Combining chemical treatment and ecological control to manage pests is known

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 Combining chemical treatment and ecological control to manage pests is known as integrated pest management Herbicides would be most useful in combating weeds that infect our agricultural fields Insecticides would be most useful in combating mosquitoes that spread malaria. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, such as DDT, are noteworthy because of their persistence in the environment DDT saved millions of lives by controlling disease-causing insects. Insecticides vary in their toxicity to mammals. A pesticide biomagnifies in the food chain as follows: plankton yellow perch double-crested cormorant. Which organism will have the highest concentration of the pesticide in its tissues? Answer: double-crested cormorant Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of small amounts of a substance within an individual organism Biomagnification refers to the compounding of accumulation through a food chain DDT is still used today in many parts of Africa to help control malaria The evolution of pesticide resistance, resurgence, and secondary-pest outbreaks are only some of the problems that result from reliance on pesticides, creating a never-ending pesticide treadmill requiring new pest-fighting strategies Pesticide exposure has been clearly linked to cancer, neurological disorders, and infertility Most organisms accumulate synthetic organic chemicals in their bodies because these chemicals cannot be broken down by the natural metabolic mechanisms First published in 1962, the book Silent Spring helped to establish modern environmental movement If you are concerned about consuming pesticides in the food you eat, you have the option of purchasing food certified organic by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Integrated pest management focuses on maintaining crop damage below the economic threshold using preventative techniques Which one of the following is classified as a reduced-risk pesticide? Answer: Mimic, a synthetic variation of ecdysone Today, regulations for pesticide use on foods apply to raw and processed foods equally

2 Today, any pesticide banned for use in the United States can be produced and sold to other countries. The most effective way to control pests is by using a combination of natural techniques and chemicals Organically grown foods are growing in sales and popularity Chapter 14 What is the largest single source of energy used in the United States? Answer: Oil Since 1900, use of hydroelectric power has increased the least Which energy source is used to generate more of the world's energy than any other? Answer: Oil For most of human history, and in developing countries today, the major source of energy has been muscle power The most sustainable way to drive a car would be to use an all electric car using electricity from a windmill. What has happened to oil production in the United States since 1970? Answer: It has decreased The Middle East has the largest proven natural gas resources Fossil fuels are considered non-renewable sources of energy because their formation is so slow China is the world's leading coal producer Which of the following is an advantage of using coal in the United States? Answer: The US produces more coal in a year than it uses More than any other energy source, China and the United States use coal to generate electricity If each of the following resources were used equally, which would have the biggest impact on climate change? Answer: coal Reliance on the continued use of fossil fuels is not sustainable because fossil fuels are not renewable and contribute to global climate change The United States represents about 4.5% of the world's population, yet we consume about 25% of the world s oil supply Because of the advent of modern transportation, the use of oil increased more than any other fuel source during the 1900s The early Industrial Revolution primarily relied on fossil fuels to generate steam

3 With increasing energy demands, which two fuels are currently used at about equal levels in the United States? Answer: Coal and natural gas Which one of the following energy sources is most likely to lead to thermal pollution? Answer: A coal-fired power plant Which of the following will increase the US demand for foreign oil? Answer: Decreasing the price for a gallon of gas Chapter 15 If trends since 1990 continue, what will happen to the number of nuclear power plants in service in the United States in the near future? Answer: The number of plants will stay about the same Why would Middle Eastern countries be less interested in building nuclear power plants than countries in Europe? Answer: They have ample fossil fuel supplies Which country generates the most electricity from nuclear power? Answer: France The worst nuclear accident to date occurred in 1986 in the former Soviet Union Compared to the generation of electricity using coal, nuclear power generates no sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide emissions If a coal-fired power plant and a nuclear power plant produce the same amount of electricity, which of the following is true? Answer: The nuclear power plant will have less impact on climate change than the coalfired power plant Fission and fusion reactions convert the mass of the nuclear materials to energy Compared to a coal plant, a nuclear plant releases more than 100 times more radioactivity The most recent plan for disposing of high-level wastes from nuclear power plants in the United States involved burying the wastes deep underground Following the accident at Chernobyl, which of the following would have been most likely to prevent thousands of children in the region from getting thyroid cancer? Answer: Keeping children from drinking milk Once a nuclear power plant is up and running, how does it impact climate change? Answer: It does not impact climate change If the radiation you received from your x-ray does pose a health risk, how can this radiation cause the greatest harm? Answer: Your DNA in cells that were radiated may be damaged Throughout the world, there is general agreement that the safest place to store long-term nuclear waste is deeply underground

4 Yucca Mountain in the state of Nevada is the only potential site for long-term commercial nuclear waste storage in the United States The average longevity of nuclear power plants has averaged about years due to unexpectedly high levels of corrosion and embrittlement. Breeder reactors convert uranium-238 into plutonium-239 The d-t reaction utilizes which element? Answer: hydrogen Which law encouraged the building of new nuclear power plants in the United States? Answer: Energy Policy Act of 2005 Chapter 16 Sunlight comes into your home, and the warm air moves through it by convection. This is an example of a passive system Based on total amount of energy available, all human energy needs could potentially be met by which of the following? Answer: Solar Power Which of the following would have the biggest impact on renewable energy? Answer: The sun burnt out To be a widely used energy source for humans, solar radiation must be converted and stored Which of the following is an advantage hydropower has over wind power? Answer: Hydropower is more predictable The largest dam ever built is in China Although hydroelectric dams generate electricity without producing greenhouse gases, they eliminate farmland and wildlife habitats in the regions that are flooded Hydrogen gas is often called the fuel of the future. What is the problem with using hydrogen gas as a fuel? Answer: It must be produced using a primary energy source In the combustion of hydrogen, water is formed. Where does the oxygen come from? Answer: The air In a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, hydrogen is an input, and oxygen is an input The current generation of ethanol as a biofuel requires sugars and the process of fermentation Currently, the main benefit of using corn-based ethanol in the United States is reduced reliance on imported oil Biodiesel is often produced using recycled vegetable oil used in cooking food The only suitable location in North America for tidal power is the Bay of Fundy

5 A carbon tax is a tax levied on all fuels according to the amount of carbon dioxide produced in their consumption Which one of the following vehicles would generate the greatest amount of carbon tax? Answer: Gas powered car making 27 mpg (as opposed to electric, hybrid, natural gas powered) Compared to the use of fossil fuels, wind energy produces no exhaust Renewable energy resources have been used for most of human history Chapter 17 Which of the following is true concerning exposure to hazards in the environment? Answer: Many of the factors that contribute to mortality and disability are a matter of choice or can be influenced by choice Dieldrin is listed by the EPA as a probable human carcinogen. Thus, the presence of dieldrin in the environment is a hazard Which of the following killed the most people in the United States in 2005? Answer: Suicide and alcohol use Which of the following is a biological hazard? Answer: H1N1 Exposure to coal dust increases one's chances of getting lung cancer. Thus, coal miners have increased vulnerability of getting this disease Which of the following is the least biodegradable? Answer: A beer bottle Over the past 50 years, global life expectancy has risen more than 20 years due to better health care and nutrition worldwide The infectious diseases that cause the greatest mortality in the world are: -acute respiratory infections -diarrhea -HIV/AIDS The greatest risk of death from an infectious disease for people living in northern Europe and Asia is most likely tuberculosis Which of the following products contains the greatest number of carcinogens? Answer: Chewing tobacco Industrial pollution from an oil refinery best represents a type of chemical environmental hazard Which of the following would protect the most people from indoor air pollution in developing countries? Answer: Venting cooking stoves to the outside

6 You have lived near a coal-fired power plant for over 20 years. You are now experiencing respiratory illness that your doctor determines was caused by exposure to sulfur dioxide from the power plant. What kind of impact is this? Answer: Chronic Which area of the world has the most problem with malaria? Answer: Africa Which of the following is the best predictor of the health of the people of a particular country? Answer: The wealth of the country According to the WHO, the greatest killer in the world is poverty Malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever are most common in countries located near the equator Treating malaria with drugs is difficult because the malarial parasite has quickly evolved drug resistance The most effect way that malaria can be reduced in a region is using vector control to prevent infections and treatment strategies to treat infections Increasing the insulation in a home will most likely increase the chances of developing chronic respiratory diseases. Which animal is usually used to determine the toxicity of a product? Answer: mouse Chapter 18 Between 1990 and 2004, which two ocean basins had more category 4 and 5 hurricanes than the west Pacific did between 1975 and 1989? Answer: East Pacific and South Indian What are some of the differences between the troposphere and the stratosphere? Answer: The troposphere is smaller than the stratosphere and also has more vertical mixing. The destruction of the ozone layer primarily occurs in the stratosphere The two highest levels of the atmosphere contain only small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and ozone. These layers are the mesosphere and thermosphere In a Hadley cell, Warm air rises and cool air falls Which of the following greenhouse gases has been impacting the climate for the least amount of time? Answer: CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons, which are manmade) As the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased, mean global temperature has also increased. Which of the following have opposite effects on climate change? Answer: Increased low clouds and increased fossil fuel burning

7 Which of the following would have the largest impact on reducing the third most important greenhouse gas? Answer: Eliminating cattle farming If fossil fuel burning continues to increase, the acidity of the oceans will increase. Models predict that an increase in temperature of 1 C will increase Antarctic snowfall by 5%. Thus, an increase in temperature of 3 C would result in an increase in snowfall of about 15%. What is the most abundant greenhouse gas? Answer: Water vapor What type of radiation causes the greenhouse effect? Answer: Infrared Biomes are primarily identified by their precipitation and temperature patterns. Global warming will raise sea levels because of melting ice and thermal expansion Current levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are higher than they have been in 800,000 years The best computer models of global climate change indicate that in the next 50 years, the world will warm up 2-3 degrees C Canada and Australia saw the highest percentage of increase in greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and Canada saw an increase of 21.7% in greenhouse gas emissions while Australia saw an increase of 28.8% Adaptation involves making changes to deal with the changing climate. Thus, developing a variety of corn that grows well in warmer temperatures is a good example of this method In a cap-and-trade program, a company that does not reach its cap can sell credits to companies that exceed the caps Which one of the following global climate changes is most associated with increased hurricane activity? Answer: Warmer oceans Chapter 19 Photochemical smog is produced when sunlight acts on nitrogen oxides and volatile organic carbon compounds Which of the following illustrates an anthropogenic form of pollution? Answer: sulfur dioxide released from a coal burning power plant Which of the following air pollutants has shown the greatest decline in recent years? Answer: Lead Which of the following crops would be best to grow in areas with high levels of ozone pollution? Answer: sorghum and field corn

8 Air pollutants most often lead to human health problems of the circulatory and respiratory systems Cars, trucks, and buses are responsible for about half of all air pollution in the United States Which of the following is an example of point-source pollution? Answer: the effluent from a plastics factory because the effluent can be traced back to a specific factory Which of the following is an example of nonpoint-source pollution? Answer: the water going into the storm drains in Lincoln, Nebraska Chromium is a heavy metal and can be toxic. It is an inorganic pollutant Oligotrophic-Lacking in plant nutrients and having a large amount of dissolved oxygen throughout. Used of a pond or lake. In freshwater systems phosphorous is most often the limiting factor, whereas in marine systems the limiting factor is most often nitrogen Which of the following activities is most directly related to the dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico just west of the Mississippi River? Answer: Farming in the Midwest (fertilizer runoff) Adding fertilizer to most aquatic systems results in increased growth of phytoplankton and hypoxic conditions. The largest single component of municipal solid waste in the United States is paper and paper products Ultimately, the fact that the United States has the highest per capita waste production in the world can be tied to overconsumption Superfund Act was enacted to manage old hazardous waste sites The solid-waste crisis of the 1970s and 1980s was mostly about the disposal of household and commercial garbage Today, many of the old dumps and landfills from the 1970s and 1980s are parks and recreational areas widely used by the public Each American generates about 4.6 pounds per day, or 1,643 pounds per year of solid waste. What are the three main ways that waste is managed in the United States? Answer: Landfilling, incinerating, recycling