TOXICITY TEST OF TEMPE INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER ON CYPERUS ROTUNDUS AND SCIRPUS GROSSUS

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_130 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed TOXICITY TEST OF TEMPE INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER ON CYPERUS ROTUNDUS AND SCIRPUS GROSSUS Ipung Fitri Purwanti Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jalan Raya ITS, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia Dorlinca Simamora Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jalan Raya ITS, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia Setyo Budi Kurniawan Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jalan Raya ITS, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia ABSTRACT Tempe industrial wastewater usually discharged directly to water bodies without any treatment. This can cause water pollution caused by high concentration of organic material in wastewater. Average concentration of BOD, COD, TSS, and ph of tempe wastewater were 20000mg/L, 30000mg/L, 1000mg/L and 4. water sample was taken from tempe home industry area in Rungkut district, Surabaya. water was taken from several stages of tempe production which were boiling and marinating processes and also mixed of them. Scirpus grossus and Cyperus rotundus were two species known to have good ability in processing organic wastewater. In this study, the ability of Scirpus grossus and Cyperus rotundus tolerating tempe wastewater was tested by toxicity test using Range Finding Test (RFT) method. Toxicity test carried out for 7 days in reactors contain 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of tempe wastewater (v/v diluted by tap water). Cyperus rotundus s lethal concentration of boiling waste was 25%, marinade waste was 25% and mixed waste was 25% on 6 days of research period. Scirpus grossus s lethal concentration of boiling waste was 25%, marinade waste was 25% and mixed waste was 50% on 7 days of research period. Based on physical observations, Cyperus rotundus was more tolerant to tempe wastewater. Physical change observed to be occurred on Scirpus grossus by 2 days of exposure while on Cyperus rotundus by 3 days of exposure editor@iaeme.com

2 Toxicity Test of Tempe Industrial water on Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus grossus Key words: C. rotundus, RFT, S. grossus, Tempe, Toxicity Test, water Cite this Article: Ipung Fitri Purwanti, Dorlinca Simamora and Setyo Budi Kurniawan, Toxicity Test of Tempe Industrial water on Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus grossus, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Tempe wastewater is produced from boiling, marinade and washing processes. Tempe wastewater contains high organic concentration. When tempe wastewater discharged directly to water bodies, it may result in water quality disruption and decreased carrying capacity of aquatic environment around the tempe industry [1,14]. Biological processing usually used as an alternative in organic waste treatment [2,15]. One cost effective wastewater treatment is processing using plants that usually called phytotreatment. Two types of plant that can treat organic waste and easily found in Rungkut were Scirpus grossus and Cyperus rotundus. Kurnia [3] stated that Cyperus rotundus can treat leachate waste with COD and BOD removal efficiency of 72.69% and 75.69%. Indah [4] also stated that biological treatment of hotel wastewater using Scirpus grossus obtain a removal percentage of COD by 97.3%; BOD by 98.16%, and TSS by 95.42%. In this research, wastewater sample was taken from one of tempe home industry in Rungkut district, Surabaya. The source of tempe wastewater comes from boiling process, marinade process, and mixed of the two waste mentioned before. Average concentration of BOD, COD, TSS, and ph of tempe wastewater were mg/l, mg/ L, 1340 mg /L, 4.76 for boiling waste; mg/l, mg/l, 1190 mg/l, 4.8 for marinade waste; and mg/l, mg/l, 1275 mg/l, 4.62 for mixed waste. The purpose of this research was to analyze the toxicity of tempe wastewater to Scirpus grossus and Cyperus rotundus. The use of these plant for treating many organic substances, but it is considered to be quite new in treating tempe wastewater. Toxicity analysis was done by RFT method to know the maximum concentration of tempe wastewater that can be tolerated by plants. This test is a preliminary test for determining the concentration of contaminants which the plant species can survive in wastewater. It is an early step of a phytotreatment study. Once the estimation is obtained, a detailed phytotreatment test should be conducted to determine the exact concentration that can be adsorbed or degraded by the plant species [9]. Phytotreatment for organic waste consist of several mechanisms such as rhizodegradation, phytoextraction and phytovolatilization [11]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD This study was conducted on a laboratory scale. Samples of tempe wastewater were taken from 3 types of tempe production processes which were boiling, marinade and mixed waste. The concentration of waste used in this study was 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Ratios of waste concentration used were done by diluting wastewater with tap water volume/volume [10]. Reactors used in this study were a 5 L plastic bucket filled with sand as a growing medium. Number of Cyperus rotundus in each bucket was 3 plants. While number of Scirpus grossus was 4 plants on each bucket. Number of plant in each reactor was calculated based on specific density of each plant [6]. For Cyperus rotundus, Mass needed in each reactor 18 grams. The mass needed then divided by wet weight of each plants which is 6.2 grams. The result was 2.9 plants equal to 3. For Scirpus grossus, the mass needed in each reactor was editor@iaeme.com

3 Ipung Fitri Purwanti, Dorlinca Simamora and Setyo Budi Kurniawan grams. The mass needed then divided by Scirpus grossus wet weight which is 45 grams. The number of Scirpus grossus calculated was 4.18 plants equal to 4. Plants that used in this study have a same age and kind of second generation plants [8]. Plant acclimatization on silica sand medium was done before toxicity test conducted. of physical changes on plants were done for 7 days. s were done by examining stems on Cyperus rotundus and leaves on Scirpus grossus. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Characteristic of Tempe water Tempe wastewater parameters measured in this study consist of COD, BOD, TSS, and ph. Table 1 showed the result of parameter analysis of three tempe wastewater samples. All concentration of tempe wastewater parameters exceeded the quality standard by Regulation of Indonesian Ministry of the Environment No about water Quality Standard [5]. According to its characteristic (Table 1), it is advisable to do treatment before wastewater can be discharged into the environment because it can spread contamination [12]. Parameter Table 1 Tempe water Characteristic Quality Standard BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) ph Toxicity Test Range Finding Test for Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus was able to live in 10% waste concentration for 7 days. This was indicated by no physical changes to plants during 7 days of exposure to wastewater. Comparison of living plants by observations of Cyperus rotundus on tempe wastewater can be seen in Table 2. Plants exposed to boiling waste begun to change in leaf color on day-3 of observation. The change of leaf color occurred in 25% to 100% of wastewater concentration. Leaves on reactors mentioned before were becoming yellow and withered. There was no physical change occurred in reactor with 10% of wastewater concentration. It can be stated that 10% concentration of tempe waste did not give effect to the plants growth [10]. On all type of waste, Cyperus rotundus showed totally died at 75% concentration of tempe wastewater. Cyperus rotundus showed to be tolerant to 10% of tempe wastewater indicated by no physical change that occurred to all plants in reactor. Yellowing leaves showed that wastewater already disturb the plants metabolism [13] editor@iaeme.com

4 Toxicity Test of Tempe Industrial water on Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus grossus Table 2 for Cyperus rotundus on. Living plant of Cyperus Rotundus on Control Plant (0% waste) on Dead plant of Cyperus rotundus on 75% : 20% Range Finding Test for Scirpus grossus Scirpus grossus was able to live in 10% waste concentration for 7 days. This was indicated by no physical changes to plants during 7 days of exposure to all type of wastewater. Comparison of living plants by observations of Scirpus grossus on tempe wastewater can be seen in Table 3. Based on picture shown on Table 3, Scirpus grossus showed totally died at 75% concentration of boiling and marinade waste. On mixed waste, Scirpus grossus showed to be died totally at 50% of waste concentration. Scirpus grossus showed to be tolerant to 10% of tempe wastewater indicated by no physical change that occurred to all plants in reactor compared to control reactor (0% of waste) [10]. The physical change that happened (yellowing leaves) showed that the waste concentration already inhibits plants metabolism. Maximum concentration to be used on phytotreatment should not disturb the plants metabolism Comparative Analysis Based on observations, the higher the concentration of contaminants, the greater the withered percentage and the faster withered condition occurred. Based on data obtained, Cyperus rotundus was more resistant to tempe wastewater compared to Scirpus grossus. At 10% waste concentration, 90% Cyperus rotundus can live in boiling waste, compared to 85% of Scirpus grossus that can live at the same concentration. On 10% marinade waste, 100% of Cyperus rotundus were lived compared to 95% of Scirpus grossus. On mixed waste, 95% of total editor@iaeme.com

5 Ipung Fitri Purwanti, Dorlinca Simamora and Setyo Budi Kurniawan Cyperus rotundus can lived while compared to only 90% of total Scirpus grossus that still alive at same concentration. Table 3 for Scirpus grossus on Living plant of Scirpus grossus on Control Plant (0% waste) on Dead plant of Scirpus grossus on 50% : 50% Analyzed from the dead phase of plants, Scirpus grossus show to die sooner than Cyperus rotundus. Scirpus grossus tend to turn yellowing from the second day of observation and died at the fourth day. While Cyperus rotundus generally turn to yellowing at the third day of observation and died at the fifth day (Figure 1). Lethal concentration (LC) of tempe wastewater can be analyzed by calculating 50% of plants that dead during exposure time [7]. Cyperus rotundus s LC of boiling waste was 25% on day-6, marinade waste was 25% on day-7 and mixed waste was 25% on day-6. Scirpus grossus s LC of boiling waste was 25% on day-7, marinade waste was 25% on day-7 and mixed waste was 50% on day-3. Based on lethal concentration, it can be known that mixed waste was the most toxic waste for all Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus grossus editor@iaeme.com

6 Toxicity Test of Tempe Industrial water on Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus grossus Figure 1 Number of Living Plants during Range Finding Test 4. CONCLUSION Based on physical change analysis, tempe wastewater concentration that can be tolerated by Cyperus rotundus and Scirpus grossus was 10% for all type of wastewater. Lethal concentration of boiling waste was 25% on day-6, marinade waste was 25% on day-7 and mixed waste was 25% on day-6 for Cyperus rotundus. Lethal concentration of boiling waste was 25% on day-7, marinade waste was 25% on day-7 and mixed waste was 50% on day-3 for Scirpus grossus. Based on the results of comparative analysis, Cyperus rotundus tend to be more resistant to tempe wastewater than Scirpus grossus indicated by no physical change that observed on all reactors after 3 days of observation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors would like to thank Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya for grant through Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (ITS-Community Empowerment) scheme for funding this research. REFERENCES [1] Rossiana, Nia Uji Toksisitas Limbah Cair Tahu Sumedang Terhadap Reproduksi Daphia carinata KING. Jurnal Biologi, Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung [2] Kristanto, P Ekologi Industri. ANDI, Yogyakarta [3] Kurnia, P Pengaruh Jumlah Koloni Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) pada Media Pasir terhadap Penurunan Konsentrasi BOD dan COD. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, Universitas Diponegoro, 3(2): 1-10 [4] Indah, Shinta Studi Pengolahan Limbah Secara Biologis dengan menggunakan Tumbuhan Mensiang (Scirpus grossus) pada Limbah Cair Hotel. Repository Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, Universitas Andalas [5] Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2014 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah. Jakarta, Indonesia editor@iaeme.com

7 Ipung Fitri Purwanti, Dorlinca Simamora and Setyo Budi Kurniawan [6] Tangahu, Bieby Voijant Growth Rate Measurement of Scirpus grossus Plant as Preliminary Step to Apply the Plant in water Treatment Using Reedbed System. Journal of Civil Environmental Engineering, 5:192 [7] Tangahu, Bieby Voijant, Abdullah, S. R. S., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., and Mukhlisin, M Phytoremediation of water Containing Lead (Pb) in Pilot Reed Bed Using Scirpus grossus. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 15(7): [8] Tangahu, Bieby Voijant, S. Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, H. Basri, M. Idris, N. Anuar and M. Mukhlisin Phytotoxicity of wastewater containing lead (Pb) effects Scirpus grossus. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 15(8): [9] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ecological Effects Test. Guidelines OPPTS Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test using Lemna spp., Tiers I and II, 1996, Test_Guidelines/Drafts/ pdf [10] Purwanti, Ipung Fitri, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Mushrifah Idris, Ainon Hamzah, Mohd Talib Latif, and Muhammad Mukhlisin Range Finding Test of Hydrocarbon on Scirpus mucronatus as Preliminary Test for Phytotoxicity of Contaminated Soil. Revelation and Science, 2(1): 1-7 [11] Mangkoedihardjo, Sarwoko and G. Samudro Fitoteknologi Terapan. Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta [12] Chaerun, Siti Khodijah Tempeh as a Natural, Economical Carbon and Nutrient Source: ED-XRF and NCS Study. Hayati Journal of Bioscience, 16(3): [13] Ricquebourg, SteHphanie, Maya Cesari, and FreHdeHric Cadet Biochemicalphenomena associated with the process of leaf senescence in plants: a student problem. Biochemical Education, 27: [14] Kurniawan, Setyo Budi, Ipung Fitri Purwanti, Bieby Voijant Tangahu, Harmin Sulistyaning Titah, and Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo. Groundwater Treatment in Rungkut Sub-District, Surabaya. IPTEK Journal of Proceeding Series, 5(2017): [15] Purwanti, Ipung Fitri, Setyo Budi Kurniawan, Harmin Sulistiyaning Titah and Bieby Voijant Tangahu. Identification of Acid and Aluminium Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Aluminium Recycling Area. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 2018, pp [16] Satya Prakash Maurya, Anurag Ohri, Prabhat Kumar Singh and Abhijit Debnath. Development of a Decision Making Tool for Selection of waste water Treatment Technology Based on Urban Water Reuse. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 2018, pp [17] Rubanprakash, Rakesh, Aravindan,Jothimurugan and C. M. Meenakshi. Design and Fabrication of Hydro Power Generation System from Water. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(8), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com