2016 ASHRAE 90.1 Summary of Important Changes

Transcription

1 2016 ASHRAE 90.1 Summary of Important Changes 1

2 Overview ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard , Energy Efficiency Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, incorporates more than 120 updates to the 2013 version of the standard. During its development, BOMA International s codes team worked to ensure the interests and concerns of the commercial real estate industry were heard and that the updates would maximize energy efficiency without excessively increasing cost. The new edition is estimated to provide an 8.3 percent increase in energy savings over the 2013 edition (PNNL modeling results). To help commercial building owners and managers better understand the changes that were made, BOMA International has compiled the following list of critical changes and their cost implications. Changes are organized by section number in the standard. Some significant changes include: Building Thermal Envelope: Though very few modifications were made to the building thermal envelope, the insulation requirements for metal buildings, doors and windows have been increased. Mechanical Systems: Major changes to mechanical system requirements include more stringent efficiency requirements for energy recovery systems. Although not yet mandated, dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) efficiency and rating requirements are now included if such a system is used, and there is a new metering requirement for chilled water plants. Power and Lighting: With the significant reduction in cost and increased usage of LED lighting, both exterior and interior lighting allowances have been reduced to reflect the lower power consumption of LEDs. New control requirements were added for emergency lighting and parking lot occupancy sensors. Hotel/motel guest room controls were expanded, and the standard now regulates lighting in dwelling units within commercial buildings. Alternate Compliance Path: Appendix G, previously only used to rate LEED buildings, is now able to be used as a standalone compliance path, offering more options to designers. Although every effort has been made to ensure that the summary overviews all changes within the body of the standard, developers and designers need to consult the 2016 edition of ASHRAE 90.1 to determine how changes may impact a specific project. 2

3 Section(s) and Issue(s) Type of Change Cost Implication Comments Table 3.2, Heated Space Criteria Revision Increase The heating output threshold (in BTU/h-ft 2 ) has been reduced in all climate zones except for CZs 1 & 2. Criteria for CZ 0 has been added, areas of which previously fell into CZ 1. CZ n/a A; 3B C A; 4B C Inspections Revision Unknown The list of items for inspection have been deleted. Inspection procedures are now to be specified by the Building Official Verification and Commissioning Reporting Nonconformance New Sections Increase The new section specifies reporting requirements for conformance and nonconformance inspection findings to the building official and outlines the documentation requirements through correction. 3

4 , Space Conditioning Categories (Exception) , Climate - United States Locations Revision Increase Approval is required from the Building Official in all CZs for a space to be designated as semiheated or unconditioned. Previously, Climate Zones 1 & 2 did not require approval. Revision None The Code User is referred to ASHRAE Standard 169 to determine climate zones. U.S., Canada and international climate zone tables from Standard 169 have been reproduced in Annex , Climate - International Locations Section Compliance , Testing, Acceptable Materials, and Assemblies Testing, Acceptable Materials, and Assemblies Fenestration and Doors New Section Increase Section 5.9, Inspection and Verification, is now mandatory. New Section None A whole building pressurization test (0.40 cfm/ft 2 ) has been added as an alternative compliance option to the material and assembly air barrier specifications. Exceptions permit buildings over 50,000 ft 2 to take representative sections for testing. Another exception permits the use of a diagnostic evaluation (e.g., smoke tracing or IR imaging) if the leakage rate exceeds 0.40 but not 0.60 cfm/ft 2. Revision Decrease Single-ply roof membrane no longer has to be fully adhered to be deemed an air barrier. Revision Increase Glazed power-operated sliding and folding entrance doors have been included in the air leakage requirements for glazed swinging entrance doors (1.0 cfm/ft 2 ). Exception to Revision Increase Metal coiling doors in semiheated spaces in CZs 6 and under are no longer fully exempt from the air leakage requirements. The new minimum threshold set is 1.0 cfm/ft 2. 4

5 Table Building Envelope Requirements for Climate Zone 0 (A,B)* Tables through 8, Building Envelope Requirements for Climate Zones 1 8 New Increase The insulation requirements in new Climate Zone 0 have been set at a level higher than what had been permitted for buildings in these locations when they fell into Climate Zone 1. Revision Increase The insulation requirements were made more stringent for metal building roofs and walls, fenestration and opaque doors Opaque Doors (Exceptions) New Exceptions Decrease Nonswinging, horizontally hinged sectional doors with a single row of fenestration (between 14% and 25% of total door area) are permitted an increased u-factor General (Fenestration) New Exception #2 Decrease Clarifies how area-weight averaging of vertical fenestration U-factor, SHGC, VT/SHGC, or LSG are permitted SHGC of Vertical Fenestration Table SHGC Multipliers for Permanent Projections Revision to Exceptions Increase Exceptions to the SHGC requirements where permanent shading devices are used have been rewritten (Exceptions 1 & 2). Table no longer includes a column for multipliers for North-facing fenestration. Exception 5 no longer permits north-oriented fenestration to have a SHGC 0.05 greater than that specified in Tables The exception now permits north-oriented fenestration to have an SHGC equal to or less than the area-weighted average SHGC of fenestration in the S, E and W orientations before reductions are made for the permanent projections in exceptions 1 & Fenestration Orientation New equation for CZs 4-8 Deleted Exception Increase When SHGCs are factored into the fenestration orientation (Option B), the fenestration area on the E and W facades in CZs 4-8 are further limited. Deleted Exception 2, which exempts buildings from the vertical fenestration orientation requirements where there is existing permanent infrastructure to the south. 5

6 U-Factor (Fenestration & Door Products) Clarification Minor None Exception 4, which permits labeling in accordance with ANSI/DASMA105, clarifies garage doors as sectional garage doors and metal coiling doors. 5.9 Inspection and Verification New Sections Increase New Section 5.9.1, Inspections, specifies components to be inspected, including fenestration & doors, loading dock weatherseals, and the opaque building envelope. New subsection , Air Leakage Verification, specifies periodic inspection and reporting requirements or the option of a whole-building air leakage test Criteria (Simplified Approach Option for HVAC Systems) Revision Increase Criteria d has added Section , Economizer Fault Detection and Diagnostics, as mandatory requirement for air economizers. New Criteria k was added, which requires systems serving hotel/motel guest rooms to comply with new Section , Automatic Control of HVAC in Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms. Criteria r has added the ventilation design requirements of Section Water- Cooled Centrifugal Chilling Packages Revision None Design conditions were modified based on AHRI Standard 550/590 test conditions. When 550/590 test conditions are not the basis of design, a maximum evaporating leaving temperature of 60 F is specified for the given equations to be applicable. Example (Section ) Correction/ Clarification None Calculations were modified slightly for clarification and to correct significant digits. 6

7 Automatic Control of HVAC in Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms New Section Increase New section and subsections specifying the automatic controls for HVAC equipment required in hotels and motels with greater than 50 guest rooms. Requirements include temperature setbacks and the discontinuation of outdoor air ventilation during unoccupied periods. Captive key card systems may be used to comply (subsection ) Heated or Cooled Heating in Vestibules Revision New Exception None The section now limits cooling in vestibules to a minimum of 85 F. The existing exception is still valid for vestibules tempered with transfer air, and an exemption for systems where the heating or cooling is provided by site-recovered energy have been added Chilled-Water Plant Monitoring New Section Increase New electric-motor-driven chilled-water plants greater than specified thresholds are required to have a monitoring system to measure the energy use and efficiency, have a graphically displayed recording and reporting system and include economizer fault detection & diagnostics (where an economizer is provided). Size Thresholds 1000 tons (1500 tons in CZs 3C, 4C, & 5-8) for water-cooled plants 570 tons (860 tons in CZs 3C, 4C, & 5-8) for water-cooled plants Economizers Revision Decrease The section now applies to all cooling systems regardless of whether or not they have a fan. A new exception (#2) has been added to exempt chilled water cooling systems without a fan that use induced airflow with total system capacities less than certain thresholds (1MM Btu/h in CZ 0-4 & 1.4MM Btu/h in CZs 5-8). Systems in CZ 1A are fully exempt regardless of size. Table Minimum Fan-Cooling Unit Size for which an Economizer Is Required Revision Increase Table was previously only for comfort cooling but now applies to cooling for computer rooms, too. Previous Table , which specified the size threshold for fancooling units serving computer rooms that required economizers, was deleted. CZs 2a, 3a and 4a had previously been exempt from 7

8 economizer requirements, and the threshold for other CZs were greater than what is now permitted by Table , under which they are now governed Zone Controls (for Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitations) Ventilation Air Heating Control Motor Nameplate Horsepower Table Fan Power Limitation Pressure Drop Adjustment VAV Set- Point Reset Return and Relief Fan Control Parallel-Flow Fan-Powered VAV Air Terminal Control New Equipment Covered in Exception Decrease An exception for systems with DDC has been added where the volume of air that is reheated, recooled or mixed is less than 20% of the zone design peak supply. (Other systems remain at 30%.) New Section Increase New requirement for units that provide ventilation air to multiple zones and operate in conjunction with zone heating and cooling systems stating that they may not use heating or heat recovery to warm supply air above 60 F when representative building loads or outdoor air temperature indicate that the majority of zones require cooling. New Exception Decrease New exception #4 to the maximum selected fan motor size is for fans with a motor nameplate horsepower of less than 1. Revision None The first line, which provides the drop adjustment for fully ducted return and/or exhaust air, is now only applicable when the exhaust systems are required by code to be fully ducted. Systems required to maintain air pressure differentials between adjacent rooms are also provided with the same adjustment credit. Revision Decrease Clarification was added that this requirement is for multiple-zone VAV systems. The requirements now only apply to systems with a total fan system motor nameplate rating exceeding 5 hp. New Section Increase New section adds control requirements for the relief of excess air when it is required by Section during air economizer operation. Exceptions exist for fans 0.5 hp and for staged relief fans. New Section Increase The new section adds new automatic control requirements for parallelflow fan-powered VAV air terminals. 8

9 Ventilation Design New Section Increase The new section provides two options to limit the design minimum system outdoor air (design or with dampers) or requires exhaust air energy recovery Hydronic Variable Flow Systems Table Pump Flow Control Requirements Revision New Table Increase The nomenclature was changed from HVAC pumping systems to chilled- and hot-water distribution systems The threshold for applicability is no longer a pump system power exceeding 10 hp The exception for systems with fewer than three control valves was moved into the main paragraph. Variable fluid flow must be capable of reducing flowrates to 25% or less of the design flowrate or minimum required (previously 50%). Refers the user to new Table for the motor nameplate hp rating threshold by climate zone that require controls that will result in pump motor demand of no more than 30% of design wattage at 50% of design water flow. The two existing exceptions were moved into the main paragraph, and five new exceptions were added for a number of specific systems , Chilled- and Hot-Water Temperature Reset Controls Revision New Exceptions Deleted Exceptions Increase Separate setpoint resets are specified for DDC control valves. Three new exceptions were added for thermal energy storage systems, process equipment, and for boiler turn-down. The existing two exceptions for hydronic systems and infeasibility were deleted , Chilled-Water Coil Selection , Fan Speed Control New Section Increase The new section requires chilled-water cooling coils to provide a 15 F or higher temperature difference between leaving and entering water temperatures and a minimum of 57 F leaving water temperature at design conditions. Seven exceptions exist for specific equipment. Revision Increase The section has been clarified that it applies to fans on heatrejection devices. The threshold of applicability was lowered from 7.5 hp to 5 hp. 9

10 Control requirements were changed from requiring the fan speed to be lowered by 33% to a specified power demand (30% of design wattage) at 50% airflow. CZs 1 & 2 are no longer exempt. Table Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Requirements for Ventilation Systems Operating Less than 8000 Hours per Year Revision Decrease Design supply airflow rates have been increased for a number of climate zones and percent-outdoor-air combinations. This permits smaller exhaust systems to be designed and installed without energy recovery. Table Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Requirements for Ventilation Systems Operating Greater than or Equal to 8000 Hours per Year Transfer Air Revision Increase The section scope has been expanded from kitchen hood makeup air to cover any makeup air. The list of maximum air supply that is permitted has been slightly modified by referring to external sources. Available transfer air is now calculated from conditioned space within 15 feet as opposed to adjacent spaces. Four exceptions were added for laboratories, vivariums, spaces required to maintain positive pressure, and for spaces with a required negative pressure relationship. Table Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) Maximum Revision Decrease Maximum PUEs for CZs 0A & 0B have been added to the table. They are slightly higher than those permitted by CZs 1A & 1B. 10

11 Tables through (Mechanical Efficiency Requirements) Revision minor None Efficiencies for obsolete effective dates have been removed. Footnotes that previously referred to NAECA now refer to 10 CFR 430. An informative note directs the code user to Appendix F for federal minimum efficiencies of single-phase air conditioners. Table , Vapor-Compression- Based Indoor Pool Dehumidifiers Minimum Efficiency Requirements New Tables Increase New efficiency tables have been added for indoor pool dehumidifiers and dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) units. Table , Electrically Operated DX-DOAS Units, Single- Package and Remote Condenser, without Energy Recovery Minimum Efficiency Requirements Table , Electrically Operated DX-DOAS Units, Single- Package and Remote Condenser, with Energy Recovery Minimum Efficiency Requirements 7.4.3, Service Hot- Water Piping Insulation Revision Increase New requirement (c) requires the first 8 ft of branch piping connecting to recirculated, heat-traced, or impedance heated piping to be insulated. 11

12 Table 7.8, Performance Requirements for Water-Heating Equipment Minimum Efficiency Requirements Modifications None Performance requirements in the table that contain Energy Factors (EF) have been deleted and instead refer the Code User to footnote (g), which refers to 10 CFR , Voltage Drop Revision Increase Feeder conductors and branch circuits combined now must be sized for a 5% voltage drop total as opposed to a 2% and 3% drop, respectively. Circuits dedicated to emergency services are no longer exempt Recording and Reporting Table Minimum Nominal Efficiency Levels for Low-Voltage Dry-Type Distribution Transformers Revision None Requires collected data to be transmitted to DDC controls, including graphical display, in buildings with DDC controls (Section ) Revision Increase Minimum efficiencies for three-phase transformers have increased , Scope (Lighting) Revision Decrease Increase The scope of the chapter now only includes exterior lighting that is powered through the building s electrical service. Lighting within dwelling units is no longer exempt , Lighting Alterations Revision Decrease Wording was modified for clarity to refer the Code User to specific sections that are applicable to alterations. The exception was modified to allow up to 20% of the lighting load (previously 10%) to undergo an alteration before triggering code requirements. Two new exceptions were added for maintenance/repair due to the deletion of the exemptions from the main paragraph Climate New Section None Added for congruency with other sections simply refers the Code User to Section to determine the Climate Zone. 12

13 Exception to (c) (Interior Lighting Controls) (e) (Interior Lighting Controls) (e) & (f) (Interior Lighting Controls) Exception to (f) (Interior Lighting Controls) Exceptions to (g) and (i) (Interior Lighting Controls) (h) & (i) (Interior Lighting Controls) , Parking Garage Lighting Control , Exterior Lighting Control New Exemption None Lighting in open-plan office spaces are permitted to turn on automatically to more than 50% if controlled in zones no greater than 600 ft 2. This permits the effective use of occupancy sensors. Revision None Calibration adjustment for automatic sidelight daylight controls are no longer required to be readily accessible but must be located within 11 ft. above the finished floor level and may not require the physical presence of a person at the sensor. Revision None Calibration adjustment for automatic toplight and sidelight daylight controls may not require the physical presence of a person at the sensor. Revision None Exception 2 to the required automatic controls under toplight daylight zones is now dependent on a maximum effective aperture as opposed to a maximum visual transmittance. New Exceptions #4 (in each section) None Lighting loads (in W) up to 2% of the gross area building area (in ft 2 ) are exempt from the automatic off (g) and scheduled off (i) requirements. This permits emergency egress lighting to remain lit. Revision Increase Lighting connected to emergency circuits has been explicitly called out as applicable to automatic full off (h) and scheduled shutoff (i) controls. Revision Deleted Exception Increase The exception for daylight transition zones and ramps without parking from the parking garage lighting control requirements has been deleted. Requirement (d) for garage perimeter lighting controlled by photosensors now specifies a minimum of 50% reduction in power in response to daylight. Modified Increase Requirement (c), which applies to lighting other than grounds and façade lighting, including signage, must have controls that can reduce lighting power by 50% (previously 30%). New requirement (d) was added to require motion sensors that reduce parking lot lighting by 50% after 15 minutes of no activity. 13

14 The requirement is applicable to lighting greater than 78 W with a mounting height 24 ft , Exterior Building Lighting Power Table , Individual Lighting Power Allowances for Building Exteriors New Exemption Decrease Exemption (1)(e) has been expanded to include public art displays as exempt from the exterior lighting power requirements when equipped with an independent control. Revision Increase Lighting power allowances have been reduced throughout the table. Lighting power allowances for main entries and other doors have been combined as pedestrian and vehicular entrances and exits. The table now states uncovered entrances and loading areas to make it clear that if they were covered, they would be within the scope of the interior lighting requirements , Dwelling Units New Section with exemption Increase New section requires at least 75% of lights within dwelling units to be high-efficacy unless they are controlled with dimmers or automatic controls , Additional Interior Lighting Power Tables & 9.6.1, Lighting Power Density Allowances Revision Increase The permitted increase in LPD for decorative lighting or lighting that highlights art has been reduced from 1 W/ft 2 to 0.75 W/ft 2. The additional interior lighting power allowance for retail areas has also been reduced by about 33%. The 1000 W base allowance has not been reduced. Revision Increase Lighting power density allowances have been reduced by about 10% for nearly all building area and space types , Electric Motors Revision None The section was modified to no longer refer to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 but instead to NEMA Design motors. Five exceptions to the section s requirements have been added for: 1. Air-over electric motors. 2. Component sets of an electric motor. 3. Liquid-cooled electric motors. 4. Submersible electric motors. 5. Inverter-only electric motors. 14

15 , Design Documents Normative Appendix A, Rated R-Value of Insulation and Assembly U-Factor, C- Factor, and F-Factor Determinations Appendix B, Building Envelope Climate Criteria Appendix C, Methodology for Building Envelope Trade-Off Option in Section 5.6 Appendix D Climatic Data Informative Appendix F, U.S. Department of Energy Minimum Energy Efficiency Requirements Normative Appendix G, Performance Rating Method New Section None The new section requires design documents to list the usage category and energy efficiency class of elevators. Revised None Appendix A provides pre-calculated heat transfer values for materials and also provides methods for calculating those values. Major modifications to the appendix include the following: Values for Section A3.2.2 were expanded for single-layer and double-layer insulation in metal walls. Unlabeled insulated double-layer metal coiling doors were given a U- factor of 1.00 in Section A7.1. For Metal Building U-Factor Equations, new section A , Single- Layer in Cavity and Double-Layer Walls, was added. Deleted n/a Appendix B was deleted, however Annex 1 was added Reference Standard Reproduction Annex from ASHRAE 169. Revised None Appendix C provides simulation requirements when using the Building Envelope Tradeoff Option in Section 5.6. Modifications to the appendix include: Section C , Air Leakage, was modified for clarity Required HVAC characteristics for electrically-provided cooling with constant COP (b) and fans (f) have been modified (Section C3.5.8) Deleted n/a Appendix D was deleted, however Annex 1 was added Reference Standard Reproduction Annex from ASHRAE 169. New Appendix None This new appendix provides the federal efficiency standards for residential products, which are found in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR Part 430 Subpart C, Section Revision None Appendix G now can be used as a path for compliance with the standard in addition to being able to rate beyond code performance of buildings. Other modifications to include: elevator, motor and 15

16 refrigeration baselines; changes to the baseline for existing building projects; and specific opaque assemblies for the baseline envelope model. Table , Building Performance Factor (BPF) The Performance Cost Index calculated using Appendix G is required to be less than a Performance Cost Index Target. An equation is provided to calculate the PCIt, which is a function of the baseline building energy cost, the building use, and the climate zone Alterations of Existing Buildings The option to utilize Appendix G is provided for additions and alterations. Two exceptions have been deleted from alterations: 1. where the standard required compliance with a provision that results in the increase in energy use (within Section ) 2. The option to show that the entire altered building uses less annual energy than a substantially identical design (previously exception 2 to Section ) Annex 1 New None This annex reproduces ASHRAE Standard 169 Material so that climate zones can be determined. 16