, secondary and tertiary consumers occupy the third and fourth trophic levels, respectively. The secondary consumers feed on the producers as well as primary consumers, their energy source. Secondary consumers of tropical rainforests include frogs, toads, sparrows and woodpeckers. Tertiary consumers are carnivores that feed on the secondary consumers, and include the hawks, jackals, leopards, lions, tigers etc. While transferring energy from one trophic level to another, the highest percentage of energy is lost through heat. In fact, only a small amount of energy (about 1.2 percent) is

14 passed on to the next higher trophic level. Due to favorable environmental conditions, the tropical rainforests are home to more than 50 percent of the total plant and animal species on Earth. Scientists believe that many plant species, insects and microorganisms are yet to be identified and discovered. Tropical rainforests are referred to as the 'world's largest pharmacy', because one-fourth of the modern medicines are derived from these rainforests. It is estimated that more than 80 percent of the world's biodiversity are found in tropical rainforests. By Ningthoujam Sandhyarani 1. What are some examples of primary producers in a tropical rainforest? 2. What are some examples of primary consumers in a tropical rainforest? 3. What are some examples of secondary consumers in a tropical rainforest? 4. What are some examples of tertiary consumers in a tropical rainforest? 5. Only a small amount of energy is passed from the organisms in one trophic level to the organisms that consume them in the next trophic level. What percent of energy is passed on? Score: Corrected by: